Final Bio Exam Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
idea that living things can arise from nonliving things
A
Spontaneous generation
2
Q
idea that the universe consists of nothing but matter and energy and has no spiritual or supernatural aspects
A
Materialism
3
Q
maintains that all living things are composed of living units called cells and of cell products and that all cells come from preexisting cells
A
Cell theory
4
Q
study of something tested over and over again and researching it.
A
Scientific method
5
Q
possible solutions
A
Hypotheses
6
Q
idea that science can find answers for all the problems in life
A
Scientism
7
Q
basis for one’s philosophy
A
Worldview
8
Q
idea that the present is the only key to the past and that all things continue by natural processes at the same rates as they always have
A
Uniformitarianism
9
Q
random errors in an organism’s genetic material
A
Mutations
10
Q
refers to similarities among organisms designed for the same environment but different in internal structure
A
Analogy
11
Q
refers to similar organs that are also similar in internal structure
A
homology
12
Q
discovered in 1868 in southwest France
A
Cro-Magnon man
13
Q
discovered in a gravel pit near a village in England. Discovered between 1908 and 1911 by Charles Dawson, fossil consisted of a fragmented but clearly human-like skull, along with an ape-like jaw
A
Piltdown man
14
Q
controls heredity
A
DNA- (deoxyribonucleic acid)
15
Q
deduced the actual structure of DNA (last names are fine)
A
James D. Watson & Francis H. C. Crick
16
Q
makes copies of DNA
A
RNA- (ribonucleic)
17
Q
structure of DNA
A
Double helix
18
Q
used by the ribosomes as a template to make the protein
A
Transcription
19
Q
programmed cell death
A
Apoptosis
20
Q
first stage of mitosis, cell packages its chromosomes, which were spread throughout the entire nucleus as chromatin during interphase, into tightly packed structures that are visible through a microscope
A
Prophase
21
Q
consists of two identical DNA molecules, each of which is a chromatid, that are fastened together in the middle by a small structure called the centromere
A
Chromosome
22
Q
nucleus of a cell divides to generate two nuclei with the same number of chromosomes as the original nucleus
A
Mitosis
23
Q
stage between cell division
A
Interphase
24
Q
remains or impressions of plants, animals, and humans preserved in sedimentary rock
A
Fossils
25
attempt to improve the human race through the control of hereditary factors
Eugenics
26
involves traits controlled by many different genes
Polygenic inheritance
27
more than two different alleles of a gene for a particular trait
Multiple allele inheritance
28
both alleles for a trait are equally expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygous individual
Codominance
29
trait is located on the X chromosome
Sexlinked
30
genes are linked
Linkage
31
chromosomes that determine an organism’s sex
Sex chromosomes
32
segregation of one gene does not influence the segregation of the other
Law of independent assortment
33
mixing or blending of traits
Incomplete dominance
34
trait that does not show up when the dominant allele is present
Recessive trait
35
combination of alleles inherited for a particular trait
Genotype
36
outcome or expression of the genes in the physical appearance of the individual
Phenotype
37
organism with two different alleles for a
particular trait
Hybrid
38
Father of Genetics, created the law of dominance
Gregor Mendel
39
scientific study of heredity
Genetics
40
different forms of a particular trait
Alleles
41
two alleles for the seed color gene in pea plants are yellow and green
Homozygous
42
reduction division
Meiosis
43
transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring through genes
Heredity
44
source of biological variation; spindle fibers attach to centromeres, and homologous pairs line up at the cell’s equator
Recombination
45
units of genetic information, in the chromosomes of the cells
Genes
46
God’s plan for the continuity of life from one generation to the next that requires only mitotic cell divisions
Asexual reproduction
47
process by which a cell turns into a different cell
Differentiation
48
46 chromosomes; but the gametes of the parents each contain only 23 chromosomes
Somatic cell
49
study of how living things interact with each other
Ecology
50
organism’s environment or home
Habitat
51
produce their own food
Autotrophs
52
consumers that feed on other animals
Carnivores
53
consumers that feed on plants
Herbivores
54
Consumers that feed on both plants and animals
Omnivores
55
model used by ecologists to show all possible feeding relationships at each trophic level
food web
56
relationship in which both organisms benefit
Mutualism
57
relationship between two organisms in which one, called the parasite, benefits while the other, called the host, is harmed
Parasitism
58
involves a predator/ prey relationship
Predation
59
another name for the water cycle
hydrologic cycle
60
living organisms that move from place to place in their environment, mainly for the purpose of obtaining food
animals
61
can be cut in half in only one plane to make each half like the other
bilateral symmetry
62
animals with four appendages or limbs attached by special bones to the body at the hips and shoulders
Tetrapods
63
animals without a backbone
Invertebrate
64
egg-laying mammals
Oviparous
65
maintaining the same temperature
Homeothermic
66
young are born alive, placental mammals are “giving birth”
Viviparous
67
active during the night
Nocturnal
68
type of animal or plant that is no longer found alive on the earth
Extinct
69
meat eaters
Carnivores
70
animals that chew the cud
Ruminants
71
soar in great circles, gradually attaining great heights, then dive swiftly downward to start another spiral
Soaring
72
addition to the upper and lower eyelids, birds have a third eyelids
Nictitating membrane
73
annually moving to a different region
Migration
74
ovules develop in the seed only after a sperm cell brought by a pollen grain fuses with the egg cell within the ovule through the process
Fertilization
75
sperm cell and egg cell
Gametes
76
any type of reproduction that includes gametes
Sexual reproduction
77
unlearned knowledge that an animal possesses from birth
Instinct
78
keeps the eggs warm, usually by an adult bird sitting on them, so that the young birds will develop properly in the eggs
Incubation
79
with the seeds and fruits they produce, make up the reproductive parts of flowering seed plants.
Flowers
80
transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma
Pollination
81
growth in length
Primary growth
82
growth in width
Secondary growth
83
material that makes up the wood
Xylem
84
takes food down to the roots
Phloem
85
strong inner section of a woody stem, provides strength and support for the stem and helps transport water and minerals from the roots to the leaves
Wood
86
older, inner wood
Heartwood
87
younger, functioning xylem tissue
Sapwood
88
Thick stems that grow horizontally under the ground providing food storage and a means of vegetative reproduction
Rhizomes
89
long, sharp special stems
Thorns
90
elongated, four-legged reptiles with a tapered tail, are the most numerous of the reptiles
Lizards
91
snake bends into a series of curves as it keeps its body flat on the ground. As the curves of its body push against rocks, twigs, or plants, the snake slithers forward
Lateral undulation
92
attach the skull to the lower jaw on each side
Quadrate bones
93
sensory depression on each side of its head between the eye and the nostril
Pit viper
94
reptile with a shell and toothless jaws
Turtle
95
land turtles with feet and claws suitable for terrestrial life.
Turtle
95
Large, thick-skinned, long-tailed
aquatic reptiles, the largest living reptiles.
Crocodilians
96
invertebrates with jointed appendages, make up more than three fourths of all species in the animal kingdom
Arthropods
97
most numerous in all of the animal kingdom
Insect
98
insects with two wings and piercingsucking or sponging mouthparts
Diptera
99
(sheath wing) distinguished by the way the forewings form a protective shell around the body when the beetle is not in flight
Coleoptera
100
(membrane wings)- social insects
Hymenoptera
101
looks like a folded book, spider’s respiratory system
Book lungs
102
Orthoptera (straight wing)- Crickets, grasshoppers, locusts, mantises, and roaches
103
(toothed)- dragonflies and damselflies
Odonata
104
(half wings)- made up of the true bugs and includes such common pests as the bedbug, chinch bug, squash bug, and stink bug
Hemiptera
105
(same wings) have wings hold them over their bodies in an inverted V, like the roof of a house
Homoptera
106
(scale wings) two pairs of large, membrane like wings that are covered with tiny scales
Lepidoptera
107
responsible for the continuation of the human race
reproductive system
108
group of similar cells that work together to accomplish the task of an organ
Tissue
109
all living things are divided into this main group
Kingdoms
110
attaches a muscle to a bone
Tendon
111
largest bone of the leg, attaches to the pelvic girdle at the hip joint
Femur
112
inflammation of the joints
Arthritis
113
give support and rigidity to the body
Skeletal system
114
stable internal environment in the body
Homeostasis
115
tissues that join bones to other bones
Ligaments
116
Enlargement of muscles through use
Hypertrophy
117
largest and strongest muscles in your body
Gluteus maximus
118
obtain their nutrition from dead organisms
Saprophytes
118
life cycle of a fern involves both asexual (no union of sex cells) and sexual (union of sex cells) reproduction
Alternation of Generations
118
Plants that produce seeds but do not produce flowers
Gymnosperms
119
smallest of the green, chlorophyll containing organisms
Algae
120
organism that lives on or in another living organism and derives its nutrition from that organism
parasite
121
lower part of brain, helps control balance & coordinate voluntary muscle activity
Cerebellum
121
principal organ of the nervous system
Brain
122
most common respiratory disease
common cold
123
thick-walled blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart
Arteries
123
carries blood towards the heart.
Veins
124
long, then cells with the thickness of a human hair
Rods
125
small depression on the retina
Fovea
126
straw-colored liquid part of the blood,about 90% water and contains various dissolved substances
Plasma
127
world’s most efficient pump
Heart
128
voice box
Larynx
129
inability of the muscles to move
Paralysis
129
most commonly abused drugs in the world today
Alcohol
130
produced in the red marrow and the lymph nodes
White blood cells
131
main pigment responsible for skin color
Melanin
131
38-to 40-week period from conception to birth
Gestation
132
most important excretory organs
Kidneys
133
any condition that interferes with the normal functioning of the body
Disease
133
triggers the autonomic nervous system to relax, slows the activity of the reticular formation, and causes other changes that make you feel sleepy
Melatonin
134
those in which the invading microbe can be transferred from person to person (directly or indirectly)
Communicable diseases
135
Y shaped protein molecules that act like molecular homing missiles
HIV- (human immunodeficiency virus)
Antibodies
136
disease spreads rapidly and extensively among a population
Epidemic
137
what is the full title of Origin of Species?
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
138
process of life arising from non-living matter
Law of biogenesis
139
structural unit composed of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function or set of functions
Organ
140
process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy, using carbon dioxide and water to produce carbohydrates (sugars) and oxygen
Photosynthesis
141
natural sugar
Glucose
142
process of filtering and purifying blood, primarily used when the kidneys fail to function properly
Dialysis
143
organism causing disease
pathogen
144
period when an organism's growth, development, and/or physical activity are temporarily halted
Dormancy
145
study of plants
Botany
146
study of all living things
Biology
147
any living thing
Organism
148
primary root that grows vertically downward and gives off small lateral roots
Taproot
149
any plant that completes its life cycle in a single growing season
Annual
150
tree that has paper like bark
Birch trees
150
group of interacting parts that work together to perform a specific function or task
System
151
change in the heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations
Evolution
152
substance that can neutralize acids
Base
153
individual who carries one copy of a mutated gene for a recessive genetic disorder but does not display the disease themselves
Carrier
154
specialized feathers on a bird's wings and tail that are adapted for flight
Flight feather
155
fastest animal on earth
Peregrine falcon
156
a form of terrestrial locomotion where an animal moves by means of its two rear (or lower) limbs or legs
Bipedal
157
the use of sound waves to determine the location of objects.
Echolocation
158
characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws
Rodentia
159
protection and management of natural resources and the environment for current and future generations
Conservation
160
responsible and careful management of natural resources and ecosystems
Stewardship
