Final Flashcards
(21 cards)
Define the two types of love, according to the text, and know their functions.
a. Passionate
b. Companionate
Passionate love (romantic love): Strong feelings of longing, desire, and excitement toward a special person.
-Want to spend time
-Want to touch
-Universal
Passionate love important for starting the relationship (lasts about 1 year based on sex research)
Arises spontaneously
Companionate love (affectionate love): mutual understanding and caring to make the relationship succeed.
-“Soul mate” kind of love
-Commitment
-Relatively calm
Companionate love important for maintaining relationship (can last a lifetime)
Takes sustained work
Define Sternberg’s three “ingredients” of love?
a. Passion
b. Intimacy
c. Commitment
Passion
- An emotional state characterized by high bodily arousal, such as increased heart rate and blood pressure
- Addiction-like desire, wanting to be together, sex
Intimacy
- A feeling of closeness, mutual understanding and mutual concern for each other’s welfare and happiness
- Empathy
Commitment
- A conscious decision that remains constant
- Enduring or lasting love
Know the investment model of commitment and how it relates to domestic violence.
a. Rewards/satisfaction
b. Quality of alternatives
c. Investments
Investment model–Commitment in romantic relationships is determined by:
Rewards/satisfaction
Divorce
5:1
Quality of alternatives
Few alternative partners, less likely to break up
Investments
Direct: time, effort, and care
Indirect: shared possessions, mutual friends, children, and memories/plans
Example
Domestic violence
Low satisfaction, but also low perceived alternative and high investment
Know the difference between prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping.
Prejudice
-A negative feeling toward an individual based solely on his or her membership in a particular group.
Discrimination
-Unequal treatment of different people based on the groups or categories to which they belong.
Stereotyping
- Beliefs that associate groups of people with certain traits
- Schemas about groups
- Categories
What is realistic group conflict theory?
a. How does conflict over limited resources lead to prejudice?
b. Know Robber’s cave
Realistic group conflict theory
-limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice
Robber’s Cave, Oklahoma Normal11 year-old boys Randomly assigned Eagles and Rattlers Separate camps – unaware of other group Later, competed in games Name calling, ostracism of perceived traitors, raiding of camps, aggressive play, making derogatory flags and mottos
What is the contact hypothesis?
a. Know the ideal conditions for success.
Contact hypothesis:
- The theory that under certain conditions, direct contact between antagonistic groups will reduce prejudice (Allport, 1954)
- Mere exposure and predictability
Direct contact between groups will reduce prejudice if:
- Common goals exist
- Interacting partners have equal status
- Contact is personal
- Cooperative activities occur
- Social norms favor inter-group contact
- Exposure to stereotype-disconfirming group members occurs
In general, what predicts whether a group has good behavior?
a. Self-awareness
b. Diversity of opinion
c. Independence
d. Specialization
Self-awareness and individual responsibility
- Private self-awareness – looking inward on the private aspects of the self, including emotions, thoughts, desires, and traits
- Public self-awareness – looking outward on the public aspects of the self that others can see and evaluate
Diversity of opinion:
Independence:
Specialization:
Why does deindividuation often lead to antisocial behaviors?
Deindividuation
- The loss of self-awareness and of individual accountability in a group.
- Anonymity
- Reduced likelihood of being singled out and blamed
Know what determines
a. Social facilitation vs. social loafing
b. Group accuracy vs. groupthink
Social facilitation: The proposition that the presence of others increases the dominant response tendency (which is relatively simple or automatic)
Social Loafing: The finding that people reduce effort when working in a group, compared to when working alone.
- May happen unconsciously
- Relaxation
- Diffusion of responsibility
Groupthink – the tendency of group members to think alike.
- Shared but flawed or mistaken view
- Maintains one course of action
- Ignores alternatives or problems
The process of natural selection
a. The debate over self-actualization
Natural selection
- Nature (the environment) selects physical changes (e.g., mutations). Animals with adaptive changes live and reproduce effectively. Animals with other changes do not.
- A likely (but perhaps not the ultimate) source of the brain and psychological needs.
-The functional benefits associated with self-actualization may be no different from those associated with esteem/status or mating-related needs.
Evolved mental mechanisms
a. Why the need to belong was naturally selected
b. Social pain evidence
-The need to belong theory
Living in groups (being social) was our strategy for survival and reproduction
Childrearing
Larger brains, more development time
Defense, food
So, needing to belong and being good at belonging conveyed an advantage
Humans have a pervasive motive to form and maintain social relationships
Frequent, positive, stable relationships with a few other people
Social pain evidence: CT scans show that when someone experiences emotional pain the same area of the brain is lit up as the area that lights up when someone experiences physical pain
Uniquely human abilities from the video and the lecture
Executive functions “Mind reading” Abilities for language and symbolic thought Inner voice Mental time travel Self-regulation
The definition and properties of culture
Culture: An information-based system that includes shared ideas and common ways of doing things.
Shared ideas
Examples: Sports, politics, activities
System
Putting people first, getting what we need from others
Example: Food system
Shared ways of doing things (i.e., praxis)
Example: Driving on the right
Properties of culture
Involves inner processes
Large brains and intelligence
Culture is complex and dynamic
Many different roles
People change roles and the roles themselves sometimes change
Culture passes from one generation to the next
Involves language about abstract things
Involves helping non-family
Involves settling disputes without violence
Moral principles, compromise, courts
The difference between attitudes and beliefs
-Attitudes: Global evaluations toward some object or issue.
“I like/dislike Barack Obama as President.”
For choosing
-Beliefs: Pieces of information about something; facts or opinions
“Barack Obama is the President.”
For explaining
The function and properties of initial attitudes
a. The boat horn and decks of cards studies
Initial attitudes for making decisions and categorizing complicated things quickly
Initial attitudes for novel stimuli
Juvalamu (very pleasing), bargulum (moderately pleasing), chakaka (very displeasing)
Initial attitudes are automatic
1 microsecond
BOAT HORN AND DECK OF CARD STUDIES
The definition and properties of automatic attitudes
a. How automatic attitudes are measured (i.e., the IAT)
b. The emotional facial expression study by Hugenberg and Bodenhausen (2003)
Automatic attitudes: Very fast evaluative, “gut level” responses that people don’t think a great deal about.
Can be outside of consciousness; they are positive or negative associations in memory with the attitude object
RT differences between word and face categorizations (Shaller, Park, & Mueller, 2003)
Safety or danger words “I” or “E”
Ingroup or outgroup faces “I” or “E”
Safety and ingroup key/danger and outgroup key (faster on average)
Safety and outgroup key/danger and ingroup key (slower on average)
Larger difference between averages = more prejudice
Hugenberg and Bodenhausen (2003) Participants watched movies of Black and White faces changing from: Hostile to happy Neutral to hostile RT to detect shift and IAT scores Hostile to happy More racist, slower response for Blacks No relationship for Whites Neutral to hostile More racist, faster response for Blacks No relationship for Whites
The definition and properties of deliberate attitudes
a. How deliberate attitudes are measured (i.e., self-report)
Deliberate attitudes: reflective responses that people think more carefully about
Cognitive and motivational (Rudman, 2004)
Measured by self-report
Semantic Differential Scales
Easy to fake responses on deliberate measures
The sources of attitudes, specifically
a. Mere exposure
b. Embodiment
c. Classical conditioning
d. Operant conditioning
e. Social learning
- mere exposure: the tendency for people to come to like things simply because they see or encounter them repeatedly
- embodiment: a tangible or visible form of an idea, quality, or feeling.
- classical conditioning: a type of learning in which, through repeated pairings, a neutral stimulus comes to evoke a conditioned response.
- operant conditioning: a type of learning in which people are more likely to repeat behaviors that have been rewarded and less likely to repeat behaviors that have been punished.
- social learning: a type of learning in which people are more likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others rewarded for performing them, and less likely to imitate behaviors if they have seen others punished for performing them.
The definition of cognitive dissonance and cognitive dissonance theory
a. The different ways to reduce cognitive dissonance and examples
Cognitive dissonance
A feeling of discomfort caused by performing an action that is inconsistent with one’s attitudes (or having two conflicting attitudes)
-Cognitive dissonance theory
The theory that experiencing the aversive state of dissonance (caused by inconsistencies) leads to efforts to restore consistency
Change Behavior
Change Cognitions (Justify)
Add New Cognitions
What are some negative and positive behaviors following social exclusion?
a. What is the role of control needs in determining the relationship between social exclusion and aggression?
-Negative
Pain, hurt feelings, etc.
Anger
Low state self-esteem
Loss of control
Hostile cognition
Decreased Reasoning
Distorted time perception
-Positive
Social monitoring
Evaluation of present belongingness (i.e., sociometer)
Search for stimuli associated with belonging
Formation and maintenance of relationship
-Negative
Decreased generosity, cooperation, helping; Increased cheating (Twenge et al., 2004)
Decreased self-control (Baumeister et al., 2005)
Aggression
School Shootings Video
http://cnettv.cnet.com/school-shooter-bullied/9742-1_53-50055807.html
-Positive
more interest in a university program to help form relationships (Maner et al., 2007)
a greater preference to work with a group
Nonconscious mimicry (Lakin & Chartrand, 2005)
Work harder in a group (Williams & Sommer, 1997)
What are the main sources of attraction?
proximity: mere exposure (the tendency for people to come to like things simply because they see or encounter them repeatedly)
SIMILARITY! we usually like similar others (age, race, level of education, political leanings, religious affiliation, wealth, interests, intelligence, physical attractiveness)
attractive facial characteristics:
-averageness
-symmetry; good genes, good growth rate, disease and parasite resistance, survival and reproduction
-men; large jawbone, prominent cheekbones, thin cheeks
-women; smaller jawbones, less prominent cheekbones, thicker cheeks
