Final

Question 1

(probably) the most communicable disease

Answer 1

measles

Question 2

measles is caused by what virus?

Answer 2

paramyxovirus

Question 3

measles (enveloped/nonenveloped), (negative/positive) sensed, (single/double) stranded (RNA/DNA) virus

Answer 3

enveloped, negative sense, single stranded RNA (-ssRNA)

Question 4

What causes the characteristic measles rash?

Answer 4

Tc cells targeting measles-infected endothelial cells of the capillaries

Question 5

What is measles known for?

Answer 5

Propensity to cause cell fusion, leading to the formation of giant cells, and allowing the viruses to pass directly from cell to ell and escape Ab-neutralization

Question 6

What population is most at risk for mortality from measles?

Answer 6

children in poor, developing countries

Question 7

Why do people die of bacterial pneumonia when they have measles?

Answer 7

measles causes a temporary immunosuppression

Question 8

does measles have an iceberg effect?

Answer 8

no

Question 9

does mumps have an iceberg effect?

Answer 9

yes

Question 10

Rubella is (enveloped/nonenveloped), (negative/positive) sensed, (single/double) stranded (RNA/DNA) virus

Answer 10

enveloped, +ssRNA

Question 11

Rubella is caused by

Answer 11

togovirus

Question 12

Measles, mumps, and rubella are all spread by

Answer 12

respiratory droplets

Question 13

MMR vaccine is (live/dead)

Answer 13

live, attenuated

Question 14

Of the three, which virus is closest to eradication

Answer 14

measles

Question 15

A disease that normally exists in other animals, but can be transmitted and infect humans

Answer 15

zoonosis

Question 16

transfers microbe; animals, insects and inanimate (fomite)

Answer 16

vector

Question 17

What class of viruses are most likely to mutate?

Answer 17

ssRNA

Question 18

Why are ssRNA viruses most likely to mutate?

Answer 18

RNA polymerase error prone (no ‘spell check’) and no second strand for proof reading

Question 19

hosts in which the infectious agents do not normally develop but when occasionally, chance infections do occur, the agent is able to complete its lifecycle

Answer 19

accidental hosts

Question 20

hosts in which the infectious agents do not normally develop, but when occasionally, chance infections do occur, the agent is unable to complete its lifecycle, produce many infectious particles, or be passed onto another person

Answer 20

dead end hosts

Question 21

What 2 genera of enveloped ssRNA viruses contain a growing number of insect and rodent borne pathogens

Answer 21

arboviruses and roboviruses

Question 22

3 types of arboviruses

Answer 22

tobaviruses, flaviviruses, bunyaviruses

Question 23

of the 3 arboviruses, which are +, which are neg?

Answer 23

togaviruses, flaviviruses are +, bunyaviruses are -

Question 24

Roboviruses have which vector?

Answer 24

rodent borne

Question 25

one genera of roboviruses

Answer 25

arenavirus

Question 26

Arenaviruses are + or -

Answer 26

-ssRNA

Question 27

arenaviruses are enveloped, non enveloped

Answer 27

enveloped

Question 28

What causes transmissible spongiform encephalopathies?

Answer 28

prions

Question 29

rare, slow, degenerative diseases of the brain that result in a 'spongy' looking brain (multiple holes where neurons should be)

Answer 29

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

Question 30

have no virus structure or genome, elicit no immune response, and are extremely resistant to inactivation by heat, disinfectants, and radiation

Answer 30

prions

Question 31

aggregates of proteas-resistant, hydrophobic glycoprotein generically termed...

Answer 31

PrP (prion protein)

Question 32

How do prions cause disease?

Answer 32

Protease-resistant PrP (PrPres) cause normal host PrPsen (which is protease-sensitive) to fold differently and become protease-resistant like the original PrPres. Prepares proteins accumulate into large amounts (ameloids). Eventually leads to spongiform encephalopathy

Question 33

smallpox is a(n) (envloped/nonenveloped), (single/double) stranded, (RNA/DNA) virus

Answer 33

dsDNA

Question 34

HIV is (+/-), etc

Answer 34

enveloped ssRNA+

Question 35

enzyme responsible for transcribing RNA into DNA

Answer 35

reverse transcriptase

Question 36

What do retro viruses include?

Answer 36

2 identical copies of + strand RNA and reverse transciptase

Question 37

4 major groups of retroviruses

Answer 37

Oncoviruses, lentiviruses, spumaviruses, endogenous viruses

Question 38

What class of retroviruses cause cancer in many animals?

Answer 38

oncoviruses

Question 39

What group of retroviruses cause slow-developing CNS and immunosuppressive disease in a variety of animals?

Answer 39

lentiviruses

Question 40

First known human retroviruses discovered, but not associated with any disease

Answer 40

Spumaviruses

Question 41

ultimate parasite-- permanently integrated into our germ-line DNA

Answer 41

endogenous viruses.

Question 42

May make up ~8% of the human enome

Answer 42

endogenous retroviruses

Question 43

endogenous retroviruses can only be transmitted (horizontally/vertically)

Answer 43

vertically

Question 44

fragile, enveloped virus, that is easily inactivated, and as such intimate contact of bodily fluids is required for transmission

Answer 44

HIV

Question 45

all retroviruses have similar, non segmented genome structure with what 4 major gene segments

Answer 45

gag, pro, pol, env (with TLR at each end)

Question 46

(gag, pro, pol, env) genes code for structural proteins scubas the nucleocapsid

Answer 46

gag

Question 47

(gag, pro, pol, env) code for viral protease

Answer 47

pro

Question 48

(gag, pro, pol, env) genes code for the enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, which are responsible for replicating and integrating the viral genome

Answer 48

pol

Question 49

(gag, pro, pol, env) genes code for the two major spike proteins (GP41 and GP120)

Answer 49

env

Question 50

6 main steps of HIV infection

Answer 50

attachment, entry into the cell, reverse transcription of viral RNA, Integration of viral sDNA into the host cell DNA, transcription and translation of the viral DNA into mRNA and proteins, assembly and maturation of new infectious HIV

Question 51

small percentage of northern Europeans have small mutation where?

Answer 51

chemokine receptor (CCR5)