Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
homeostasis
A
The body try to keep the body’s internal environment stable
2
Q
anatomy and physiology
A
anatomy = structures of the body
physiology = function of the body
3
Q
components of homeostasis?
A
- Receptors = Are little nerve endings getting information and giving that information to your body and brain to regulate itself
- Set point = when a certain circumstance has gone beyond the set point
- Effectors = when your brain notifies the body to act then to get the body back to set point
4
Q
identify anatomical position
A
body laying on back with palms up
5
Q
superior
A
towards head
6
Q
inferior
A
towards feet
7
Q
anterior
A
front
8
Q
posterior
A
back
9
Q
medial
A
toward the midline
10
Q
lateral
A
away from the midline
11
Q
proximal
A
close to body/trunk
12
Q
distal
A
away from body/trunk
13
Q
parts of an atom and their locations
A
electrons - orbit around
protons - in the nucleus
neutrons - in the nucleus
14
Q
cell components
A
- cell wall
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
- mitochondria
15
Q
functions and purpose of the cell wall
A
- boundary
- regulates movement in and out of cell
16
Q
function of the endoplasmic reticulum
A
- transports molecules in the cell
- involved in protein synthesis
- “recalls” bad proteins
- communicate with other organelles
17
Q
function of ribosomes
A
- located on rough ER and cytoplasm
- protein synthesis
18
Q
function of mitochondria
A
- powerhouse of the cell
- captures and releases energy from the cell
- cellular respiration
19
Q
function of lysosomes
A
- garbage disposal
- break down various molecules
20
Q
anabolic and catabolic metabolism
A
- anabolic = building up
- catabolic = breaking down
21
Q
how enzymes work and their function
A
- lower energy needed to speed up metabolism
- speed up metabolism
- activation energy
- used repeatedly
- active site -> substrate
22
Q
the 3 parts of cellular respiration
A
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport system
23
Q
the 4 types of tissues
A
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
24
Q
epithelial tissue function and location
A
- functions = protect, secrete, absorb, excrete
- locations = basement membrane, skin, lines organs
25
connective tissue function
- binds
- supports
- protects
- stores fat
- produce blood cell
26
types of connective tissue
- ???
- bone
- cartilage
- blood
27
types of connective tissue produced by fibroblasts
collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
28
layers of the skin
- epidermis (outer layer)
- dermis (inner layer)
- basement membrane (separate the 2)
29
subcutaneous layer
- under the dermis
- made of fatty tissue (adipose)
- area under the skin
30
epidermis characteristics
- no blood vessels in it
- has 4-5 layers
- stratum basale = bottom layer
- stratum corneum = outside layer that sloughs off
31
dermis characteristics
- dense connective tissue
- no blood vessels
- nerve tissues
- hair follicles
- sebaceous glands = produce oil
- sweat glands
32
keratinization
??????????//
- process of cells turning into nails/hair?
33
melanocytes
- located in deepest area of epidermis
- they determine skin pigmentation
34
skin cancers: difference between melanoma and carcinoma
- melanoma = tumor starts in melanocytes
- carcinoma = begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs??
35
function of bone
support, protection, movement, blood cell production, storage of inorganic salts
36
spongey bone vs. compact bone
- compact bone = dense, no space, is the diaphysis (shaft of a bone), cortical bone?
- spongey bone = spaces between bone tissue, decreases weight overall of bone, is the epiphysis (end of bone)
37
identify the cranium
basically the skull
38
identify the maxillae
bone above lip and under nose area
39
identify the mandible
jaw bone
40
identify the zygomatic
cheek bone ish area under the eyes
41
identify the parts of the vertebral column
- from top to bottom
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacrum
- coccyx
42
identify the humerus
upper arm bone
43
identify the femur
upper leg bone
44
identify the tibia
more forward lower leg bone
45
identify the patella
knee cap bone
46
types of muscle
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
47
skeletal muscle
- voluntary movement
- found in muscle fibers = muscle cell
- myofibril
48
smooth muscle
- involuntary movements
- found in organ tissue and blood vessels
- move in rhythmic patterns
- ex. peristalsis
49
cardiac muscle
- located only in the heart
- involuntary movement
- rhythmic
- contract as a whole unit
50
actin and myosin
- actin = thin, slides over myosin
- myosin = thick, slides over actin
51
muscular neurotransmitter
????????/
52
neuromuscular junction
nerve that returns back to the spine from muscle
53
tendon
attaches muscle to bone, and is non contractile
54
aerobic vs anaerobic
- aerobic - with oxygen
- anaerobic - without oxygen ?
55
sensory vs motor nerve
- sensory = carries information to the central nervous system, relays pain, heat, cold, touch, etc
- motor = carry information from the central nervous system, causes muscle contraction or glandular response
56
neurotransmitter
chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber
57
parts of the brain
- cerebrum
- diencephalon
- brainstem
- cerebellum
58
cerebrum
- higher learning
- ability to reason
- what separates us from animals
- largest part
59
diencephalon
processes sensory information
60
brainstem
regulates visceral activity
61
cerebellum
coordinates voluntary muscle movement
62
memory process
encoding, storage, retrieval
63
5 types of receptors
- chemoreceptors
- pain receptors
- thermoreceptors
- mechanoreceptors
- photoreceptors
64
sensation
sensory receptors reach threshold and elicit an action potential that cause the brain to be aware of the event
65
perception
the sensation is interpreted by the brain
66
adaptation
nervous systems becomes less responsive to a constant stimulus
67
a pain fibers vs. c pain fibers
Acute fibers (A fibers) - myelinated, sharp pain, starts and ends rapidly
Chronic fiber (C fibers) - unmyelinated, dull pain, and slow impulses
68
hormones
substances secreted by glands that diffuse into the bloodstream then act on target cells
69
target cells
cells with specific receptors that hormones affect
70
3 mechanisms of hormone control
- hypothalamus
- nervous system
- other glands
71
locate the pituitary gland
small gland in the mid ish brain
72
locate the thyroid gland
at the neck
73
locate the adrenal glands
on top the kidneys
74
locate the pancreas
below the stomach
75
steroid hormones
- insoluble in water
- carried in the bloodstream
- released easily out of the bloodstream
- can enter any cell
- soluble in lipids.
76
nonsteroid hormones
- bind to receptors in cell membranes
- signal transduction = chemical communication from outside to inside cell
77
amount of blood in human body
average of 5 liters
78
function of blood
- transport nutrients, hormones, waste, gasses
- maintains stability of interstitial fluid
- distributes heat
79
components of blood
- red blood cells 45%
- plasma 55%
- white blood cells <1%
- platelets 1%
80
platelets purpose, lifespan, and number
- seal damaged blood vessels
- 10 day lifespan
- 150,000-350,000 per microliter
81
plasma's purpose and water %
- 92% water
- contains proteins
82
leukocyte function
attack viruses and bacteria
83
blood flow
Heart → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins
84
purpose of coronary artery
- supply blood to the heart tissue
85
sa node
- sa node = Sinoatrial node, specialized cardiac muscle, located in right atrium, stimulate cardiac muscle to contract, can reach neural threshold on its own, rhythmic
86
va node
- na node = Atrioventricular node, located in inferior septum, send impulses to AV bundle
87
order of blood flow through body and heart
- enters left atrium
- goes down to left ventricle
- goes out into the body
- enters back into right atrium
- then down to right ventricle
- then leaves into lungs
88
arteries
- strong vessels
- carry blood away from the heart
89
arterioles
- branch off the arteries
- smaller than arteries
90
capillaries
- smallest vessels
- where the exchange of nutrients, gas, waste and water
- connect smallest arterioles to venules
91
venules
- small vessels that carry blood from capillaries to veins
- has thinner walls than arterioles
92
veins
- carry blood back to heart
- have valves to prevent back flow
93
function of lymphatic system
- transport fluid out of interstitial space back to bloodstream
- immune defense against foreign particles
94
lymph nodes
- glands
- contain lymphocytes and macrophages
- function: filter foreign particles, monitor body fluids
95
lymphatic movement
- hydrostatic pressure
- smooth muscle in vessels
- skeletal muscle in contraction
- breathing
96
duodenum
where stomach attaches to small intestines and where bile and pancreatic enzymes is dumped
97
absorption locations (of different nutrients)
- mouth begins digestion/absorption of carbohydrates
- stomach - absorption of some liquid, salts, and alcohol
- small intestine is most important in absorption
98
acid reflux disease
when lower esophageal sphincter (prevents food from regurgitating) gets weakened etc which leads to acid reflux
99
function of respiratory system
- Obtaining oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
- Filter particles from air coming into the system
100
function of nose
- Nostrils allow airflow in and out of nasal cavity
- Hairs in the nostril help filter the air
101
function of trachea
- is ciliated
- has mucous membrane with goblet cells
- the particles trapped in cilia moves up to pharynx and swallowed
102
function of bronchi
- the main air way
- branches of in 2 (left and right)
103
function of alveoli
- air sac that receive oxygen
- exchange O2 and CO2 in capillaries
104
function of pleura
Outer coverings of lung tissue
105
expiration and inspiration process
- Inspiration - air into the lungs
- Diaphragm contracts and moves downward for decrease alveoli pressure
- Expiration - air out of the lungs
- Its passive
- Diaphragm recoils to push air out
106
able to identify to structures of the respiratory system
- nose
- nasal cavity
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchial tree
- lungs
107
function of urinary system
- Removes waste products
- Maintains normal concentration of water and electrolytes
- Helps control blood pressure
- Helps control red blood cell production
108
function of the kidneys
- Remove waste products from the body
- Remove drugs from the body
- Balance the body's fluids
- Release hormones that regulate blood pressure
- Produce and active form of vitamin D
- Control the production of red blood cells
109
be able to identify the parts of the urinary system
- Kidney
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra
109
nephrons
- Regulate extracellular fluid (volume, composition, and pH)
- Removes waste from blood and form urine
109
who is most likely to get UTI's
elderly of females
110
intracellular
- Fluid within cells
- High concentration of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate
111
extracellular
- Fluid outside of cells
- High concentrations of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate
112
fluid movement occurs in what 2 ways
- hydrostatic pressure
- osmotic pressure
113
how much should the average adults fluid intake be
2,500 ml/day
114
breakdown of our liquid intake
- 60% from water and beverages
- 30% from food
- 10% oxidative metabolism
115
how is water lost
urine, sweat, feces, evaporation from skin and breathing
116
breakdown of water output
- Urine = 60%
- Skin evaporation and breathing = 28%
- Feces = 6%
- Sweat = 6%
117
dehydration
- Water output exceeds water input
- Occurs with sweating, water deprivation, excessive vomiting and/or diarrhea
118
edema
- Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid
- Occur from injury, disease, venous pressure, or lymphatic obstruction
119
testes
- Produce sperm
- Secrete male hormones
120
prostate gland
- Surrounds proximal urethra
- Secrets milky, alkaline fluid to neutralize sperm
121
effects of testosterone
- Enlargement of testes
- Increased body hair
- Enlarged larynx and vocal cords
- Thickening of skin
- Muscular growth
- Bone growth
122
ovary
- Produce eggs
- Secrete female hormones
123
effects of estrogen
- Stimulates enlargement of vagina, uterus, ovaries, uterine tubes
- Breast development and mammary glands
- Increased adipose tissue
- Increased vascularization of the skin
124
effects of progesterone
- Promotes changes during menstrual cycle
- Affects mammary glands in the breasts
125
leading cause of death in the US
Heart disease
126
life expectancy in the US
79 years
127
GERD
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
- Decrease muscle tone of lower esophageal sphincter
- Symptoms include heartburn, gas, upper abdominal pain, bronchospasm, and asthma
128
myocardial infarction
- Heart attack
- Blockage of coronary arteries
- Myocardium (heart muscle) does not get oxygen and nutrition
129
LDL vs. HDL
high LDL cholesterol (bad)
low HDL cholesterol (good)
130
things to avoid in diet
- Excessive sugar
- Processed food
- Trans fat
- Excessive caffeine
- Excessive sweeteners
- Excessive saturated fat
- Excessive alcohol
131
factors in poor eating
- Stress
- Eating too much
- Eating too fast
- Eating too late
- Allowing hunger to drive food intake
- Associating food with social events
- “Getting your money's worth”
132
eating vegetables and fruit in your diet ...
- 5 servings a day reduced cardiovascular event by 20%
- 8 servings a day reduced cardiovascular event by 30%
