Test 3 Flashcards
(19 cards)
How does reciprocity maintain cooperation? What emotions are involved?
Reciprocity: the obligation to return in kind what another has done for us. When one is overbenifited it leads to guilt. (depression-feel that you are a taker rather than a giver) (suicide- feel that you are a burden and cant reciprocate) (survivor guilt-feeling bad for living through a terrible experience in which many others died) being underbenfited leads to anger
How is reciprocity related to the tit-for-tat strategy in the prisoner’s dilemma?
The prisoners dilemma is when you can either both cooperate and get light sentences, or one can confess and get of completely clean while the other gets a bad sentence.
What are the obstacles to bystander helping, in general? In the “Smoke in room” study? In the “Seizure” study?
Bystander effect: the finding that people are less likely to offer help when they are in a group than when they are alone.
step 1: notice that something is happening (obstacle: others can be distracting)
step 2: interpret meaning of event (obstacle: sometimes the situation is ambiguous. pluralistic ignorance (informational influence))
step 3: Take responsibility for providing help (obstacle: diffusion of responsibility)
step 4: know how to help (obstacle: feeling a lack of competence)
step 5: providing help (obstacle: audience inhibition (normative influence). costs outweigh benefits)
Smoke room study:
Seizure study:
What is a possible solution to the bystander effect?
Clearly identify bystander, state your condition, state his or her responsibilities.
What is kin selection and reciprocal altruism?
kin selection: the evolutionary tendency to help people who have our genes (family and even similar others).
reciprocal altruism: we help those who have helped us.
What is egoistic motivation? Altruistic motivation? Can we have both?
egoistic motivation: underlies helping for one’s own benefit.
altruistic motivation: underlies helping for another’s benefit (one’s own benefit is a side-effect) Yes, we can have both.
What is the definition of aggression?
any behavior intended to harm another person who does not want to be harmed. -aggression is a behavior
- actor has harmful intent
- target has motive to avoid
What are the forms of aggression?
a. physical vs. verbal
b. direct vs. indirect
c. reactive vs. proactive
physical: hitting, kicking, stabbing, shooting vs. verbal: yelling, screaming, swearing, name calling
direct: victim present, hitting a person in the face, screaming in a person’s face vs. indirect: victim absent, burning a person’s house down while he/she is away, spreading rumors behind someone’s back.
reactive: motive (desire to harm; ex. anger), emotional or “hot”; ex. reaction to robbery vs. proactive: motive (other goal; ex. money), rational and “cold”; ex being paid to kill someone.
How did aggression help our ancestors to survive and reproduce? How does it help chimpanzees to survive and reproduce? What is the evidence for this evolutionary explanation?
fighting resolved mating disputes, we have a tendency to aggress.
in chimpanzees (and humans) aggression is context specific; occurs when aggression could solve an adaptive problem (appropriate resources, intrasexual rivalry, ascend status/dominance hierarchies)
-Konrad Lorenz’s instinct theory: born with aggressive drive that builds up over time and must be released; little evidence to support this (aggressive instincts are probably more like tendencies to respond to provocations in the environment)
How might aggression be based in learning (specifically modeling)? What is the evidence for this learning perspective?
nurture:
modeling-observing and copying or imitating the behavior of others
(Albert Bandura’s Bobo doll study)
What is the frustration-aggression hypothesis?
frustration-blockage of or interference with a personal goal
frustration-aggression hypothesis: “The occurrence of aggressive behavior always presupposes the existence of frustration”
How are beliefs about the ability for mood change and arousal transfer involved in aggression?
bad moods: all states of negative affect deserve to be recognized as causes of aggression
arousal transfer: in the presence of provocation, arousal from exercise can lead to aggression
What are some gender differences in aggression? Why might these occur?
males: react to stressors with fight or flight (more physical aggression than females)
females: react with tending and befriending (more indirect aggression than males)
- Differences emerge in preschool, more extreme in young adulthood
What is the weapons effect?
How does it relate to priming?
Weapons effect the increase in aggression that occurs as a result of the mere presence of a weapon
How does heat relate to aggression?
as heat increases so does aggression
What are examples of cultures allowing or encouraging aggression?
cultural changes lead to decreases in aggression
- cultures can promote violence without placing a positive value on it
- when people believe their aggression is beyond control, they are often mistaken
What are some negative and positive behaviors following social exclusion?
negative:
- pain, hurt feelings
- anger
- low self-esteem
- loss of control
- hostile cognition
- decreased reasoning
- distorted time perception
- decreased generosity, cooperation, helping; increased cheating.
- decreased self-control
- aggression
positive:
- social monitoring (evaluation of present belongingness, search for stimuli associated with belonging, formation and maintenance of relationship)
- more interest in a university program to help form relationships
- a greater preference to work with a group
- nonconscious mimicry
- work harder in a group
What is the role of control needs in determining the relationship between social exclusion and aggression?
I don’t know?
What are the main sources of attraction?
proximity: mere exposure (the tendency for people to come to like things simply because they see or encounter them repeatedly)
SIMILARITY! we usually like similar others (age, race, level of education, political leanings, religious affiliation, wealth, interests, intelligence, physical attractiveness)
attractive facial characteristics:
-averageness
-symmetry; good genes, good growth rate, disease and parasite resistance, survival and reproduction
-men; large jawbone, prominent cheekbones, thin cheeks
-women; smaller jawbones, less prominent cheekbones, thicker cheeks
