QUIZ 2 Flashcards

(17 cards)

1
Q

population pyramid

A

gathers pop. stats + represents the internal distribution of a pop.
data is divided by gender and age; age bracket are set into 3 categories [pre-reproductive, reproductive, post-reproductive]
uses: predictor of a pop.’s future, record of its past

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2
Q

global burden of disease

A

measured in DALYs [disability-adjusted life year]; it is the overall disease burden combining mortality and morbidity into a single number
e.g. 1 DALY could equal:
- 1 y lost due to early death
- 1.67 y w/ blindness
- 5.24 significant malaria episodes
US ranks in the low-to-med. rank in DALYs, the continent of Africa ranks in the high rank in DALYs

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3
Q

united nations [UN]

A

an agency providing global health services via:

  • WHO [provides tech support + health services; sets int’l standards of health; coordinates health projects; GOAL: highest possible level of health for all citizens throughout the world]
    • subdivisions: Pan American Health Org’n [PAHO], other regional offices
  • UNICEF [current priorities for child.: child survival + development, protection, and social inclusion (violence reduction)]
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4
Q

non-governmental organizations

A

AKA NGOs
are designated as private voluntary org’n
include humanitarian + professional org’n concerned w/ global health

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5
Q

global health problems

A

malaria
- tx: programs [screen + treat; decrease breeding env’t + use nets]
TB
- problems: becoming resistant to meds; co-infection of TB + HIV complicates tx of both infections
HIV/AIDS
- problems: tx. expensive + not enough resources for assistance to pay for it; efforts are concentrated on 1o prevention
vaccine preventable diseases
maternal mortality
- factors: poverty, poor nutrition, trained assistants not available for childbirth
heb. B
chronic conditions
climate-change-related refugees and illnesses

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6
Q

‘indicators’ in comparing countries health

A

these are concrete numbers, not affected by culture, :. permit comparisons
e.g. infant mortality, maternal mortality, life expectancy

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7
Q

causes of chronic illnesses

A

health risk behaviors
- risk behaviors are unhealthy behaviors that can be changed
- e.g. lack of exercise or physical activity, poor nutrition, tobacco use, drinking too much alcohol
factors contributing to the burden of chronic disease
- persistent high prevalence of risk factors [e.g. lifestyle, other behaviors]
- social + env’t factors
- increasing life expectancy –> greater #s of older people w/ chronic conditions and associated disabilities

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8
Q

burden of chronic illnesses

A

costly, most of Medicare pending was for people w/ 2+ chronic conditions
chronic conditions are a major cause of disability + lost productivity
chronic conditions are unequal distributed
- burden is associated w/ education/income, race/ethnicity, geography

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9
Q

treatment of chronic illnesses

A

priorities for chronic disease
- PREVENTING the development of chronic diseases
- DETECTING chronic diseases early + slowing their progression
- MITIGATING complications of chronic disease to optimize quality of life + to reduce demand on the health care system
health strategies for addressing multiple risks + conditions
- changing norms in tobacco use
- reducing obesity + improving multiple health outcomes
- health system interventions

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10
Q

agencies dealing w/ chronic ilnesses

A

there are gaps in policies + env’t to support healthy lifestyles
public health often focuses on acute problems [e.g. controlling infectious disease outbreaks], while health care providers focus on care delivery
- neither system prioritizes sustained, long-term investments in health promotion + disease prevention

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11
Q

domains of teaching

A
cognitive [knowledge; problem-solving] 
- e.g. lectures, programmed instruction
affective [attitudes; values]
- e.g. discussion, role-playing, videos
psychomotor [performance of skills]
- e.g. demonstration, drill, practice sessions
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12
Q

teaching objectives

A
describe what will be taught/delivered
desired outcomes should be decided early
must be realistic + achievable
short-term or long-term d/o length of program + how long you can follow participants
should be measurable
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13
Q

signs of low health literacy

A

incomplete forms written materials are handed to another person
“I’ll read it at home”
“I can’t read this now, I forgot my glasses”
frequently missing appt.’s
errors in self-care, labeled as ‘non-compliant’

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14
Q

key risk factors for limited literacy

A

elderly
low income
unemployed
did not finish high school
minority ethnic group [e.g. Hispanic, African American]
recent imiigrant to US who does not speak English
born in US but Enllgish is 2nd language

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15
Q

testing readability of documents

A

SMOG readability formula

flesch-kincaid grade level index

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16
Q

natural history of disease

A

understanding the characteristic natural hx of a disease enab;es healthcare providers to anticipate prognosis + to ID opportunities for prevention, management,, + control
e.g. pre-pathogenesis -> susceptibility -> 1o prevention [diet, exercise, immunizations]

17
Q

five stages of change

A
pre-contemplation
- no intention on changing behavior
contemplation
- aware problem exists but w/ no commitment to act
preparation
- intent on taking action to address the problem
action
- active modification of behavior
maintenance
- sustained change
- new behavior replaces old
relapse
- fall back to old pattern of behavior