Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Which surface area to volume ratio. would be most efficient for a cell in terms of diffusion in/out of the cell
A
6:1
2
Q
What is the correct order of rate of diffusion?
A
Gas->Liquid-> Solid
3
Q
Cystic fibrosis is the over production of fatty mucus that accumulates in the lungs and it can cause respiratory problems Which organelle is involved in the production of this fatty mucus?
A
Smooth ER
4
Q
What is the term for “cell drinking”
A
Pinocytosis
5
Q
What is the term for “cell eating?
A
Phagocytosis
6
Q
True or False: Water is a universal solute
A
False- water is a universal solvent
7
Q
What substance will not freely diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer f the cell membrane?
A
Glucose, C6H12O6
8
Q
True or False: When an equilibrium states has been reached inside and outside of the cell, molecules will continue moving even when they are dispersed equally in both solutions
A
True
9
Q
What will happen to the volume of a cell that is placed into a hypotonic solution?
A
It will expand in volume
10
Q
What will happen to the volume of a cell that is placed into a hypertonic solution?
A
It will shrink in volume
11
Q
Which form of transport of molecules into or out of a cell does not require ATP Energy
A
Facilitated Transport
12
Q
What is the name of the accepted model that explains the structure of cell membranes?
A
The Fluid-Mosaic Model
13
Q
Which organelle is not found in a plant cell?
A
Lysosome
14
Q
Which type of plastic in plants is found in flower petals and fruit walls to attract pollinators and seed dispersers?
A
Chromoplast
15
Q
Which group of organic molecules are the chloroplast and mitochondrion primarily involved with producing and consuming?
A
Carbohydrates
16
Q
Phospholipids are termed ____ because they have a polar phosphate group and non-polar fatty acids
A
Amphipathic
17
Q
Which term applies to specific movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane toward a high concentration of solutes
A
Osmosis
18
Q
Which portion of the cytoskeleton is involved in forming the Spindle Apparatus during cell division in eukaryotes
A
Microtubules
19
Q
Which organelle is the control center of eukaryotic cells?
A
The nucleus
20
Q
Which scientist from the 1600s invented a light microscope and is considered the father of microbiology
A
Antonie Leeuwenhoek
21
Q
Which organelle is the powerhouse, the primary site for aerobic or cellular respiration in eukaryotic cells?
A
Mitochondrion
22
Q
What plastid type in plants stores starch
A
Amyloplast
23
Q
Which theory best explains presence of chloroplast and mitochondria in eukaryotic cells
A
Endosymbiosis
24
Q
What term describes two solutions with the same tonicity?
A
Isotonic
25
What is the name of the complex carbohydrates that is the primary component of the plant cell wall?
Cellulose
26
In active transport, __________ are carrier proteins that move two substances in the same direction, while _____ are carrier proteins that move two substances in opposite directions
Symporters/Antiporters
27
Which organelle in the cell is involved in digestion of foreign substances or worn out organelles?
Lysosome
28
The collapse of the cell membrane from the cell wall in a plant cell due to large water loss from the central vacuole is called_______
Plasmolysis
29
What is the cell type of the archaea and bacteria?
Prokaryotic
30
The bulk movement of molecules into a cell via receptor proteins and clathrin coated pits that form a vesicle called?
Receptor Mediated Endocytosis
31
Which " warehouse" organelle in animal and plant cells distributes/packages lipids and proteins for their removal from the cell?
The Golgi Apparatus
32
Which organelle is the site of protein synthesis in all types of cells?
Ribsomes
33
All cells contain certain basic structures- which one of these is not found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
The nucleus
34
True or False: Both cilia and flagella function in movement of gametes so that sexual reproduction can occur
False
35
What is the name of the largest organelle in a plant cell?
The central vacuole
36
Which scientists from the 1600s is credited with first using the term " cell" in biology?
Robert Hooke
37
Of the two types of transporter proteins,________ proteins are always open, while _________ proteins require the molecule or ion to bind to it.
Channel/ Carrier
38
What are the openings or pores in the primary cell wall of plants?
Plasmodesmata
39
True or False: Water always flows passively from a hypertonic solution toward a hypotonic solution.
False
40
Which organelle in the eukaryotic cell detoxifies H2O2 and alcohol, whole also breaking down lipids?
Peroxisome
41
Which type of transport does not require active energy?
Osmosis
42
Which portion of the cytoskeleton is involved in muscle contraction and the contractile ring in animal cell division?
Microfilaments
43
The streaming of cytoplasm within a cell due to actin-myosin microfilaments is called?
Cyclosis
44
What hypothesis is used to explain the formation of the endomembrane system in eukaryotic cells?
Invagination
45
Which organelle is not a part of the endomembrane system?
The mitochondrion
46
Which organelle is the primary site for photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells?
Chloroplast
47
What is the cell theory?
1) All living organisms are comprised of one or more cells
2) The basic unit of life is the cell
3) All cells are derived from pre-existing cells
48
True or False: Both diffusion and osmosis are passive, spontaneous processes in which molecules ( or water) move from an area of low to an area of high concentration
False
49
______ energy is the " energy hill" that must be overcome before a chemical reaction will proceed?
Activation
50
What class of lipids are the most important structural components of cell membranes
Phospholipids
51
___________fatty acids have one or more C=C bonds in the hydrocarbon chain, whereas fatty acids that are _____ have no C=C bonds
Unsaturated/ Saturated
52
____________ is the ability of one atom to pull electrons toward itself and away from a different atom (eg how oxygen pulls an electron from hydrogen towards its nucleaus in forming water)
Electronegativity
53
Which ion does pH measure the concentration of in a solution?
H+
54
There are two main cell types in living organisms _____________ that lack a nucleus and ____________ possess a nucleum
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
55
What is the class of lipids called that are typically stored as energy reserves in animals and plants
Triglycerides
56
True or False: The average pH of coffee is 5.3, therefore, coffee is basic
False
57
Negatrons are ions with a negative charge (CI-) while positrons are ions with a positive change ( Na+)
False
58
Which subatomic particles are involved in the formation of chemical bonds?
Electrons
59
A substance that is ________ & ______________will dissolve in water
Polar and Hydrophilic
60
What type of chemical bond is formed by the direct electron transfer from one atom to another
Ionic
61
The region on an enzyme where a chemical reaction occurs is called the
Active site
62
_______ is the separation of partial positive and negative charges in a molecule such as water
Polarity
63
Isotopes are different forms of an element with different numbers of _____ but the same number of ____ in there core region or nucleus.
Neutrons/ Protons
64
A _______, __________ bond is formed from the equal sharing of one or more pairs of electrons.
Nonpolar, covelant
65
What group of lipids includes those molecules that determine gender in animals?
Steriods
66
What structural material in plant cell walls is a complex carbohydrate called fiber in our diet?
Cellulose
67
What is the ability of living organisms to respond and change in regard to their environment called?
Adaptation
68
The smallest unit of organizatio that has the properties of characteristics of life is called a(n):
Atom
69
What term is given to the theoretical space in which electrons travel around the nucleus of an atom?
Orbitals
70
_______ was the Russian Chemist that constructed the first Period Table, while ___ was the Danish Physicist who developed Electron Shell Models?
Dmitri Mendeleev/ Niels Bohr
71
Which structure is not required in the formation of a cell?
Nucleus
72
Which characteristic of life is defined as irreversible increase in size or number?
Reproduction
73
-CH3 is the formula for a ________ functional group, while -OH is a(n) ________group NH2 is a(n) group.
Methyl/Hydroxyl
74
The two functional groups found in amino acids are COOH, a(n) ______ group an NH2, a(n)______ group
Carboyxl/Amino
75
What term is used for a protein that loses its three dimensional structural shape?
Denaturation
76
What is the name of the attraction that sticks water molecules together or forms the double helix of DNA
Hydrogen bonds
77
Which is the corect order from smallest to largest in terms of organization of matter?
Atom->molecule-> cell
78
Which characteristics of life states that a living organism must be able to acquire, store, and use energy through a variety of chemical reactions?
Metabolism
79
What is the building block (subunit) of such complex carbohydrates as glycogen, starch, and chitin?
Glucose
80
True or False: Enzymes are called catalysts because they increase the rate of a chemical reaction/
True
81
A _______, _________ bond is formed from the unequal sharing of one or more pairs of electrons.
Polar, covalent
82
What is the basic subunit ( building block) of a protein called?
Amino acid
83
All living organisms are classified and identified as a species by rules in a branch of science called:
Taxonomy
84
There are a number of scientific studies that have examined how moderate consumption of red wine might decrease cardiovascular diseases like heart attack and strike. Of these variables, ___ is the independent variable and _______ is the dependent variable
Red wine/ cardiovascular diease
85
Octet electrons are through found in the outermost orbitals of an atom
True
86
A substance that is _________ & ___________will not disolve in water
Nonpolar & Hydrophobic
87
How many electrons are required to satisfy the octet rule?
8
88
Phospholipids are considered to be _________ because they have two nonpolar fatty acids attached to a polar head group
Amphipathic
89
What is the name of the bond formed between two amino acids via dehydration reaction
Peptide bond
90
What is the ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions via physiological processes?
Homeostasis
91
The building blocks (subunits) of a large complex like polysaccharides or polypeptides are called
Monomers
92
What would be the atomic mass of 1 atom of carbon ( 6 electrons, 6 neutrons, 6 protons)
12 amu
93
True or false: Another name that you can give to a hydrogen ion, H+, is a proton
True
94
In a solution, an acid releases___________, while a base releases __________.
Hydrogen ions, Hydroxide ions
95
How many valence electrons does Carbon have in its outermost oribtal?
4
96
Cellular respiration is a (n) _________ chemical reaction since it breaks down sugars into CO2, while photosynthesis is a (n) chemical reaction that constructs sugars from CO2
Catabolic/ anabolic
97
True or False: Energy conversions are not 100% efficient is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics
True
98
What is not a primary function of proteins?
Providing energy
99
The building blocks of chromosomes are called ________; they are composed of DNA wrapped around ______.
Nucleosomes/ Histone proteins
100
The most common, neutral form of the element Hydrogen( H) has this number of protons and electrons
1 electron and 1 proton
101
_____- is the reactant molecule in aerobic or cellular respiration that is oxidized while ______ is the reactant that is reduced during the chemical reaction
C6H1206/602
102
________ is the stage in the cell cycle of either meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers.
Prometaphase
103
True or False: It takes 48 photons of light energy to produce one glucose molecule in photosynthesis
True
104
What coenzyme molecules is formed during both types of fermentation that is used to continue glycolysis?
NAD+
105
Cellular respirations is a(n) _______ chemical reaction since it breaks down glucose into CO2, while photosynthesis is a(n) __________ chemical reaction since it uses CO2 to build glucose.
Catabolic/Anabolic
106
During cytokinesis in plant cells, a(n) ________ forms, while a(n)________ forms in animal cells to form two daughter cells.
Cell plate/ contractile ring
107
In the animal kingdom meiosis forms gametes, while gametes are formed by mitosis in the plant kingdom
True
108
_______ is formed by yeast cells that undergo fermentation of plant sugars, while ____ is formed by bacteria that ferment milk sugars in yogurt
Ethanol/Lactic Acid
109
The formation of ATP by the movement of H+ ions across a membrane is called ______ phosphorylation
Oxidative
110
All four sperm formed by meiosis survive while only one of the egg (ova) survive in both the animal and plant kingdoms
True
111
Which compartment of the mitochondrion is the site of the Kreb's Cycle?
Matrix
112
What does oxygen (1/2 O2) bond with at the end of Electron Transport Chain of aerobic or cellular respiration?
2H+ to form H20
113
______ IS THE ACRONYM OF THE PRIMARY ELECTRON CARRIER THAT ACCEPTS H+ and e- during cellular respiration_______
NAD/NADP
114
In which phase of meiosis does the chromosome level drop from diploid to haploid and what happens to cause the chromosome level to be reduced by one-half?
Anaphase I/ homologous chromosomes separate
115
_______ is the gain of hydrogen atoms or electrons or both by a molecule, while _______ is the loss of H+ or e- by a molecules; these are often coupled in chemical reactions
Reduction/oxidation
116
How many molecules of ATP are most commonly formed from the complete oxidation of glucose during aerobic respiration in animal and plant cells?
30-32
117
Fusion of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I is called ______; it forms a _______ of sister chromatids.
Synapsis/ Tetrad
118
What are clusters of several undred pigment molecules in the thylakoid membranes called?
Photosystems
119
Another name for an H+ ion is a positron?
False
120
Mitosis is the division of this organelle__________ while cytokineses is division of this gelatinous fluid_____
Nucleus/cytoplasm
121
What is the first molecule formed in the Kreb's Cycle when Acetyl Co-A bonds to Oxaloacetate
Citric Acid
122
The ______is a structure that chromosomes attached to travel on and separare into aughter cells dueing cell division; this structure is composed of proteins that are called_______
Spindle Apparatus/ Microtubules
123
Which reaction is not a part of aerobic or cellular respiration?
Calvin Cycle
124
________ are yellow-orange accessory pigments in the chloroplast, while the green pigments are called_______.
Carotenoids/ Chlorophylls
125
What is the name of the gene that when mutated can cause cancerous growth through unchecked mitosis?
P53
126
What is the movement of H+ ions across a membrane that will result in ATP production called?
Chemiosmosis
127
What is the end product of the linear pathway called glycolysis?
Pyruvate
128
Visible light energy from the sun can simultaneously travel as both a particle and a wave
True
129
What is the name of the three carbon sugar molecule that is released from every three cycles of the Calvin Cycle?
G3P
130
Purple light ( 380 nm) contains less energy per wave than foes red light (700nm) since purple light has a longer wavelength
False
131
A diploid germ cell in a Boston Terrier that contains 38 chromosomes must divide by meiosis to form
4 cells that are haploid with 19 chromosomes
132
Chemical reactions that are _____ end with a net release of free energy, while _____ reactions end with a net storage of free energy
Exergonic/Endergonic
133
What is the most common type of enzyme regulation in living organisms
Feedback inhibition
134
Exchange of portions of chromatids ( and their associated genes) by fused homologous chromosomes is called _________; it occurs during ________ of meiosis.
Crossing over/ Prophase I
135
________IS THE ENZYME THAT FIXES ( BONDS) co2 INTO THE CALVIN CYCLE during photosynthesis?
RUBISCO
136
What is not a means of randomly introducing genetic variation in populations of organisms through meiosis and sexual reproduction?
Random mating events of male and female
137
Mitosis forms 2 genetically different daughter cells, while meiosis forms 4 genetically identical daughter cells
False
138
The _______ is the compartment of the mitochondrion where ETC occurs.
Inner Membrane
139
Which compartment of the chloroplast is the site of the light reactions of photosynthesis?
Stroma
140
________ is the reactant molecule in photosynthesis that is reduced while ____ is the reactant that is oxidized during the chemical reaction
6CO2/6H2O
141
Plant leaves are green in the summer primarily because they are absorbing green wavelengths of visible light
False
142
What is the name of the transport process by whihc CO2 and H20 molecules enter plant tissues from the air and soil, respectively, so photosynthesis can occur.
Diffusion
143
The name of the cytoplasm of a mitochondrion is ______, while the cytoplasm of a chloroplast is called_________
Mitoplasm/ Chloroplasm
144
What is the class of proteins called that are positive regulators of the checkpoints in the cell cycle?
Cyclins
145
What is the first stable molecule formed with C02 enters the Calvin Cycle ( it contains three carbon atoms)?
G3P
146
Fermentation occurs within the mitochondrion of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
False
147
A diploid kidney cell in a Domestic Horse that contains 64 chromosomes divides by mitosis to form
2 cells that are diploid with 64 chromosomes
