Final Exam Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Sagittal plane/medial-lateral axis
A
Flexion
Extension
2
Q
Frontal plane/anterior-posterior axis
A
Abduction
Adduction
3
Q
Transverse plan/vertical axis
A
Internal rotation
External rotation
4
Q
Open Kinematic Chain
A
Distal on proximal
5
Q
Closed Kinematic Chain
A
Proximal on distal
6
Q
1st Class Lever
A
Fulcrum btwn resistance force & effort force
MA → >1, <1, =1
7
Q
2nd Class Lever
A
Fulcrum located @ 1 end
MA > 1
Designed for power
8
Q
3rd Class Lever
A
Fulcrum located @ 1 end
MA < 1
Designed for ROM & speed
9
Q
Coupling Patterns
A
Cervical
- lateral flexion & ipsilateral rotation
- rotation & ipsilateral lateral flexion
Thoracic
- none
Upper lumbar
- lateral flexion & contralateral rotation
Lower lumbar
- lateral flexion & ipsilateral rotation
10
Q
Uncinate Processes form […] w/inferolateral part of […] to increase […]
A
Uncovertebral Joints
Superior vertebral body
Stability
11
Q
Z joints made by articulating […] & […]
A
Inferior articular process
Superior articular process
12
Q
Cervical IV Disc
A
- AF is thick anteriorly & tapers posteriorly
- Less NF bc its not bearing as much weight
- Manage compressive forces
13
Q
Cervical Z Joint
A
Horizontally oriented → can manage more loads
Vertically oriented → cant manage compression well
More load w/ extension
14
Q
Tectorial Membrane
A
Superior extension of PLL
Limits flexion
Helps maintain SC space
15
Q
Cruciform Ligaments
A
Hugs odontoid to atlas
Thickest ligament in spine
Limits flexion
16
Q
O-A Flexion
A
Posterior glide of occiput on atlas
Anterior glide of atlas on occiput
17
Q
O-A Extension
A
Anterior glide of occiput on atlas
Posterior glide of atlas on occiput
18
Q
A-A Joint
A
Most mobile segment of spine
Rotation >30° impacts contralateral vertebral artery
Rotation > 45° impacts ipsilateral vertebral artery
19
Q
Cervical Spine Stability
A
- Most load bearing through discs & body anteriorly
- Most stability from muscles
- Ligaments stabilize @ end range
20
Q
Lower Cervical Flexion
A
Anterior & superior movement of superior facet
Limited by Z joint capsule
Larger IV foramen, smaller canal
21
Q
Lower Cervical Extension
A
Posterior & inferior glide of superior facet
Limited by ALL
Smaller IV foramen, very small canal
22
Q
Lower Cervical Lateral Flexion
A
Compress ipsilaterally
Elongate contralaterally
Limited by contralateral ligaments & muscles
23
Q
Lower Cervical Protrusion
A
Lower cervical flexion
Upper cervical extension
24
Q
Lower Cervical Retraction
A
Lower cervical extension
Upper cervical flexion
25
Lateral Flexion to R in C spine
Extension on R
Flexion on L
26
Rotation to L in C spine
Extension on L
Flexion on R
27
Costoclavicular Ligament
Inferior part of clavicle to 1st rib
Taut w/shoulder elevation & protraction
28
Anterior & Posterior Sternoclavicular Ligament
From sternal end of clavicle to A/P surfaces of manubrium
Limit anterior & posterior movement of clavicle
29
Interclavicular Ligament
Runs from superior aspect of medial clavicles
Help stabilize superior part of joint
30
Sternoclavicular Joint Movements
Elevation/depression
Protraction/retraction
Long axis rotation of clavicle
31
Acromioclavicular Joint
- Clavicle is convex, acromion is concave
- Joint line curved so acromion can glide anterior/posterior
- Fibrocartilaginous disc
- Stability → coracoclavicular ligament
32
Acromioclavicular Joint Movements
- Gliding as shoulder flexes & extends
- Elevation/depression to conform w/scapula & humerus abduction
33
Coracoclavicular Ligament
- Conoid portion → limits upward movement of clavicle on acromion
- Trapezoid portion → prevent clavicle from overriding acromion
- Primary restraint of scapula moving inferior on thorax away from clavicle
- Critical to vertical stability of scapula
34
Scapulothoracic Joint
- Scapula rotated anteriorly → IR position
- Scapula titled anteriorly & upwardly rotated
- Fxn → ↑ shoulder motion & allow lever for small muscles
35
W/O scapular motion shoulder elevation limited to [...]
120°
36
Upward Rotation of Scapula
Upper & lower trap
Serratus anterior
37
Downward Rotation of Scapula
Rhomboid major & minor
Lats
Levator scapulae
38
Scapular Retraction
Middle trap
Rhomboid major & minor
Lats
39
Scapular Protraction
Serratus anterior > pec minor
40
Glenoid Labrum
- Fibrocartilaginous
- Thicker anteriorly
- Deforms to accomodate HH position changes
- Protects GF, assists in lubrication, deepens concavity
41
GH Joint Capsule
From margin of GF to neck of humerus
Loose to allow joint surfaces to separate
Small contribution to stability
42
Superior GH Ligament
Prevent inferior displacement of HH
W/superior capsule resists gravity
43
Middle GH Ligament
Stabilizes joint anteriorly
Limits ER
44
Inferior GH Complex
- Anterior band → moves superior to HH w/elevation
- Axillary pouch → allows movement of HH in upper ranges of elevation
- Posterior band → moves superior to HH w/elevation
- Tightens w/elevation to encourage ER
45
Weak areas in GH Joint
- Inferior capsule
- Anterior-inferior aspect least resistant to tension
46
Coracohumeral Ligament
- Attaches to greater & lesser tuberosity
- Stabilizing w/UE in dependent postion
- Protects from superior trauma & upward dislocation
47
Rotator Cuff
Compress HH into GF
Small depression of HH during active elevation
48
Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex
- Space btwn distal ulna & ulnar side of carpal bones
- important during pronation/supination
- injured during pronation, supination, extension
49
Muscles attaching distally on ulna
Flex/extend elbow
50
Muscles attaching distally on radius
Flex/extend elbow
Pronation/supination
51
Elbow Flexors
Biceps
Brachioradialis
Pronator teres
FCR
FCU
52
Elbow Extensors
Anconeus
Triceps
53
Elbow Pronators
Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus
54
Elbow Supinators
Biceps brachii
Supinator
55
Radiocarpal Joint
radius articulates w/scaphoid & lunate
56
Carpals & Metacarpal Articulations
1st → trapezium
2nd → trapezoid
3rd & 4th → capitate
4th & 5th → hamate
57
Arches of Hand
Distal Transverse
Proximal Transverse
Allows hand to conform to objects
Intrinsic muscles & ligaments create arches
58
Supination
Concave on convex
Posterior radioulnar ligament (slack)
Anterior radioulnar ligament (taut)
59
Pronation
Concave on convex
Posterior radioulnar ligament (taut)
Anterior radioulnar ligament (slack)
60
TFCC Complex Fxn
Shock absorption
Stabilizes distal radioulnar joint
61
Carpal Tunnel
Median nerve compression
Phalens & tinels tests
62
Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome
Caused by crutches or bike riding
63
Radial Collateral Ligament
Checks ulnar deviation
64
Ulnar Collateral Ligament
Checks radial deviation
65
Dorsal Radiocarpal Ligament
Checks flexion
66
Ventral radiocarpal/ulnocarpal Ligaments
Checks extension
67
Intercarpal Ligaments
Stability during motion
68
Colles Fracture
Most common fracture
Dorsal displacement of radius
69
Scaphoid Fracture
Most common carpal fracture
Poor vascularity & healing
70
Finger Ligaments
Collateral → lateral stability & taut w/flexion
Volar plate → taut w/extension
Collaterals of DIP/PIP → taut/extension
71
Wrist Flexors
FCU
FCR
Palmaris Longus
72
Finger Flexors
FDS
FDP
73
Wrist Extensors
ECRL
ECRB
ED
ECU
74
Finger Extensors
ED
EDM
EI
75
Active Insufficiency
Active shortening of muscle @ 1 joint limits ability to produce movement @ another
76
Passive Insufficiency
Passive lengthening of muscle results in passive resistance that limits movement
77
Swan Neck Deformity
Hyperextension of PIP
Flexion of DIP
Volar plate disruption
78
Boutonneires Deformity
Hyperextension of DIP
Flexion of PIP
Central tendon rupture
79
Extrinsic Thumb Flexor
FPL
80
Intrinsic Muscle of Fingers
Lumbricals
DABs
PADs
81
Spherical Power Grasp
FDS
FDP
FPL
OP
Interossei
82
Hook Power Grasp
FDS
FDP
83
Cylindrical Power Grasp
FDS
FDP
FPL
FPB
AddP
84
Pulp to Pulp Precision Grasp
FPB
OP
FDS
85
Pad to Side Precision Grasp
FPB
FPL
AddP
FDS
86
Tip to Tip Precision Grasp
FPL
FDP
87
Thoracic Z joint Orientation
Coronal plane
88
Pump Handle
Ribs 1-7
↑ A-P diameter w/inhalation
89
Bucket Handle
Ribs 8-10
↑ mediolateral diameter w/inspiration
90
External Intercostals
Relaxed in expiration
Contracted in inspiration
91
Internal Intercostals
Relaxed in inspiration
Contracted in expiration
92
R side Scoliosis
R convexity
L lateral flexion
R rotation
R rib hump
L concavity
93
Sacralization
L5 on sacrum → 4 vertebrae
94
Lumbarization
S1 unfused → 6 vertebra
95
Lumbar IV Disc during flexion
Compress AF anteriorly
Tense AF posteriorly
Force on NP is posterior
96
Lumbar Flexors
Rectus abdominis
Internal/External Oblique
97
Lumbar Extensors
Erector Spinae
98
Lumbar Lateral Flexors
Quadratus lumborum
Psoas
99
Spondylolysis
Bone stress @ pars interarticularis
100
Spondylolisthesis
Fracture @ pars interarticularis
101
Nutation Limitations
Interosseous & sacrotuberous ligaments
102
Coxa Vara
Femur angled towards midline
103
Coxa Valga
Femur angled laterally
104
Excessive Anteversion
Hip IR
Toe in
35+
105
Retroversion
Hip ER
Toe out
5>
106
Iliofemoral Ligament
Taut w/extension
Femoral head rests on it w/full hip extension
107
Pubofemoral Ligament
Taut w/hip abduction & extension
108
Ischiofemoral Ligament
Superficial taut w/IR & extension
Superior taut w/adduction
Inferior taut w/flexion
109
Hip Capsular Pattern
IR > Extension > Adduction
110
Genu Valgus
Knock knees
Lateral compression
Medial tension
111
Genu Varus
Bow legged
Medial compression
Lateral tension
112
Oblique Popliteal Ligament
Resist extension & valgus
113
Arcuate Popliteal Ligament
Resist extension & varus
114
Meniscofemoral Ligament
Resist tibial ER & femoral IR
115
Weight Acceptance
Initial contact & loading response
Tibialis anterior, quadriceps, glut max
116
Single limb Support
Midstance → glut max, med, triceps surae
Terminal Stance → gastrocnemius
Pre Swing
117
Limb Advancement
Pre Swing
Initial Swing → iliopsoas, rectus femoris
Mid Swing
Terminal Swing → tibialis anterior & eccentric hamstrings
118
Static Stability
Ligaments
119
Dynamic Stability
Muscles
120
3 regions of foot
Rearfoot
Midfoot
Forefoot
121
Talocrural Joint
Convex talus
Concave tibia & fibula
122
Foot Pronation
Eversion
Abduction
Dorsiflexion
123
Foot Supination
Inversion
Adduction
Plantarflexion
124
Dorsiflexion
Abduction & eversion
125
Plantarflexion
Adduction & inversion
126
Talocrural Joint Ligaments
ATFL
Posterior talofibular Ligament
Interosseous membrane
Tibionavicular ligament
Posterior tibiotalar ligament
Anterior tibiotalar ligament
Tibiocalcaneal ligament
127
Deltoid Ligament Complex
Tibionavicular ligament
Posterior tibiotalar ligament
Anterior tibiotalar ligament
Tibiocalcaneal ligament
128
Talocrural Joint Muscles
Anterior
- Tibialis anterior
- EDL
- EHL
- Fibularis tertius
Lateral
- Fibularis longus
- Fibularis brevis
Posterior
- soleus
- gastrocnemius
- plantaris
- tibialis posterior
- FDL
- FHL
129
Medial Longitudinal Arch
Ligaments
- Spring ligament (plantar calcaneonavicular)
- Long plantar ligament
- Plantar aponeurosis
Muscles
- FHL
- FHB
- FDL
- FDB
- anterior/posterior tibialis
- fibularis longus
- abductor hallucis
130
Lateral Longitudinal Arch
Ligaments
- Long plantar ligament
- Plantar aponeurosis
- Short plantar ligament
Muscles
- fibularis longus & brevis
- FDL & FDB
- abductor/flexor DM
- Quadratus plantae
131
Proximal Transverse Arch
Supports tibialis posterior & fibularis longus
132
Distal Transverse Arch
Support transverse head of adductor hallucis
133
Subtalar Joint
Concave
Shock absorption
Inferior talus & superior calcaneus
Ligaments
- interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
- deltoid ligament
- cervical ligament
- calcaneofibular ligament
134
Transverse Tarsal Joint
Allows flat foot during gait
Oblique axis → dorsiflexion/abduction & plantar flexion/adduction
Longitudinal axis → eversion & inversion
135
Static Stance
Triangle pattern
Weight evenly distributed
136
Dynamic Stance
Weight bearing area changes w/gait
137
Pes planus
Foot in excessive pronation @ subtalar joint
Flat foot
138
Pes cavus
Subtalar joint fixed in supination
High arches
139
Hallux valus
Medial deviation of 1st MT causes lateral displacement of toes
140
Claw Toe
Proximal & distal IPs hyperflexed
MTP sublexed dorsally
141
Hammer Toes
Proximal IP flexed
MIP extended
