Test 3 hard ones

Question 1

How does the skin prevent nonresident flora

Answer 1

• Low pH
• Dryness of skin
• Skin produces lysozymes in sweat

Question 2

What prevents microorganisms from living in the upper respiratory tract

Answer 2

• Mucus traps microorganisms

- Lysozymes to trap and digest

Question 3

What microorganisms are on the teeth

Answer 3

Before they grow: aerobs and faculative

After they grow: gram positive aerobs

Question 4

Microorganisms of the duodenum

Answer 4

Gram positive cocci and basilli

Question 5

Microorganisms of the ilium

Answer 5

Anaerobs and faculative

Question 6

How does the large intestine prevent microorganisms

Answer 6

• Churning
• Desquamation from poop moving through
• Mucus traps

Question 7

What influences the normal flora of the intestine

Answer 7

• Stress
• Starvation
• Diet
• Bile acid
• Antibiotics

Question 8

List of virulence factors

Answer 8

• Toxins
• Extracellular enzymes
• Cellular factors

Question 9

Extracellular enzymes

Answer 9

Help the microorganism penetrate tissue (breaks down the skin to get in)

Question 10

Factors that affect resistance

Answer 10

1. Age
2. Nutrition
3. Health
4. Hygene
5. Environment
6. Genetics
7. Stress

Question 11

Defense mechanisms of the skin and mucus membranes

Answer 11

• Barrier
• Traps microorganisms (mucus and cilia)
• Dryness and low pH

Question 12

Chemical secretions for defense mechanisms

Answer 12

• Lysozymes
• Sebum
• Cerumen
• Gastric juices
• Transferin

Question 13

Lysozymes

Answer 13

Digest the cell wall and membrane of microorganisms

Question 14

List of defense mechanisms the body has

Answer 14

• Chemical secretions
• Fever
• NK cells
• Skin and mucus membranes

Question 15

What is the job of natural killer cells

Answer 15

Type of WBC

Target the virus infected cells and tumor cells. Attaches to the cell, releases enzymes to destroy it

Question 16

What is a chemical mediator and types

Answer 16

• Plasma proteins
• Chemotaxins
• Cytokines
• Chemical mediators secreted by mast cells
• Opsonins

Question 17

Types of plasma proteins

Answer 17

• Clotting factors
• Antibodies
• Kinins
• Complement proteins

Question 18

Cytokines

Answer 18

Chemicals secreted by WBC that regulate cells defense mechanisms and act locally

Question 19

Types of cytokines

Answer 19

• Interleukins
• Interferons
• Tumor necrosis factor
• Lymphotoxins
• Perforins
• Macrophage migration inhibiting factor

Question 20

Tumor nucrosis factor

Answer 20

Kills sensitized tumor cells. Can activate WBC during inflammation

Question 21

Lymphotoxins

Answer 21

Fragment the DNA of the microorganism

Question 22

Chemotaxins

Answer 22

Attract macrophages to the site of inflammation

Question 23

Prostaglandins

Answer 23

Intensify effects of histamine and kinins

Question 24

Types of granulocytes

Answer 24

• Neutrophils
• Eosinophils
• Monocytes

Question 25

B lymphocytes

Answer 25

Differentiate from stem cells of bone marrow. Leave as mature B cells. Travel to the lymphatic tissues and stay inactive in the mucus membranes

Question 26

Where do mature T cells migrate to

Answer 26

Lymph nodes and the spleen. Stay inactive until turned on

Question 27

Antigen presenting cells

Answer 27

1. Macrophages 2. Dendritic 3. B cells

Question 28

Types of dendritic cells

Answer 28

1. Langerhans (epidermis of the skin) 2. Folliciular (lymph nodes and spleen) 3. Interdugutating (lymph node and spleen where T cells are found)

Question 29

Where are antigen presenting cells found

Answer 29

1. Epidermis of the skin 2. Difuse lymphatic tissue 3. Lymph nodes 4. Spleen

Question 30

Antigenic determinant (epitope)

Answer 30

Site on the antigen where T cells or antibodies bind. Makes it specific. Each has a different epitope. Body makes an antibody specific for this spot

Question 31

Haptan (partial antigen)

Answer 31

Cant cause an immune response unless it combines with a body protein

Question 32

C3A

Answer 32

Acts like histamine

Question 33

Function of complement proteins

Answer 33

- Inflammation - Phagocytosis - Lysis (MAC)

Question 34

Type 1 interferon

Answer 34

Suppresses tumor formation and prevents it from spreading

Question 35

Type 2 interferon

Answer 35

Activates neutrophils and macrophages

Question 36

Mechanisms of antibodies

Answer 36

- Activation of complement system | - Neutralization caused by antibody-antigen complex

Question 37

Where is IgG found

Answer 37

Blood, lymph, and intestine

Question 38

Job og IgG

Answer 38

Protects against bacteria and viruses by triggering the complement system, phagocytosis, and neutralizing toxins

Question 39

Where is IgA found

Answer 39

Tears, saliva, mucus, blood, lymph, GI secretions, breast milk

Question 40

IgA job

Answer 40

Localized protection on mucus membranes

Question 41

Job of IgM

Answer 41

Causes cytolysis of microorganisms | Can be an antigen receptor

Question 42

Job of IgD

Answer 42

Activates B cells to make more antibodies

Question 43

Where is IgE found

Answer 43

On mast cells and basophils

Question 44

What is antibody mediated immunity effective against

Answer 44

Extracellular pathogens and antigens dissolved in body fluids

Question 45

Functions of antibody mediated immunity

Answer 45

1. Activates complements system 2. Phagocytosis 3. Links toxins together

Question 46

What is cell mediated immunity effective against

Answer 46

Intracellular pathogens, cancer cells, tissue transplants

Question 47

Process of cell mediated immunity

Answer 47

- Helper T cells cant recognize antigen as foreign. Needs antigen presenting cell - Turns on when it sees non self - Tells killer T cells to turn on and kill the antigen - Tells B cells to produce antibodies - Memory T cells stick around for next time

Question 48

What helps cause phagocytosis

Answer 48

Perforins and opsonins