final Flashcards
(65 cards)
effect of smoking on prenatal development
low birth weight, miscarriage, cleft lip
methylation
a set of chemical compounds lands on top of a gene and changes its impact, reducing or silencing its expression
chaos
gives children a sense of powerlessness engendering anxiety and low self esteem. stability has many positive effects such as enhanced language development and academic achievement while reducing many negative behaviors such as sexual risk taking and alcohol/drug abuse.
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
studied how culture is transferred from one generation to the next. Children develop cognitively by the activities that they are taught by adults in their particular culture. These activities influence how they think.
percent of births that are to single mothers
40%
maternal depression
attachment difficulties, delayed motor development,
paternal derpression
aggression, over reactivity, pessimistic world view
low birth weight
stroke, heart disease, diabetes
high birth weight
breast, prostate, and other cancers
anoxia
brain injury, poor language and cognitive skills
birth trauma
if trauma is severe, long term difficulties increase in likelihood, but if trauma is mild, effects of trauma is minimal if child is reared in a sensitive and caring family
preterm infants
higher risk of parental abuse, brain abnormalities
affluence
affluent youth’s are more likely to have high levels of anxiety and depression than their low ses counterparts
cohort effect
short fall of longitudinal research design because it studies subjects living in a particular zeitgeist that influences them in ways that make the results of the study ungeneralizable
positives of longitudinal studies
permits study of:
common patterns
individual differences
relationships between in earlier and later behaviors
negatives of longitudinal studies
cohort effect
practice effect
biased sampling
selective attrition
positives for cross sectional studies
more efficient than longitudinal
negatives for cross sectional studies
no study of individual development
cohort effects
assimilation
we use current schemes to interpret the external world
accomodation
we create new schemes or adjust old ones when we discover that the way we currently see the world does not seem to fit the environment`
organization
infant creates new schemes, rearranges old ones, connects different schemes together without directly interacting with the environment
adaptation
learning new schemes through direct interaction with the environment
Piaget’s theories
Sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational
trust vs mistrust
completely meeting a child’s needs in a warm manner fosters trust. If not done child can develop into an adult that is independent and struggles with intimacy.
