Final Exam 1 Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
Spirochetes
A
Treponema pallidum
Borrelia burgdorferi
2
Q
What disease does treponema pallidum cause
A
Syphilis
3
Q
Treponema pallidum shape
A
Thin, tightly coiled rods
4
Q
Disease variations caused by treponema pallidum
A
- Primary syphilis
- Secondary syphilis
- Late of tertiary syphilis
- Congenital syphilis
5
Q
Primary syphilis symptoms
Contagious?
A
Starts as a red pimple and then the red pimple ulcers and can last for 4-6 weeks
Females may not realize do to their anatomy
Contagious
6
Q
Secondary syphilis symptoms
Contagious?
A
Rashes on palms of hands and soles of feet. Flu like symptoms
Contagious
7
Q
Late or tertiary syphilis symptoms
Contagious?
A
Affects the heart
Not contagious
8
Q
Congenital syphilis symptoms
A
Mother passes to fetus. Can lead to death of the fetus or blindness, CNS problems, deafness, skin rash etc.
9
Q
How is treponema pallidum treated
A
Antibiotics
10
Q
What disease does borrelia burgdorferi cause
A
Lyme disease
11
Q
Borrelia burgdorferi shape.
A
Long loosely coiled spiral rods
12
Q
Stage 1 Lyme disease symptoms
A
Bullseye rash
13
Q
Stage 2 Lyme disease symptoms
A
Involvement with nervous and cardiac systems
Can begin months or weeks after stage 1
14
Q
Stage 3 Lyme disease symptoms
A
Affects bones etc
15
Q
Congenital Lyme disease
A
Passed from mother to fetus
16
Q
Transmission of borrelia burgdorferi
A
Passed from animal to human through ticks
17
Q
Borrelia burgdorferi treatment
A
Antibiotics
18
Q
Types of Chlamydia
A
- Chlamydia pneumoniae
- Chlamydia psittaci
- Chlamydia trachomatis
19
Q
Chlamydia pneumoniae disease
A
Pneumonia
20
Q
Chlamydia pneumoniae special features
A
Obligate anaerobes
21
Q
Symptoms caused by chlamydia pneumoniae
A
Atypical pneumonia (mild, asymptomatic, serious in the elderly) Same symptoms as other pneumonias (fever, chills, headache, chest pain etc.)
22
Q
Chlamydia pneumoniae transmission
A
Usually horizontally through respiratory droplets s
23
Q
Treatment for chlamydia pneumoniae
A
Antibiotics
24
Q
Chlamydia psittaci disease
A
Pneumonia
25
Chlamydia psittaci special characteristics
Obligate anaerob
26
Chlamydia psittaci symptoms
```
Atypical pneumonia (Mild, asymptomatic, may be fatal in elderly)
Incubation 1-2 weeks
```
27
Transmission of chlamydia psittaci
Reservoir are birds and poultry. People in contact with them are more at risk
28
Treatment for chlamydia psittaci
Antibiotics
29
Chlamydia trachomatis disease
STD
30
Chlamydia trachomatis special characteristics
Obligate anaerobes
31
STD types caused by chlamydia trachomatis
- Male STD
- Female STD
- Lymphogranuloma Venereum STD
32
Male STD symptoms
Inflammation of the urethra and epididymus s
| Discharge, painful urination, blood in the urine. Lots of men are arsymptomatic
33
Female STD symptoms
Inflammation of the cervix, endometrium, Fallopian tubes
Leads to pelvic inflammatory disease. Can be vaginal discharge as well as pain and bleeding, painful urination,
Women are often asymptomatic
34
What does an untreated female STD lead to
PID
| Can scar Fallopian tubes and lead to sterility. Fertilized egg may not be able to attach to the uterus
35
Lymphogranauloma venereum STD symptoms
Incubation 2 weeks, females often asymptomatic. Sometimes chronic
36
Transmission of chlamydia trachomatis
Sexual contact
| Child Can get it from mother during birth
37
Treatment for chlamydia trachomatis
Antibiotics
38
Types of mycoplasma and ureaplasma
- Mycoplasma humanis
| - Mycoplasma pneumoniae
39
Mycoplasma humanis special characteristic
Smallest free living organism
| Humans are the only resovoirs
40
Mycoplasma humanis disease
UTI
41
Mycoplasma humanis UTI symptoms
Fever, painful urination, inflammatory disease in women
| Can lead to acute pyelonephritis down by kidneys
42
Transmission of mycoplasma humanis
Usually through sexual contact and sometimes through the birth canal
43
Mycoplasma pneumoniae disease
Pneumonia
44
Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia symptoms
Causes atypical pneumonia (Mild or asymptomatic, can be fatal)
45
Transmission of mycoplasma pneumoniae
Humans are only resovoirs. Close contact with people (people living in closed borders - like dorms or military)
46
What can mycoplasma pneumoniae cause
Raynauds syndrome: hands and feet get very cold quickly. Vasoconstriction, can cut off circulation and lead to amputation
47
How is mycoplasma pneumoniae treated
Antibiotics
48
DNA virus types
- Parvovirus
- Adenovirus
- Papovirus
- Hepadnavirus
- Herpes Virus
49
Parvovirus DNA structure
Single stranded linear DNA
50
Genus of B19 parvovirus
Parvovirus
51
B19 disease
Erythema infectiosum
52
Symptoms of B19 erythema infectiosum
Slap cheek disease (cheeks look really red)
| Might break down the precursors to red blood cells
53
Transmission of B19 parvovirus
Get it from respiratory, blood transfusions, mother to fetus
54
Treatment for B19 parvovirus
Let it run its course, usually benign and self limited
Blood transfusion in severe case
Immunoglobulin IV in immunocompromised cases
55
Adenovirus DNA structure
Double stranded linear DNA
56
Adenovirus genus and species
Genus: adenovirus
Species: Adenovirus serotypes
57
Adenovirus serotypes diseases
- 1,2,3,5
- 3,4,7
- 40,41
58
1,2,3,5 symptoms
Intussusception in children
59
3,4,7 symptoms
Respiratory infections, Atypical pneumonia
60
40, 41 symptoms
Diarrhea in infants
61
Transmission of adenovirus serotypes
Fecal oral route
| Respiratory tract
62
Treatment of adenovirus serotypes
Symptomatic relief
63
Papova Virus genus and species
Genus: Human papillomavirus
Species: HPV 1 and 2, HPV6 and 11, HPV 16 and 18
64
HPV 1 and 2 disease
Common warts on hands and feet
65
Transmission of HPV 1 and 2
Direct contact
66
Treatment of HPV1 and 2
Do something to get rid of the warts (Don't get rid of warts in kids so that the immune system learans to fight off the warts)
67
Is HPV1 and 2 contagious
Yes
68
HPV6 and 11 diseases
Oral, anal, and genitalia warts
69
HPV 6 and 11 transmission
Intercourse
| Vertical mother to fetus
70
Is HPV 6 and 11 contagious
Yes
71
Treatment for HPV 6 and 11
Educate the infected to prevent spreading, emotional support, wart removal
72
What can HPV 6 and 11 lead to if untreated
Cancer
73
HPV16 and 18 disease
Causes cervical cancer, can be fatal
74
HPV 16 and 18 treatment
Surgery
75
Transmission of HPV 16 and 18
Pass horizontally through intercourse
76
Hepadna virus genus and species
Genus: Hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D virus
Species: Hepatitis B, hepatitis D
77
Hepatitis. B symptoms
Can be asymptomatic
Can cause acute hepatitis (inflammation of liver, fever,, nausea, pain in the upper right quadrant, jaundice, dark urine)
78
Treatment for. Hepatitis B
You get better in a couple months. Symptom relief
79
Chronic active hepatitis
Cirrhosis of the liver (fatty scarred liver and messes up liver function))
80
Transmission of hepatitis B
Drugs (needles)). and sex
| Chronic carrier must educate them self.
81
Hepatitis D symptoms
Cause chronic state and leads to cirrhosis in the liver
82
Hepatitis D transmission
Usually IV drug users
83
Hepatitis D treatment
High mortality. High dose interferon alpha may be helpful
84
Herpes virus genus and species
Genus: alpha virus
Species: HSV-1 and HSV-2, VZV
Genus: Beta virus
Species: CMV
Genus: Gamma virus
Species: EBV
85
Herpes virus DNA structure
Double stranded linear DNA
86
Alpha virus disease
HSV1 and HSV2 (herpes simplex virus)
87
HSV-1 symptoms
Cold sores
88
HSV-2 symptoms
Genital herpes
89
Transmission of HSV-1 and HSV-2
HSV-1: horizontal direct contact
| HSV-2: horizontal sexual contact, vertical mother to fetus
90
What does VZV stand for
Varicella zoster virus
91
What disease does VZV cause
Chicken Pox and shingles
92
Chicken Pox of VZV
Can cause additional infection if the child scratches them (cellulitis)
93
Herpes Zoster (shingles) symptoms
Come years after getting chicken pox. Skin lesions with dermatomes. Usually self-limiting
94
Transmission of VZV
Horizontally through the respiratory route, highly contagious
95
Treatment for VZV
Isolation. Topical lotion or oral antihistamines. Acyclovir may be helpful
96
Beta virus
CMV
97
CMV symptoms
Mostly asymptomatic, can cause mono
98
Transmission of CMV
Horizontal through intimate and sexual contact
| Vertical mother to fetus in utero
99
Treatment for CMV
Let it run its course
100
Gamma virus
EBV
101
EBV symptoms
Asymptomatic in children. Can cause mono
People in africa get cancer, people in china get nasal pharyngeal carcinoma
102
Transmission of EBV
Through contact (oral, kissing, intimate contact)
103
Treatment of EBV
Let it run its course
104
RNA viruses
- Picornavirus
- Calcivirus
- Reovirus
- Togavirus
- Flavivirus
- Rhabdovirus
- Paramyxovirus
- Orthmyxovirus
- Retrovirus
105
Picornavirus RNA structure
SS+ linear RNA, infectious RNA
106
Picornavirus genus and species
Genus: Rhinovirus
Species: 1-100
Genus: Enterovirus
Species: Coxsackie A, Coxsackie B, Hep A, Polio
107
Rhinovirus species 1-100 symptoms
Common cold
108
Rhinovirus species 1-100 transmission
Respiratory route
109
Rhinovirus species 1-100 treatment
Let it run its course (symptom relief)
110
Enteroviruses
Coxsackie A, B
Hepatitis A
Polio
111
Coxsackie A symptoms
Aseptic meningitis
Hand, foot and mouth disease (ulcers on mouth and rash on feet and hands)
Treatment: symptom relief
112
Coxsackie B symptoms and treatment
Aseptic meningitis
Damages the pancreas
Treatment: symptom relief
113
Hepatitis A symptoms
Acute hepatitis (fever, inflamed liver, dark urine and jaundice)
114
Treatment for Hepatitis A
Treat the symptoms
115
Polio symptoms
Poliomyelitis
| Necrosis of anterior horn cells that leads to paralysis
116
Polio treatment
Symptom relief
117
Calcivirus species
Norwalk virus
118
Norwalk virus symptoms
Gastroenteritis, vomiting and diarrhea
119
Transmission of Norwalk virus
Fecal-oral
120
Treatment for Calcivirus (norwalk)
Let it run its course (oral fluid replacement)
121
Reovirus RNA sturcture
Double stranded linear DNA
122
Reovirus genus and species
Genus: Rotavirus
Species: Rotavirus Groups A, B, C
123
Rotavirus Groups A, B, C diseases
Gastroenteritis, number one cause of diarrhea in kids
124
Transmission of rotavirus groups A, B, C
Fecal oral
| Winter season
125
Treatment of rotavirus groups A, B, C
Oral fluid and electrolyte replacement with specially balanced formulas
126
Togavirus genus and species
Genus: Rubivirus
Species: Rubella
127
Rubella diseases
Causes German measles (rash on face then spreads)
| Causes congenital rubella (tetragonal, birth defects in heart, eyes and CNS)
128
Transmission of rubella
Germans measles: respiratory route
| Congenital: transplacental vertical transmission in utero
129
Treatment of rubella
Symptom relief
130
Favivirus RNA structure
Single stranded linear RNA
131
Flavivirus genus and species
Genus: Hepatitis C
Species: Hepatitis C
132
Hepatitis C disease and symptoms
- Can be asymptomatic
- Acute hepatitis (usually 6-8 weeks after infection, dark urine, jaundice, liver)
- Chronic active hepatitis: liver cirrhosis, can be fatal
133
Transmission of Hepatitis C
- Horizontal via IV drug abuse
- Blood transfusions
- Sexual contact
134
Treatment for hepatitis C (acute hepatitis)
symptom relief
135
Treatment for hepatitis C (chronic carriers)
Education
136
Treatment for hepatitis C (chronic hepatitis)
Interferon alpha
137
Treatment for hepatitis C (chronic hepatitis)
Liver transplant surgery
138
Treatment of hepatitis C (fulminant hepatitis)
Liver transplant
139
Rhabdovirus genus and species
Genus: Lyssavirus
Species: Rabies
140
Rhabdovirus RNA structure
SS- linear RNA
141
Rabies symptoms
- Hydrophobia: painful swallowing, foaming at the mouth due to cranial nerve involvement
- Dehydration from nausea and vomiting
142
Transmission of rabies
Get it from an animal bite or bodily secretions
143
Treatment of rabies
Wash bite, get medical attention. Wait to see if animal dies, if not then it didnt have rabies
144
Paramyxovirus RNA structure
Single stranded linear RNA
145
Paramyxovirus genus and species
Genus: Paramyxovirus
Species: Mumps
Genus: Morbillivirus
Species: Measles
146
Mumps symptoms
Parotitis (painful swelling of the parotid glands and fever)
147
Transmission of mumps
Respiratory route
148
Treatment of mumps
Symptomatic relief
149
Measles symptoms
Cough, high fever, Kolpik spots (red spots with grey ceter)
| Rash of face that spreads to trunk and extremities
150
Transmission of measles (morvillivirus)
Symptomatic relief. Let it run its course
151
Orthomyxovirus RNA structure
SS- linear RNA
152
Orthomyxovirus genus and species
Genus: Influenza A
Species: Influenza A
Genus: Influenza B
Species: Influenza B
153
Influenza A symptoms
Influenza and atypical pneumonia (fever, headache, myalgia, and cough) can be fatal
154
Transmission of influenza A
Respiratory route
155
Treatment of influenza A
Symptomatic relief in minor cases, antibiotics
156
Influenza B symptoms
Influenza and atypical pneumonia (fever, headache, myalgia, and cough). Can be fatal
157
Transmission of influenza B
Respiratory route
158
Treatments for influenza B
Symptomatic relief in minor cases, antibiotics
159
Retrovirus RNA structure
SS+ linear RNA, diploid, noninfectious RNA
160
Retrovirus genus and species
Genus: Oncovirus
Species: HTLV1, HTLVII
Genus: Lentivirus
Species: HIV
161
HTLV1 symptoms
Human T cell lymphocyte virus 1
| Adult T cell leukemia, lymphoma
162
Transmission of HTLV1
Horizontal male to female or male during sexual contact
Horizontal via IV drug use
Iatrogenic via blood transfusion
163
HTLV-II symptoms
Human T cell lymphocytic virus type II
| Hairy cell leukemia
164
Transmission of HTLV-II
Horizontal male to female or male via sexual contact
Horizontal via IV drug use
Iatrogenic via blood transfusion
165
Lentivirus disease
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
166
HIV genes
```
GAG
POL
ENV
TAT
REV
NEF
VIF
VPR
VPU
LTR
```
167
GAG
Antigen proteins
168
POL
Enzyme proteins
169
ENV
Antigen glycoproteins
170
TAT
Promotor protein
171
REV
Regulation and transport protein
172
NEF
Negative early factor
173
VIF
Virus infectivity factor
174
VPR
Transactivator
175
VPU
Virus release
176
LTR
Long terminal repeats
177
What does HIV affect
T cells and CD4
178
What is the stage of infection for HIV
AIDS
179
How do you get sick from HIV
Immune system shuts down and everything becomes opportunistic
180
What are prions
Protein particles (non DNA, non RNA)
181
Disease caused by prions
Creutzfeldt Jakobs disease
182
Transmission of prions
Coming into contact with an infected persons brain or spinal cord (leads to fast death)
183
Categories of fungi
Systemic fungi
| Opportunistic fungi
184
Type of systemic fungi
Histoplasma capsulatum
185
Disease caused by histoplasma capsulatum
Histoplasmosis (similar to tuberculosis, pneumonia, granulomas)
186
Transmission of histoplasma capsulatum
Respiratory (inhalation)
187
Treatment for histoplasma capsulatum
Antifungals
188
Types of opportunistic fungi
Aspergillus fumigatus/flavus
Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
189
Disease of aspergillus fumigatus
Aspergillosis
-fungus balls in the lung. Causes hemoptysis
Chronic sinusitis
-fungus balls in sinus
Allergic asthma
190
Transmission of aspergillus fumigatus
Inhalation of mold spores when host is immunocompromised
191
Diagnosis of aspergillus fumigatus
Cultured on sabouraud agar
192
Treatment of aspergillus fumigatus
Surgery to remove fungus balls
193
Candida albicans disease
Candidiasis
- Oral thrush: patches in mouth
- Onychmycosis and paronychia: infection of nails
- Vaginitis
- Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: chronic infections
194
Transmission of Candida albicans
Destruction of host comensils or immunocompromised (normally live in GI)
195
Candida albicans treatment
Antifungal
196
Types of flukes
Liver fluke
| Lung fluke
197
What are flukes
Parasites
198
Disease of liver flukes
Clonorchis sinensis
| -infection of bile ducts of liver
199
Where are liver flukes found
SE Asia
200
Transmission of liver flukes
Ingestion of encysted larva a present on raw or undercooked fresh water fish
201
Treatment for liver flukes
Antiparasite, antibiotics
202
Lung fluke disease
Paragoninus westermani
| -infection begins in small intestine and penetrates through the diaphragm to the lungs
203
Transmission of lung flukes
Ingestion of encysted larvae on raw food and uncooked crab
204
Where are lung flukes found
SE Asia
205
Treatment for lung fluke
Antiparasite, antibiotics
