Test 2 Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Heterotroph
A
Microorganism obtains carbon from an organic molecule
2
Q
Autotroph
A
Organism obtains carbon from an inorganic molecule (CO2)
3
Q
Nutritional requirements
A
- Carbon
- Nitrogen
- Hydrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus
4
Q
What does Nitrogen make up
A
NH2 in amino acids
5
Q
Nitrogen fixation
A
Can take nitrogen from the atmosphere
6
Q
What does sulfur make up
A
Amino acids
7
Q
What does phosphorus make up
A
ATP
8
Q
Trace elements
A
Activate enzymes
9
Q
Red extreme halosites
A
Need 15% salt environment
10
Q
Chemotroph
A
Uses chemical substances to produce energy
11
Q
Phototroph
A
Uses light to make energy
12
Q
Chemoautotroph
A
Uses inorganic chemical substance to produce energy. Uses CO2 as the principal source of carbon
13
Q
Chemoheterotroph
A
Use organic chemical substances to produce energy. Use organic molecules as the main source of carbon
14
Q
Photoautotroph
A
Use light to produce energy. Uses inorganic molecule (CO2) as the main source of carbon
15
Q
Photoheterotroph
A
Uses light to produce energy. Uses organic molecules as the main source of energy
16
Q
Chemically defined media
A
- Know each % chemical used in the media
- nutritional requirements –> adding or deleting substance to see if it is essential
17
Q
Agar
A
- Melts 100 degrees C
- Solidifies 40 degrees C
- Add microorganism 45-50 C
18
Q
Media for bacterial growth
A
Imitates habitat
19
Q
Fastidious microorganisms
A
Difficult to grow, need very specific media
20
Q
Media for fungi
A
Absorb nutrients, heterotroph
- high in sugar, low pH
21
Q
Media for protozoa
A
6-8 pH
-Aerobic heterotroph
22
Q
Media for algae
A
- Light for energy (photoautotrophs)
- Need CO2, H2O etc
23
Q
Anerobes special purpose media
A
Little or no O2, nutrient agar deep
24
Q
Nutrient agar deep
A
Anerobes grow at the bottom of the agar, less oxygen
25
Reduced media
Picks up extra oxygen in the media
| Sodium thiryoglicate
26
Strict anerob
Killed by brief exposure to oxygen
27
How to grow strict anerobs
- Boil media to bubble off oxygen
- Replace air in glassware with oxygen free nitrogen gas
- Add reducing agent to the media
- Sterilize media
28
Selective media
Enhances the growth of a particular kind of microorganism or suppresses the growth of another
29
Examples of selective media
- Sabourauds agar (low pH, high sugar), selects for fungi
| - antibiotics, suppress the growth of those suseptible
30
Differential media
Differentiates between types of microorganisms
31
Example of differential media
Hemolytic bacteria break down RBC, nonhemolytic does not
32
Selective differential media
Selects and differentiates, used to detect water quality
33
Example of differential media
-MacConkey agar, inhibts gram positives
34
Enrichment media
Mixed population. Favors growth of some species but not the growth of others (small amount of species)
-add something that lets the species grow well
35
Microbiological assay media
Measures concentration, vitamins and antibiotics
- degree of inhibition of microorganism=amount of drug
- looking for the minimum inhibitory concentration (lowest concentration that allows microorganism to grow)
36
Tissue cultures
- plant and animal tissue
| - can have a continuous cell line (immortilization)
37
Temperature
Looking for fastest growth rate (# of cell divisions per hour)
38
What happens to the number of cell divisions per hour by increasing 10 degrees celcius
Usually doubles
39
Cardinal temperature range
Have minimum, maximum, and optimal temperature
40
Psychrophiles
Grow best at the lower end of the temperature scale. 15-20C. Marine microorganisms
41
Mesophiles
Grow best between 25 and 40
- Sacrophites (decomposers) (25)
- Parasites (40)
42
Thermophiles
40-85 C. Usually prokaryotes (bacteria)
43
Aerobic
Require oxygen. Can grow in our atomsphere (21% oxygen)
44
Facultative
Can grow in our atmosphere using oxygen but can grow anerobically without oxygen. Use oxygen for energy, not growth
45
Anaerobs
Do not use oxygen. Some can tolerate it, strict anerobs cannot
46
Microaerophilic
Use oxygen to make energy but our atmosphere is too much (1-15%)
47
Bacteria pH
4-9
48
Mold and yeast pH
5-6
49
Protozoa pH
6.7-7.7
50
Algae pH
4-8.5
51
Basophile
Pressure dependent. Need a lot of pressure on the cell to exist. Bottom of the ocean
52
Physical conditions needed for life
1. Temp
2. Gas
3. pH
4. Pressure
53
Prophase
Chromosomes become centrioles and move to opposite poles. Distinct nucleus breaks down
54
Metaphase
Spindle fiber is formed
55
Anaphase
Chromosomes move to opposite poles
56
Telophase
Sets of chromosomes separate
57
Cytokinesis
Division of the cell
58
Transverse binary fission
Budding
1. Nucleoid replication
2. New nucleoid moves to bud
3. Young bud
4. Daughter cell
59
Fragmentation
Filaments break off and give rise to the microorganism
| EX: starfish loses leg and new body grows from that
60
Spores
EX: nocardia and clostridium
| Can make you sick from canned food and are heat resistant (pasteurization)
61
How do cell cultures grow
Exponentially
62
Generation time
The time interval required for each microorganism to divide or for the population to double. Varies based on the physical condition and from species to species
63
Lag phase
Time passes, growth rate=0
- no increase in cell numbers. Individual cells increase in size. Cells are synthesizing what they need, making enzymes and adapting to the environment
64
Log phase
Growth rate is max and constant. Most efficient phase
65
Stationary phase
Growth rate=0, waste products build up and nutrients are depleted. Some cells die but some are reproducing so it remains balanced
66
Death phase
Growth rate is negative. Waste is accumulated, nutrients depleted. Death is accelerated
67
Senescent population
What you are left with after the death phase. Eventually they will use what is left of the nutrients and die off
68
Continuous culture
Cells continuously grow. Add fresh media and take away waste. All cells can be the same age
69
Synchronous culture
Make cells divide at the same time by getting cells the same age and using centrifuge. Cells around the same size are around the same age
70
Antimicrobial agent
Chemical used to kill or inhibit microorganism growth
71
Sterilant
Sterilizes. Kills 100% of the microorganisms on the surface of something
72
Disinfectant
Chemical substance that kills microorganisms that cause disease but not the spores
73
Germicide
Chemical substance that kills microogranism but not the spores. The microorganism does not necessarily cause disease
74
Antiseptic
Chemical agent that prevents microorganism from replicating
75
Sanitizer
Chemical that kills 99% of the microorganism that contaminates an area
76
Phenol
First chemical used as an antiseptic by Lister
77
Phenol modes of action
1. Damages selective permeability of the cell membrane. The cell leaks and dies
2. Denatures proteins in the cell that act as enzymes
78
Static
Doesnt let replicate
79
Cidal
Kills the microorganism quicker
80
Alcohols
Cidal properties increase as the backbone lengthens. Often used as a skin antispetic
81
Alcohol modes of action
1. Breaks down lipids such as membranes
| 2. Denatures proteins
82
Halogens
EX: iodine, chlorine, bromine
83
Halogens mode of action
Disrupts vital component of the cell compound
84
Heavy metals
Lead and mercury damage the nervous system (mad hatter)
| Ogliodynamic action
85
Ogliodynamic action
A tiny amount can exert a lethal effect
86
Heavy metals modes of action
1. Denature cellular proteins
2. Interphere with metabolic processes
3. Damage cell membrane
87
Detergents
Make water repellent surfaces wet
Low in toxicity and cheap but have same modes of action as heavy metals
Soluble in H20
Stable, sanitizes, non corrosive
88
Tests to assess microbial potency
Tube dilation tecnique
Phenol coefficient tecnique
Agar plate tecnique
89
Tube dilution tecnique
multiple tubes with different dilutions of a specific chemical. (10%, 20%, 30%, etc) add a microorganism and leave it in a specific dilution then inoculate it after a specific amount of time in nutrient broth. After 5, 10, 15, 20 mins etc. look for which dilution was successful after 10 minutes. (5 minutes is too strong and 15 is too weak)
90
Phenol coefficient tecnique
set up the same dilutions except phenol is the chemical used. Organisms used for this are: staphylococcus aureus or salmonella typh. Phenol is used as a standard.
91
Agar plate tecnique
inoculate a petri dish with a microorganism. Then use a paper disk with a chemical. Use multiple disks in different sections of the petri dish. Incubate and look for the zone of inhibition. Which ever one has the largest zone of inhibition is the best chemical.
92
Mycoplasms
- No cell wall
- Stain gram neg.
- can squeeze through pores and filters
- Penecilin inhibits cell wall synthesis, had no effect on mycoplasms. Need something that disrupts metabolism
93
Archaeobacteria
1. Methanogens
2. Red extreme halofiles
3. Sulfur dependent archaobacteria
4. Thermoplasms
94
Methanogens
- anaerobic
- produce methane gas
- can be + or -
- some have weird shape
95
Red extreme halofiles
- Gram - aerobs
- Need high salt environment (17-23%)
- Have bacteria ridox instead of chlorophyll (different wavelength)
96
Sulfur dependent archaobacteria
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Acid hotsprings (87)
pH 4-5.5
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97
Thermoplasms
No cell wall
| 55-59 and acidic
