Final Exam Flashcards by Courtney Blackmore

domestication of livestock species

Source of Food
Source of Power
Protection and rodent control

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

first domesticated species

dog

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

transcription

The process of reading DNA to make complementary RNA

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

translation

the process of using the information from mRNA to assemble amino acids into proteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

phenotype

the physical expression of the genotype, interaction between genotype and the environment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

genotype

the actual genetic makeup of the animal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

genome

All genetic information of an animal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

genes

contain alleles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

chromosomes

large molecules containing the genes of living things
DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

homozygous

Animals with the same alleles at a given location on a chromosome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

heterozygous

Animals with different alleles at a given location on a chromosome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

dominant

one member of a gene pair is expressed in exclusion to the other

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

incomplete dominance

occurs when there is no dominant allele and both are expressed as an intermediate when individual is heterozygous

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

epistasis

the interaction of two or more genes at different locations

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

recessive

the member of a gene pair that is only expressed when the dominant allele is absent from the genome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

mitosis

Two equal daughter cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

meiosis

The process of division that cells go through to form sperm or ovum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

inbreeding

Increases the homozygosity in the herd
Mates closely related individuals
Can result in a depression in production
Increases the likelihood of expressing recessive genes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

outcrossing

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

crossbreeding

Results in increased heterosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

heterosis/ hybrid vigor

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hyperplasia

increase in the number of cells

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

hypertrophy

an increase in cell size

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

order of fat deposition

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

animal growth curve

female reproductive tract

ovary, oviduct/fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, vagina

male reproductive tract

scrotum, testes, epididymis, accessory sex glands, penis

polyestrous

uniform distribution of estrous cycles occurring regularly throughout the year cow, sow

seasonal polyestrous

Animals that have each estrous cycle followed immediately by another during one part of the year

monoestrous

only having one cycle per year, often lasting multiple days bear, dog, wolf, fox

anestrous

condition where females do not exhibit regular estrous cycles

estrus

period of sexual receptivity

estrous

physiological events that occur between period of sexual receptivity (heat) and/or ovulations

corpus ludeum (CL)

secretes progesterone

progesterone production

secreted by the CL and by the placenta maintenance of pregnancy, mammary development inhibits GnRH release (via hypothalamus)

estrous cycle lengths between species

cow: 19-23 days ewe: 14-19 days mare: 10-37 days sow: 19-23 days

gestation lengths between species

sheep: 147 days horses: 344 days cow: 285 days sow: 117 days

stages of parturition

stage 1: preparatory stage involving cervical dilation and positioning of the fetus in the birth canal via myometrial contractions stage 2: time of hard labor and expulsion of the fetus stage 3: expulsion of the placental membranes and subsequent uterine involution

dystocia

difficult birth

cryptorchid

retention of one or both testicles in the body cavity

artificial insemination

disadvantages: Time required to detect estrus, trained personnel required, potential overuse of inferior sires advantages: disease control

nutrients

water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and vitamins

nutrients

water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and vitamins

concentrate versus roughage

roughage: high in fiber, low in digestible nutrients and low in energy concentrate:

proximate analysis

Van Soest Fiber Analysis

NDF versus ADF

NDF: negatively correlates to feed intake

selection

prehension

The process of getting food into the mouth

mastication

deglutition

digestions

absorption

circulation

metabolism

excretion

monogastric

monogastric hindgut fermenters

ruminant digestion

bloat

hardware disease

microbial populations

noninfectious disease

infectious disease

parasites

active immunity

passive immunity

genetic diseases

sheep- spider gene cattle- curly calf syndrome swine- horses- HyPP

areas of study in animal behavior

biological rhythms and sleep

sexual behavior

maternal behavior

ingestive behavior

flight zones

dairy industry worldwide

US dairy industry

dairy cattle breeds

dairy terminology

requirements for dry vs lactating cows

requirements for calves

requirements for steers in feedlot

nutrient qualities of milk

classifications of milk products

dominant poultry breeds in US

poultry industry integration

poultry terminology

egg production systems

nutritive value of the egg

egg grading

sheep and goats in US and worldwide agriculture

understand the reasoning for the size of the sheep and goat industry

grazing preferences of sheep and goats

stocking rate

predator control

sheep breeds-meat

sheep breeds-wool

goat breeds-meat

goat breeds-fiber

goat breeds-dairy

range production

farm-flock production

lamb grading

lamb retail cuts

worldwide swine industry

US swine industry

vertical integration of swine industry

swine breeds-sire

swine breeds- maternal

swine terminology

farrow to wean

purebred

farrow to finish

pork grading

carcass breakdown

retail cuts of pork

evolution of the horse

earliest known ancestor of the modern horse: Sifrhippus

gender monikers

horse age and age monikers

horse classification, types, breeds

Draft, Light, Pony draft: light: pony:

equine reproduction

equine nutrition

equine body condition scoring

worldwide beef cattle

US beef cattle

seedstock producers

commercial cow calf producers

stocker/yearling operators

feedlot

packers

retailers

consumers

how does the beef industry structure differ from the poultry and swine industries?

the beef industry has greater genetic diversity, is more dispersed throughout the country, and is not so integrated-specialized corporations poultry- concentrated in SE, very low hybrid vigor, vertically integrated

bos taurus

british continental

bos indicus