QUIZ 2 Flashcards
(17 cards)
population pyramid
gathers pop. stats + represents the internal distribution of a pop.
data is divided by gender and age; age bracket are set into 3 categories [pre-reproductive, reproductive, post-reproductive]
uses: predictor of a pop.’s future, record of its past
global burden of disease
measured in DALYs [disability-adjusted life year]; it is the overall disease burden combining mortality and morbidity into a single number
e.g. 1 DALY could equal:
- 1 y lost due to early death
- 1.67 y w/ blindness
- 5.24 significant malaria episodes
US ranks in the low-to-med. rank in DALYs, the continent of Africa ranks in the high rank in DALYs
united nations [UN]
an agency providing global health services via:
- WHO [provides tech support + health services; sets int’l standards of health; coordinates health projects; GOAL: highest possible level of health for all citizens throughout the world]
- subdivisions: Pan American Health Org’n [PAHO], other regional offices
- UNICEF [current priorities for child.: child survival + development, protection, and social inclusion (violence reduction)]
non-governmental organizations
AKA NGOs
are designated as private voluntary org’n
include humanitarian + professional org’n concerned w/ global health
global health problems
malaria
- tx: programs [screen + treat; decrease breeding env’t + use nets]
TB
- problems: becoming resistant to meds; co-infection of TB + HIV complicates tx of both infections
HIV/AIDS
- problems: tx. expensive + not enough resources for assistance to pay for it; efforts are concentrated on 1o prevention
vaccine preventable diseases
maternal mortality
- factors: poverty, poor nutrition, trained assistants not available for childbirth
heb. B
chronic conditions
climate-change-related refugees and illnesses
‘indicators’ in comparing countries health
these are concrete numbers, not affected by culture, :. permit comparisons
e.g. infant mortality, maternal mortality, life expectancy
causes of chronic illnesses
health risk behaviors
- risk behaviors are unhealthy behaviors that can be changed
- e.g. lack of exercise or physical activity, poor nutrition, tobacco use, drinking too much alcohol
factors contributing to the burden of chronic disease
- persistent high prevalence of risk factors [e.g. lifestyle, other behaviors]
- social + env’t factors
- increasing life expectancy –> greater #s of older people w/ chronic conditions and associated disabilities
burden of chronic illnesses
costly, most of Medicare pending was for people w/ 2+ chronic conditions
chronic conditions are a major cause of disability + lost productivity
chronic conditions are unequal distributed
- burden is associated w/ education/income, race/ethnicity, geography
treatment of chronic illnesses
priorities for chronic disease
- PREVENTING the development of chronic diseases
- DETECTING chronic diseases early + slowing their progression
- MITIGATING complications of chronic disease to optimize quality of life + to reduce demand on the health care system
health strategies for addressing multiple risks + conditions
- changing norms in tobacco use
- reducing obesity + improving multiple health outcomes
- health system interventions
agencies dealing w/ chronic ilnesses
there are gaps in policies + env’t to support healthy lifestyles
public health often focuses on acute problems [e.g. controlling infectious disease outbreaks], while health care providers focus on care delivery
- neither system prioritizes sustained, long-term investments in health promotion + disease prevention
domains of teaching
cognitive [knowledge; problem-solving] - e.g. lectures, programmed instruction affective [attitudes; values] - e.g. discussion, role-playing, videos psychomotor [performance of skills] - e.g. demonstration, drill, practice sessions
teaching objectives
describe what will be taught/delivered desired outcomes should be decided early must be realistic + achievable short-term or long-term d/o length of program + how long you can follow participants should be measurable
signs of low health literacy
incomplete forms written materials are handed to another person
“I’ll read it at home”
“I can’t read this now, I forgot my glasses”
frequently missing appt.’s
errors in self-care, labeled as ‘non-compliant’
key risk factors for limited literacy
elderly
low income
unemployed
did not finish high school
minority ethnic group [e.g. Hispanic, African American]
recent imiigrant to US who does not speak English
born in US but Enllgish is 2nd language
testing readability of documents
SMOG readability formula
flesch-kincaid grade level index
natural history of disease
understanding the characteristic natural hx of a disease enab;es healthcare providers to anticipate prognosis + to ID opportunities for prevention, management,, + control
e.g. pre-pathogenesis -> susceptibility -> 1o prevention [diet, exercise, immunizations]
five stages of change
pre-contemplation - no intention on changing behavior contemplation - aware problem exists but w/ no commitment to act preparation - intent on taking action to address the problem action - active modification of behavior maintenance - sustained change - new behavior replaces old relapse - fall back to old pattern of behavior
