Test 2 Flashcards
(40 cards)
definition of the availability heuristic
definition: the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which relevant instances come to mind.
- ex. after jaws people afraid to swim in ocean with the fear of sharks
Effortful decision making strategies
a. additive strategy
b. elimination by aspects
a. additive strategy: weight options (pros and cons) according to importance, adding them up
b. elimination by aspects: process of elimination
Definition and properties of heuristics
defintion: mental shortcuts that provide quick estimates about the likelihood of uncertain events.
Ilusory correlation
definition: the tendency to overestimate the link between variables that are related only slightly or not at all. ex. on a vacation, a person travels to a city that she or he had not visited before and a few people there are rude to the person. the person concludes that the people in this city are generally ruder than people in many other cities. However, this may just reflect random events
confirmation bias
definition: the tendency to notice and search for information that confirms one’s beliefs and to ignore information that disconfirms one’s beliefs. Ex. Sally likes guns Henry doesn’t
definition of a schema
definition: knowledge structures that represent substantial information about a concept, it’s attributes and it’s relationships to other concepts. concepts: the self, social category, or an object
ex. dancing….include movement, rhythm, repetition, and coordination. connections to music, shoes, romance, embarrassment.
False consensus effect
defintion: people tend to overestimate the number of people who share their opinions, attitudes, values, and beliefs.
ex. people believe the same thing as you (marriage, procreation)
How schemas relate to expectations
schemas relate to expectations by helping organize information by connecting beliefs that are related to each other.
Do schemas usually function automatically or in a deliberate fashion?
(expectancy violations as an exception.
Schemas usually function automatically
expectancy violations are an exception.
How schemas relate to stereotypes and life or death decision making (ex.shooter bias)
in life or death decision making you are more likely to shoot an unarmed black person then an armed white person.
definition of attribution:
definition: the casual explanations people give for their own and other’s behaviors, and for events in general.
definition of the fundamental attribution error:
definition: (observer side of b) people have a bias to attribute others behavior to internal or dispositional causes (like personality traits or attitudes) to a much greater extent than they should.
ex. person who commits aggression is the person who donates to a charity
- make inferences on the basis of factors such as choice and intention.
definition of the actor/observer bias
definition: behavior is more noticeable than situational factors, underestimating the power of situation
ex. situational factor, it is relevant to any situation in which one person (the observer) behavior.
definition of the self-serving bias:
definition: take the success but always deny any failure
occurs: making them feel good makes them cocky and think that they can’t do wrong. strong when people explain success or failures
3 stages of person perception from article and whether they are automatic or deliberate.
- categorization: identifying behaviors (automatic)
- characterization: internal behavior
- correction: external attribution (deliberately)
- person perception includes three sequential processes: categorization (what is the actor doing?), characterization (what trait does the action imply?), and correction (what situational constraints may have caused the action?). we argue that correction is less automatic (ex. more easily disrupted than either categorization or characterization.
The difference between attitudes and beliefs
attitudes: global evaluations towards some object or issure
beliefs: pieces of information, facts, or opinions about something .
- ex. you like or dislike something you are in favor or opposed to some position
definition and properties of initial attitudes:
definition: initial attitudes for making decisions and categorizing complicated things quickly. initial attitudes for novel stimuli. (automatic)
boat horn and deck of card studies:
blue slides paired with a boat horn in classical conditioning procedure SCR’s measured after each color slide presentation.
how automatic attitudes are measured (ex. IAT)
automatic attitudes are more difficult to measure than deliberate attitudes. most measures of automatic attitudes involve measuring reaction times to stimuli. one popular measure is the IAT test.
definition and properties of automatic attitudes:
defintion: automatic attitudes are very fast evaluative “the gut feel” responses that people don’t think a great deal about.
emotional facial expression study
hostile to happy, more racist, slower response for blacks, no relationship for whites, neutral to hostile, more racist, faster response for black, no relationship for whites
definition and properties of deliberate attitudes
definition: more reflective responses that people think more carefully about
how deliberate attitudes are measured (ex. self-report)
deliberate attitudes are measured by self report
mere exposure
definition: the tendency for people to come to like things simply because they see or encounter them repeatedly
