Macromolecules

Question 1

What are the four macromolecule groups?

Answer 1

Carbs
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Question 2

Structure of a Carb

Answer 2

C- ARBON
H-YDROGEN
O-OXYGEN

Question 3

STRUCTURE OF A LIPID

Answer 3

CHO

Question 4

STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN

Answer 4

C-ARBON
H-YDROGEN
O-XYGEN
N-ITROGEN

Question 5

STRUCTURE OF A NUCLEIC ACID

Answer 5

C-ARBON
H-YDOGEN
O-XYGEN
N-ITROGEN
P-HOSPHORUS

Question 6

Proteins are

Answer 6

polymers of amino acids arranged in a linear sequence

Question 7

How many essential AAs are needed in our diet?

Answer 7

9

Question 8

How many AAs are there in total?

Answer 8

20- 11 synthesized internally, 9 needed from diet

Question 9

How is a Peptide Bond formed?

Answer 9

When two A.A.s to make a protein

Question 10

The shape of a protein is critical to

Answer 10

its function

Question 11

Primary structural function

Answer 11

Usually linear

Question 12

Secondard structural function

Answer 12

heliac shape or pleated sheet shape- 2d shape

Question 13

Tertiary structural function

Answer 13

form a 3D shape

Question 14

Quaternary Protein Structure

Answer 14

When two different A.A. chains bond together to form complex proteins
(e.g. hemoglobin)

Question 15

Lipids are

Answer 15

non-polar and hydrophobic

Question 16

Name lipids

Answer 16

Fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids

Question 17

main function is energy storages

Answer 17

Tryglerides

Question 18

What is the main form of energy storage in animals?

Answer 18

Glycogen

Question 19

What is the main form of energy storage in plants?

Answer 19

Starch

Question 20

How are fatty acids formed?

Answer 20

When glycerol bonds to three fatty acids chains, releases 3 molecules of water and forms as triagercerol

Question 21

What is a triglycerol?

Answer 21

When glycerol bonds to three fatty acids chains, releases 3 molecules of water and forms as triagercerol

Question 22

Steroids are comprised of

Answer 22

Fused carbon rings which is unusual for a protein

Question 23

What is Cholesterol?

Answer 23

Waxy substance used in the plasma membrane of animals; maintain fluid nature of the membrane; also precursor for hormones

Question 24

Glucose, sucrose, maltose, fructose, starch, glycogen are all…

Answer 24

Carbohydrates

Question 25

What are the three groups of carbohydrates?

Answer 25

Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

Question 26

What is the most common carb monomer and why?

Answer 26

Glucose (CH2OH)- most common monomer- can be bound to form polysaccharides

Question 27

What is the function of nucleic acids?

Answer 27

They carry the genetic blueprint of a cell ( genetic code) instructruction for the functions of the cell

Question 28

What is this principle? DNA-> RNA-> protein

Answer 28

The central dogma

Question 29

What is this principle? DNA-> RNA-> protein

Answer 29

The central dogma

Question 30

Why are DNA and RNA polymors?

Answer 30

They are comprised of repeating monomers

Question 31

What are Nucleotides?

Answer 31

They are the building blocks of DNA and RNA

Question 32

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

Answer 32

1) Sugar molecule- Pentose sugar 2) Phosphate group 3) Nitrogen base

Question 33

What are the five parts of the nitrogen base?

Answer 33

Adenine Cytosine Guanine Thymine Uracil

Question 34

Adenine is found in....

Answer 34

Both RNA and DNA

Question 35

Cystosine is found in....

Answer 35

Both RNA and DNA

Question 36

Guanine is found in....

Answer 36

Both RNA and DNA

Question 37

Thymine is found in...

Answer 37

DNA only

Question 38

Uracil is found in....

Answer 38

RNA only

Question 39

What does the DNA - Double Helix do?

Answer 39

It carries the genetic code. The strands run in opposite directions and are hydrogen bond which give it its helical shape

Question 40

Why is DNA heliac?

Answer 40

The strands are hydrogen bound and give it its shape

Question 41

What is the BASE COMPIMENTARY PAIRING RULE?

Answer 41

Adenine- Thymine Guanine- Cytosine

Question 42

What is the difference between Uracil and Thymine at the molecular level?

Answer 42

The extra methyl group thymine

Question 43

In eukaryotes, what does RNA do?

Answer 43

It reads the genetic code in order to make a protein

Question 44

What is the pairing rule for RNA?

Answer 44

Adenine- Uracil Cystosine- Guamine

Question 45

True or False: In eukaryotes, RNA is single stranded?

Answer 45

True

Question 46

True or False: In viruses, RNA is double stranded?

Answer 46

True

Question 47

What are the four types of RNA?

Answer 47

1) Messenger RNA (mRNA) 2) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 3) Transfer RNA (tRNA) 4) MircoRNA (miRNA)

Question 48

What is the function of mRNA

Answer 48

It carries the code to make a protein

Question 49

What is the function of rRNA?

Answer 49

The genetic code is read in a ribosome

Question 50

What is the function of tRNA?

Answer 50

code to get an AA and transfer it back to the ribosome

Question 51

What is the function of miRNA?

Answer 51

Regulatory- Involved in regulating what genes get expressed and what proteins are produced

Question 52

In eukaryotes, what does DNA stay in the nucleus?

Answer 52

Because it is double-stranded and too large to escape out of the nucleus' pores

Question 53

What is "transcription"?

Answer 53

The reduction of a two stranded molecule to a single stranded

Question 54

What is translation?

Answer 54

The reading of a molecule to make a protein