Test 3 (chap 9-11) Flashcards
1
Q
Neurotransmitter
A
biochemical that stimulates a neuron or effector
2
Q
Olfactory nerve (I)
A
nose
3
Q
Optical nerve (II)
A
eyes
4
Q
Trigeminal nerve (V)
A
sensations in your face
5
Q
Facial motor (VII)
A
facial muscles
6
Q
Vagus nerve/motor (X)
A
heart, lungs, digestive tract
7
Q
location of nerves in the teeth
A
the root
8
Q
Synaptic knob
A
distal end of an axon
9
Q
Synaptic cleft
A
gap between neurons at synapse
10
Q
Synaptic vesicles
A
contain neurotransmitters
11
Q
Motor Neurons
A
- Carry information from CNS to effectors
- Muscle contraction or glandular response
12
Q
Sensory Neurons
A
- Carry information to the CNS,
- Pain, heat, cold, touch, etc
13
Q
3 Layers of the meninges
A
Layered membrane between the skull and brain,
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pia mater
14
Q
Subarachnoid space
A
Contains cerebrospinal fluid
15
Q
Ascending tracts vs descending tracts
A
- Ascending - carry sensory impulse to CNS (central nervous system
- Descending - carry motor impulses to effectors
16
Q
Ventral Root vs Dorsal Root
A
- Dorsal root - sensory; posterior
- Ventral root - motor; anterior
17
Q
Frontal Lobe Function
A
voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions
18
Q
Cerebrospinal Fluid Function
A
protects and supports the brain and spinal cord. It also provides a pathway to the blood for waste removal
19
Q
Right Brain vs Left Brain
A
left brain can be seen as more analytical and statistical while right side can be seen as more creative and involved in arts
20
Q
Cerebrum
A
- 2 Hemispheres (right and left)
- Function - Higher learning, ability to reason, separates us from animals, Largest part
- Corpus Callosum - Connects hemispheres, Bundle of axons
- Ventricle - Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), CSF also runs into the spinal cord
21
Q
Diencephalon
A
Located between the hemispheres
22
Q
Thalamus
A
Receives all sensory input (except smell), and Channels information to appropriate area
23
Q
Hypothalamus
A
Regulates heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, electrolyte balance, hunger, glandular secretions, sleep, and produce substances that stimulate the pituitary gland
24
Q
Limbic system (hippocampus and amygdala)
A
Controls emotional response
25
Reticular Formation
Scattered throughout the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, Controls sleep and wake cycles, Increase activity keeps us awake, and Anything that injures or inhibits this structure causes a comatose state
26
Cerebellum Function
Coordinates voluntary muscle movement, balance
27
Sensory receptors
A specialized structure associated with sensory neurons that detect specific sensations
28
5 types of receptors
Chemoreceptors, Pain receptors, Thermoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors, Photoreceptors
29
Perception
the sensation is interpreted by the brain
30
Adaption
nervous systems becomes less responsive to a constant stimulus
31
Sensation
sensory receptors reach threshold and elicit an action potential that cause the brain to be aware of the event
32
3 types of touch/pressure receptors
1.free nerve endings = itch, 2.tactile corpuscles = sensitive areas/touch, 3.lamallated corpuscles = heavy pressure
33
Temperature receptors
free nerve endings, warm and cold receptors, pain occurs when outside of temp ranges
34
Pain receptors
Free nerve endings, Skin and internal tissue, Warning signal
35
Referred pain
may cause pain in a location different than the actual source
36
Pain fibers (acute)
sharp pain, starts and ends rapidly
37
Pain fibers (chronic)
Dull pain, Slow impulses
38
Smell
Located in the olfactory organs in the nasal cavity, Hair-like cilia contain receptors
39
Taste
Taste buds are the organs of taste, but also in the roof of the mouth and throat, Primary Taste Sensations = 1. Sweet 2. Sour 3. Salty 4. Bitter 5. Umami (delicious)
40
Hearing
Outer ear parts = Auricle - collects sound waves, External auditory meatus - directs sound waves toward eardrum, Eardrum - reproduces vibrations. Middle ear = Auditory ossicles - 3 bones (malleus, incus, stapes), Auditory tube - connects the middle ear to the back of the nasal cavity. Inner ear = Labyrinth - Cochlea - hearing, Semicircular canals - equilibrium
41
Equilibrium
balance, 2 types = static - when not moving and dynamic - when moving
42
Sight
Outer = Cornea, Sclera, and Optic nerve. Middle layer = Choroid coat, Lens, Iris. Inner layer = Retina, Fovea centralis, Photoreceptors
43
Hormones
substances secreted by glands that diffuse into the bloodstream then act on target cells
44
Target Cells
Cells with specific receptors that hormones affect
45
Paracrine Secretions
“local hormones” that affect only neighboring cells
46
Autocrine Secretions
Affect only the secreting cell itself
47
Steroids
Insoluble in water, Carried in the bloodstream, Released easily out of the bloodstream, Can enter any cell, Soluble in lipids
48
Non Steroid
Bind to receptors in cell membranes, Signal transduction - chemical communication from outside to inside the cell
49
Hormonal control
3 mechanisms of hormone control = 1.Hypothalamus, 2.Nervous system, 3.Other glands
50
Negative feedback
a mechanism that restores biochemical levels by detecting concentration of the biochemical
51
Pituitary gland
Located at the base of the brain, Anterior and posterior lobes, releases different hormones
52
Growth hormone
Stimulates cells to grow and divide quicker, Enhances the movement of amino acids, GH increases with low blood sugar and protein deficiency
53
Prolactin hormone
Stimulates and sustains milk production in women, Not much is known about effects in males - possible sperm count, Elevated levels cause sexual dysfunction
54
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Control thyroid gland secretion
55
Follicle stimulating hormone
Females - stimulates estrogen production; develops follicles for eggs, Males - stimulates production of sperm cells
56
Luteinizing hormone
Promotes secretion of sex hormones, Females - egg release stimulation
57
Antidiuretic hormone
Decreases urine production, Water conservation in the kidneys
58
Thyroid Gland
Anterior to the trachea, has Thyroxine - regulate metabolism, and Calcium regulation - by Calcitonin
59
Parathyroid Gland
Calcium regulation
60
Adrenal Gland
associated with the kidneys, produces different Steroids, Boosts energy and prepares for activity
61
Epinephrine
increases heart rate, blood flow, blood pressure, metabolism, and alertness
62
Cortisol
Increase fatty acid release, decreases protein synthesis, and increases blood sugar, “Stress hormone”
63
Pancreas
secretes Insulin and Glucagon (related to blood sugar maintenance)
64
Pineal gland
secretes Melatonin which effects Sleep and wake cycles
65
Reproductive Organs
Testes (males) - produce testosterone, Ovaries (females) - produce estrogen and progesterone
66
locate the pituitary gland
base of the brain (small)
67
locate the pineal gland
midline of the brain
68
locate the thyroid gland
base of the neck
69
locate the adrenal gland
top of both kidneys
70
locate the ovaries
both sides of the uterus
71
locate the testes
under penis (balls)
72
3 steps of memory
encoding, storage, and retrieval
73
Short term memory
The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to short term memory, Events are encoded visually, acoustically, or semantically, Holds about 7 (plus or minus 2) items for about 20 seconds
74
Long term memory
Unlimited storehouse of information, Explicit (declarative) memories, Implicit (non-declarative) memories
75
Encoding
Starts with perception, Emotion and personal experience make the memory better to remember, Hippocampus - analyzes events and sends info to long term memory and allows growth of new neurons
76
Retrieval
Pathways are strengthened the more the events recalled and information used, Items we spend more time with or have more urgency are remembered better
77
layers of the meninges: Dura mater
Outer layer, Fibrous connective tissue, Surrounds brain and spinal cord
78
layers of the meninges: Arachnoid mater
Thin middle layer, No blood vessels
79
layers of the meninges: Pia mater
Very thin, Fits snug to brain and spinal cord
80
in the eyes rods...
see black and white, not as much
81
in the eyes cones...
see all the colors, better
