Test 1 Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
Leuenhoek
A
Discovered microorganisms
“animalicules” –> little animals
2
Q
Abiogenesis
A
Spontaneous generation
3
Q
Biogenesis
A
Life arises from the parent
4
Q
Pasteur
A
Fermentation
5
Q
Fermentation
A
Microorganism converts sugar to alcohol
6
Q
Pasteurization
A
Heat products to kill microorganisms to make it safer (sterilization)
7
Q
Germ theory
A
One microorganism causes one disease
8
Q
Who created the foundation for the germ theory
A
Pasteur
9
Q
Media
A
What you use to grow the microorganisms (nutrient agar). Some organisms grow better on certain medias than others
10
Q
Pure culture
A
Culture with only one type of microorganism
11
Q
Mixed culture
A
More than one type of microorganism, how they are found in nature
12
Q
Inoculum
A
What you are taking and placing on the media (ex: ecoli, soil)
13
Q
Subculture
A
Take some microorganism from one tube with the inoculating loop and put it in another tube
14
Q
Aseptic tecnique
A
Techniques to keep post operative infections down (Lister). Phenol used to clean things
15
Q
Koch
A
First person to prove the germ theory
16
Q
Why isnt a virus a living thing
A
- needs a living cell
- piece of DNA/ RNA covered by a protein, has no cell parts so cant replicate on its own
- inserts its DNA into your DNA to be copied
17
Q
How microorganisms make you sick
A
- microorganism must find way to enter the body
- get past defense mechanisms
- has to replicate
- cause tissue damage
18
Q
Koch’s postulates
A
- Certain microorganism associated with given infectious disease
- Can be isolated from an individual and grown in pure culture
- Take pure culture and introduce it to a host, it will cause disease
- If sample is taken from host you can grow a culture of the microorganism
19
Q
Avirulence
A
Loses ability to cause disease
20
Q
Ehrlich
A
Found chemical to kill specific microorganism and leave the person unharmed (salvarsan for syphilis)
21
Q
Domagk
A
Sulfonamides for bacterial infections
22
Q
Fleming
A
discovered penicilin
23
Q
Hooke
A
Discovered the cell using cork
24
Q
Schlieden
A
Botanist, saw cells in plants
25
Schwann
Examined animal tissue, saw cells in animal parts
26
Cell theory
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living things
27
Who proposed the cell theory
Schleiden and Schwann
28
Characteristics of life
- respond to changes in the environment
- synthesize cell substances and structures
- reproduce
- excrete waste
- produce energy
- adapt
29
Taxonomy
Classification, nomenclature, identification
30
Taxon
- Species
- Genera
- Families
- Orders
- Classes
- phyla
- kingdoms
31
Linneas
Plantae or animaliae
32
Haeckel
Created protista (anything you need a microscope to see)
33
Whittaker
5 kingdom classification system based on nutrition
34
Prokaryotic cells
- bacteria
| - no nucleus, nucleoid
35
Eukaryotic cells
- nucleus
- nuclear membrane
- organelles
36
Photosynthesis
Light supplies energy to convert CO2 and H2O to sugar
37
Absorption
Uptake of nutrients dissolved in H20
38
Ingestion
Intake of nutrients
39
5 kingdoms
- Plantae
- Animalia
- Monera
- Fungi
- Protista
40
Plantae
Higher algae and higher plants, photosynthesis
41
Animalia
ingestion
42
Protista
- unicellular eukaryotes
- algae, photosynthesis
- protozoa, ingest
- slime molds, absorb
43
Monera
Prokaryotes, absorption and photosynthesis
44
Fungi
- Have cell walls
- lack chlorophyll
- absorb
- yeast, mold, mushrooms
45
Why do we know there are ore than 5 kingdoms
Archabacteria and eubacteria do not have a common ancestor based on rRNA
46
Groups of microorganisms
```
Protozoa
Algae
Fungi
Bacteria
Viruses
```
47
Protozoa
- ingest food
- lack cell wall and chlorophyll
- move using cilia, flagella, ameboidal movement
48
Algae
- plant like, have chlorophyll
- undergo photosynthesis
- rigid cell wall
- can be unicellular or multicellular
49
Fungi as a group
- eukaryotic
- rigid cell wall
- can be unticellular or multicellular
- lack chlorophyll, get nourishment by absorption
50
Bacteria
- prokaryotes
| - no nucleaus, nuclear membrane or other organized structures
51
Characteristics of archabacteria
Live in harsh conditions, produce weird end products
52
Characteristics of eubacteria
Come in 3 shapes: round, rod, spiral
| arranged in pairs, chains, clusters, pallicades, tetrads
53
Viruses
Cross living and nonliving
| Piece of dna or rna covered by protein
54
Basic microbiology
Fundamental nature and properties of microorganisms
55
Applied microbiology
Use info from basic microbiology to either benefit from or kill the microorganism
56
Things basic microbiology considers
- morphological
- physiological
- biochemical
- genetic
- disease causing potential
- ecological
- classification
57
Matter
Anything that takes up space and has mass
58
Mass
The amount of material in matter
59
What is found in the nucleus of an atom
Protons and neutrons
60
Atomic number
Number of protons, unique to each element
61
Mass number
The number of protons plus the number of neutrons
62
How many electrons in each shell
2 in the first, 8 in all the others
63
Outer shell
Valence shell
64
Molecule
Two or more atoms
65
Ion
Charged particle
66
When do atoms gain electrons
When their outer energy level is more than half full (more than 4)
67
When do atoms lose electrons
When their outer energy level is less than half full (4 or less)
68
Cation
Positive ion
69
Anion
Negative ion
70
Characteristics of organic molecules
- CHO all must be there
- large and complex
- covalent
71
Characteristics of inorganic molecules
- small and simple
| - ionic
72
Types of organic molecules
1. lipids
2. proteins
3. carbs
4. nucleic acids
73
Types of lipids
Fats and oils
74
Structure of lipids
3 fatty acids and one glycerol molecule. Nonpolar
75
Saturated lipids
Double bonds
76
Unsaturated lipids
No double bonds (single)
77
Functions of lipids
1. long term energy storage
2. Insulation
3. Protection
4. support
78
Types of proteins
Amino acids. 20. 11 nonessential, 9 essential
79
Structure of amino acids
- central carbon
- hydrogen
- amine group
- carboxyl group
- R group (variable)
80
Functions of proteins
1. structure (collagen)
2. Immunity (antibodies)
3. Transport (hemoglobin)
4. Movement (muscles)
5. Catalyst (enzymes)
6. Regulators (hormones)
81
Types of carbohydrates
Monosaccharides and disaccharides
82
Monosaccharides
Glucose, fructose, galactose
83
Disaccharides
GLU+GLU=maltose
GLU+FRU=sucrose
GLU+GAL=lactose
84
Starch
Storage form of sugar in plants
85
Glycogen
Storage form of sugar in animals
86
Cullulose
Gives plant parts ridgidity, cannot be digested. Bulks up material in large intestines to help move it
87
Nucleic acid types
DNA
RNA
ATP (similar)
88
Components of nucleotide
5 carbon sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
89
ATP
ribose
3 phosphates
adenine
90
Virchow
All living cells come from preexisting cells (not spontaneous generation)
91
Cell membrane
Selectively permeable(barrier to water soluble molecules)
Phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded
Site of enzymatic activity and transport
92
Permeases
Act as carrier molecules
93
Mesosomes
Involved in cell division
94
Simple diffusion
Movement of molecules from high concentration to low
| No ATP
95
Facilitated diffusion
Moves with concentration gradient with help of carrier protein. No ATP
96
Osmosis
Diffusion of water along the concentration gradient
97
Active transport
Less concentration to greater. ATP required
98
Endocytosis
Engulfing. Needs ATP
99
Cytoplasm
Made up of water (80) and organic molecules (20). Suspends organelles.
Ribosomes and inclusion sites (storage) scattered throughout
100
Rough ER
Has ribosomes for protein synthesis. Extends from nuclear membrane
101
Smooth ER
Has many functions, depends on the cell
102
Mitochondria
Produces ATP
103
Peroxisome
Chemicals to digest material. Gets rid of free radicals
104
Lysosomes
Digest substances with digestive enzymes. Suicide organelle, destroyes the cell when it gets old and starts leaking
105
Golgi
Packages, processes and stores proteins. Modifies protein to make sure it is perfect before secretion
106
Cytoskeleton
Made of tubes and filaments
| Shape and structure
107
Centrioles
Needed for cell division, allow for fiber formation
108
Cilia and flagella
Movement, not in every cell
109
Nucleus
Surrounded by double membrane with pores. Where ribosomes are made
110
Slime layer/capsule (glycocalex)
- one or many sugars
| - gives shape (no shape if slime layer)
111
Functions of slime layer/capsule
1. adhereance
2. binds with water molecules to prevent from drying out
3. Uses nutrients in capsule for energy
4. Prevents attact from bacteriaphage
5. Prevents WBC from attacking it
112
Pili
Help bacteria attach to things
113
Plasma membrane
Selectively permeable
114
Cell wall
Shape, prevents too much water from entering. Composition varies
115
Nucleoid
Where DNA is found (1 circular chromosome), no nuclear membrane
116
Granuoles
Storage sites
117
Outer membrane
Basis for the Gram reaction, liposaccharides and lipoproteins hold it in place
118
Gram stain first stain
crystal violet
119
Gram second stain
Iodine mordant (CVI complex)
120
Counter stain gram
Safronin
121
Gram negative
red, has outer membrane
122
Gram positive
purple, does not have outer membrane
123
Colony
Visible mass of cells that came from one parent cell
124
Inoculum
What you put on the media
125
Streak plate
Streak microorganism across surface
126
Spread plate
Spread microorganism across plate with L shaped rod
127
Pour plate
Melt agar in test tube, add bacteria and pour into petri dish
128
Short term preservation
refridgerate
129
Long term preservation
Lyophilization, liquid nitrogen. Freeze dry and vaccuum
130
Light microscope
(micrometers, nanometers) uses series of lenses
131
Electron microscope
Uses magnetic fields
132
Bright field
Whole field is illuminated, need dye. Cant use living culture
133
Dark field
Special kind of light microscope. Can use living organism. No stain. Stage is black, organism is clear
134
Floursecnet microscopy
Immunoflourscent dye. Antigen antibody complex. Test until theyre attached to determine what antigen it is
135
Simple stain
One stain uniformly stains cells
136
Differential stain
Lets you see differences between structures, gram stain
137
How does gram negative work
Lipids that hold membrane dissolved by alcohol, CVI can leave. Pink from safronin
138
How does gram positive work
Diffusion channels close. CVI trapped and safronin cant get in. Purple
139
Hanging drop
Concave slide. Look for motility, doesnt dry as quick as wet mount
140
Spores
Produced in the organism. Resistant to heat, drying, chemicals. Inactive and hard to kill
141
Types of fungi
Yeast and mold
142
Yeast
Single cell, larger than bacteria. Dimorphism (can turn into mold. parasitic as yeast)
143
Mold
Multicellular. Fillamentus (hairy and fuzzy). Sacrophites (decomposers)
144
Algae properties
Can be microscopic or large. Polymorphic (can have lots of different shapes in its life cycle)
145
Properties of water
- universal solvent
- low viscosity
- high surface tension
- high heat capacity
- high heat conductivity
- can ionize to OH and H
