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Biology 101 > Module 7- Cell Division > Flashcards

Module 7- Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

In Prokaryotes, reproduction occurs through…

A

Fission
Conjugation

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2
Q

In eukaryotes, reproduction occurs through…

A

mitosis and meiosis

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3
Q

What is Karyokinesis?

A

Product of mitosis; Growth, repair, maintenance, asexual reproduction

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4
Q

What are the products of meiosis?

A

Gametes are formed
Forms sperm and eggs

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5
Q

2N means?

A

Diploid

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6
Q

N stands for

A

Haploid

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7
Q

Humans have….

A

2 sets of 23 chromosomes in humans= 46= 2N

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8
Q

Haploid cells are only found in…

A

gametes

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9
Q

Name two species discussed in class which do not reproduce sexually.

A

Dandelions and Bacteria do not sexually reproduce, but they are still considered species. Reproduction does not have to be sexual.

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10
Q

Explain the two ways in Bacteria reproduce

A

1) binary) fission
Makes a copy and then splits in half
Fission is a fast process

2) Obtain DNA through conjugation (E. Coli)
Only possible in bacteria with a second loop of DNA- called a plasmid
Donor
Pili (Pilus)- or a conjugation tube
Formed by protein extension from the cell wall
Formed between the same strain of bacteria
Plasmid DNA is replicated and transferred through the tube to the recipient cell
Maintains the ability to make more pili
Closest things to bacteria sexual reproduction

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11
Q

Chromatin means…

A

” Beads on a string”

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12
Q

Chromosomes are

A

highly condensed

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13
Q

What is a Nucleosome?

A

unite of a DNA and histone (particular protein); building block

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14
Q

After replication, each chromosome…

A

consists of 2 double strands ( sister chromatids- each strand of replicated DNA) that are attached to each other at a centromere (portion of DNA not replicated- this holds the DNA together)

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15
Q

At the start of mitosis:

A

They have to replicate- 2N=92- chromatid
Then in mitosis two daughter cells are formed and they go back to being chromosomes

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16
Q

What are Homologous Chromosomes?

A

They have the same size, length, gene structure, etc.

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17
Q

What are not considered homologous chromosomes?

A

xy are not considered to be homologous chromosomes

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18
Q

In a haploid cell…

A

1 of each type of chromosome is present

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19
Q

In a diploid cell…

A

2 of each type of chromosome is present; somatic cells

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20
Q

How many chromosomes does an onion have?

A

16- its gametes have 8

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21
Q

What are the 3 stages of interphase

A

Growth I
Synthesis
Growth II

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22
Q

What happens in GI?

A

Organelles replicate (make copies)

23
Q

What happens in synthesis?

A

DNA replication- Called chromatids (X)

24
Q

What happens in GII?

A

The cell double checks the duplicated chromosomes for errors, manying any needed repairs
Materials for spindle assembled

25
Cells spend ___ > of their time in interphase
90%
26
In interphase,
Nucleus is visible- chromosomes look like spaghetti
27
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase Protometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
28
What happens in prophase?
Nucleus disintegrates Chromosomes become visible because they condense Looks like roti
29
What happens in protometaphase?
Chromosomes attach to the spindle ( set of protein fibers called microtubules) Spindel has opposing poles Chromosomes separates and move toward opposite poles Spindle allows for the chromosomes to migrate and separate into two daughter cells
30
What happens in metaphase?
Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell
31
What happens in anaphase?
Sister chromatids constricts and the spindle pulls apart the sister chromatids
32
What happens in telophase?
2 nuclei begin forming Formation occurs at the metaphase plate- right where the chromosomes align in metaphase
33
When does cytoplasm divides take place?
In most eukaryotic cells, cytoplasm divides between late anaphase and the end of telophase
34
What is cytokinesis?
Process of cytoplasmic division
35
Explain Cytoplasmic Division in animal cells?
contractile ring, also called a cleavage furrow Actin filaments rings cell midsection, contrats and divides cytoplasm in half Pinched in half by the formation of microfilaments
36
Contractile ring is also called a
cleavage furrow
37
When does Cytokinesis occur?
when chromosomes were in metaphase
38
Explain cytoplasmic division in plants
Cell plate Midway between spindle poles via phragmoplast Divides cytoplasm when it reaches and connects to the parent cell well Microtubles help lay down the foundation of the cell wall Daughter cells get smaller and smaller as they divide and this is important in a plant’s regulation
39
What are several Extrinsic (Environmental factors) of cell regulation?
death of nearby cell release of growth promoting hormones, such as HGH SA: V ratio decreases When cell size decreases, the amount of surface area decreases in ratio to volume Can stimulate production to increase the surface area Crowding of cells can inhibit cell
40
What are several intrinsic factor of cell regulation?
G1 Checkpoint G2 Checking to make sure the spindle is correct M (Mitotic phase) Occurs in anaphase- formation of 2 daughter cells
41
What is a Positive Regular Molecule?
Cyclins
42
What are Negative regulator Molecules?
The cell cycle will stop Can halt cell cycle until specific requirements are met Retinoblastoma proteins * tumor-suppressor proteins act primarily at G1 checkpoint E2F’s (elongation factors) are a group of gene regulating proteins- can promote or inhibit cell cycle promote cell division if it binds to the chromosomes If it doesn’t bind- cell division can be halted
43
What areE2F’s (elongation factors)?
a group of gene regulating proteins- can promote or inhibit cell cycle promote cell division if it binds to the chromosomes If it doesn’t bind- cell division can be halted
44
What are the jobs of P53 AND P21 Regulation?
P53 &P21 prevent duplicate of faulty DNA sTOP s phase from occuring by regulating at the G1 level P53 promotes transcription of a number of target genes P21 is one of them p21 is a negative regulator of cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) p53 is a tumor suppressor gene
45
If a mutation were present in a gamete:
Mutated p53 gene Mutant protein Hallmark of cancer cell Cycle keeps going even if DNA is faulty Markers- looking for proteins suppressing genes
46
Discuss cancer and cell divison.
Result of unchecked cell division Breakdown of mechanism that regulate cell cycle Lead to a protein that does not function as it should These mistakes will be passed to daughter cells. Eventually, all checkpoints won’t work, rapidly reproducing cells crowd out normal cells, resulting in cancer.
47
What is a plasmid?
The second loop of DNA of bacteria (E. Coli)
48
What is a centromere
portion of DNA not replicated- this holds the DNA together)
49
________ chromosomes contain fragments of DNA exchanged between homologues.
Recombinant
50
Plants utilize a(n) ________ life strategy.
alternation of generations
51
A pericentric inversion likely played a role in the evolutionary divergence of ________.
chimpanzees and humans
52
________ are useful for identifying abnormal chromosomal numbers.
Karyograms
53
Human ________ are named based on approximate size order.
chromosomes
54
Mitotic spindle microtubules connect to ________ during prometaphase.
kinetochores

Biology 101 (16 decks)

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