Flashcards in Final Deck (27):
1
public health v. other nursing
public health
- focus is on aggregates [groups]
- focus is on prevention and health
- it is multidisciplinary
- it is public, open, and accessible
- care d/o the greatest good for the greatest number
- intervention w/ context of pt. [upstream]
other nursing
- focus on individuals
- focus on disease or illness
- works in silos or just providing nursing care v. interdisciplinary
- private and personal
- goal is to provide optimum health for each individual
- intervention w/ pt. [downstream]
2
social determinants of health
income and social status
- the greater the gap b/w the richest and poorest people, the greater the diff. in health education
- low education levels are linked w/ poor health, +stress, + LO self-confidence... there are exceptions
physical env't
- living situation and employment/working conditions
social support networks
- greater support from families, friends, + communities = better health
- culture
-- customs + traditions + beliefs of family + community all affect health genetics + gender
- genetics- inheritance plays a part in determining lifespan, healthiness + likelihood of developing certain illnesses
- men + women suffer from diff. types of disease at diff. ages
personal behavior + coping skills
- diet, activity, lifestyle choice, coping skills
health services
- access + use of services that prevent + treat disease influences health
3
Lillian walk + mary brewster
1893: began visiting the poor in NYC lower east side
established henry st. settlement which later become the visiting nurse service in NYC established settlement houses and neighborhood centers that were hubs for healthcare + social welfare programs
4
mary breckinridge
1952: established frontier nursing service that serves rural pop.'s in Appalachia
nurses trained in nursing, public health, + midwifery
led to dramatically improved pregnancy outcomes for this pop.
5
primary prevention
prevents disease from happening
e.g. immunizations, seat belts, healthy diet + exercise
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secondary prevention
disease if found early, when tx is more effective and disability is minimal
disease may be present but may not yet be symptomatic
EARLY tx or management reduced burden of disease
e.g. BP, diabetes, scoliosis
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tertiary prevention
restoration of optimal functioning disease or injury
- prevent damage + pain from disease
- slows down the disease
- prevents complications
- gives better care to people w/ the disease
- makes people w/ disease healthy again + able to do what they used to do
e.g. cardiac rehab
8
stages of change
pre-contemplation
- no intention on changing behavior
contemplation
- aware problem exists but w/ no commitment to act
preparation
- intent on taking action to address the problem
action
- active modification of behavior maintenance
- sustained change
- new behavior replaces old
relapse
- fall back to old pattern of behavior
9
domains of teaching
cognitive [knowledge; problem-solving
- e.g. lectures, programmed instruction
affective [attitudes; values]
- e.g. discussion, role-playing, videos
psychomotor [performance of skills
- e.g. demonstration, drill, practice sessions
10
natural history of disease
understanding the characteristic natural hx of a diseases enables healthcare providers to anticipate prognosis + to ID opportunities for prevention, management, + control
periods:
- incubation: interval b/w invasion by agent + 1st s/s
- communicable: interval during which infectious agent may be transferred from infected person to others
- prodromal: early, often non-specific, symptom of disease
11
patient 0
the first person to become sick w/ a illness that other have also become sick w/
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epidemic
occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people
13
pandemic
it is a global disease outbreak
e.g. HIV/AIDS
14
outbreak
it is when a disease occurs in greater numbers than expected in a community or region or during a season
15
endemic
it is regularly found among particular people or in a certain area
e.g areas where malaria is endemic
16
clara barton
involved in rural nursing service > town and country nursing service which provided home care outside urban area
involved in the red cross house
17
types of immunity
natural
acquired
- active [production of antibodies]
-- via development of the disease, or immunization
- passive immunity [antibodies passed from another human]
-- e.g. maternal antibodies
herd
18
screening
has significant effect on quality or length of life
detection and treatment during asymptomatic period yields better results than treating when sx.'s appear
problems:
- reliability of screening method
-- e.g. observer variation, inconsistency in the instrument
- validity or accuracy of screening method
-- e.g. sensitivity and specificity of tool to disease/condition
- ethics and screening
-- cost, false positives/negatives, tx. availability
19
phases of a disaster
pre-impact [disaster preparedness]
- risk assessment, resources inventory, education and preparedness, warning opportunities
- setting up a communication protocol is essential
impact [disaster response]
- roles of nurse: triaging, prioritizing care, arranging for transporting those needing immediate care to medical facilities, other [e.g. first aid]
post-impact phase [disaster recovery]
- longest phase
- epidemic and sanitation controls are imp. aspects of the recovery
- roles of nursing: counseling, home health care, education, reassessment of the health care needs of the affected pop.
20
bioterrorism
it is the deliberate release of viruses, bacteria, or other agents used to cause illness or death in people, animals, or plants
occurs b/c agents are available + relatively easy to manufacture, has psych, impacts, can overwhelm existing resources
21
category A agents
high-priority agents including organisms that pose a risk to national security b/c they:
- can be easily disseminated or transmitted from person to person
- result in high mortality rates and have the potential for major public health impact
might cause public panic and social disruption
- requires special action for public health preparedness
e.g. anthrax, smallpox, ebola
22
category B agents
2nd highest priority agents include those that are:
- moderately easy to disseminate
- result in moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates
- requires specific enhancement of CDC's diagnostic capacity + enhanced disease surveillance
e.g. food/water safety threats [e. coli, salmonella], ricin toxin, staph., viral encephalitis
23
category C agents
3rd highest priority agents include emerging pathogens that could be engineered for mass dissemination in the future b/c of:
- availability
- ease of production and dissemination
- potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact
e.g. nipah virus, hantavirus
24
notification procedures for local + state public health dept.'s
local health officer
local law enforcement
state health department
FBI
CDC
25
factors associated w/ risk for violence
sociologic
- low SES
- involvement in gangs
- drug dealing
- access to guns
- community exposure to violence
developmental/psych.
- substance use
- peer pressure
- poor impulse control
- hx. of mental health problems
- high levels of stress
- less than 30 y of age
family
- hx. of intergenerational abuse
- social isolation
- verbal threatening of children by parents
- high levels of family stress
- 2+ children
26
levels of violence prevention
1o
- schools or community center + after-school programs
- organize parenting classes
2o
- assess + evaluate any unexplained bruises or injuries of any individual
- screen all pregnant women for potential abuse
3o
- when dealing w/ victims of abuse develop a trusting relationship + focus on the client
- refer to mental health professionals for long-term assistance
- restorative justice for those convicted of crime and their victims/communities
27