Final Exam Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
Dogmatism
A
unwaveringly clinging to ones beliefs
2
Q
Deductive reasoning
A
theory to observation
3
Q
inductive reasoning (more common)
A
observation to theory
4
Q
Hawthorn effect
A
acting different when you know you’re being watched
5
Q
Illusory correlations
A
complete coincidences
6
Q
Quasi-experimental design
A
an experiment where groups are non-random
7
Q
Dynamic systems theory
A
New behaviours emerge as a mix of nature (genetics) and nurture (environment)
8
Q
strange situation paradigm
A
child left in room:
secure
avoidant
anxious
9
Q
Who believed intelligence was fixed
A
Galton
10
Q
Robert Sternberg 3 types
A
analytical
creative
practical
11
Q
range of reaction theory
A
environment determines which degree our genes are expressed
12
Q
Over justification effect
A
decrease in intrinsic as a result of an external reward
13
Q
grehlin
A
released by stomach, goes to hypothalamus, tells body its hungry
14
Q
orexin
A
released by the hypothalamus, makes your hungry
15
Q
leptin
A
stops hunger
16
Q
nucleus accumbens for sex
A
motivation for sex
17
Q
mood
A
long-term, not always continuosly experienceed
18
Q
emotion
A
intense effective state, continuouisly experienced, short lived
19
Q
James Lange
A
stimulus -> physiological response -> emotional response
20
Q
Define personality
A
a set of stable characteristics that dictate how we interact with and interpret the world, and how we behave
21
Q
hippocrates model of personality
A
medical model - four tempermants based on four fluids “humours”
22
Q
sanguine
A
blood: cheery, happy, joyful
23
Q
phlegmatic
A
phlegm: calm, reliable
24
Q
melancholic
A
black bile: reserved, unhappy, thoughtful
25
choleric
yellow bile: passionate, excitable
26
what did Gall say
bump vs. dip in head determined brain growth
27
Freud's triarchic personality theory
Id
Ego
Superego
| Imbalances lead to neurosis (tendency to experience negative emotions
28
neurosis
the tendency to experience negative emotions
29
Defense mechanisms
the egos attempt to restore balance: we are unaware we are using them
30
denial
refusing to accept real events becasue they are unpleasant
31
displacement
displace your aggresive tendencies onto something else
32
projection
when you cast your feelings onto another person
33
reaction formation
showing the opposite reaction to what you actually feel
34
regression
regress to an earlier stage of life
35
repression
bury a bad memory deep down
36
sublimation
healthy way to express a negative emotion
37
rationalization
justifying your behaviour by substituting acceptable reasons
38
universal big 5
OCEAN
openess to new experiences
conscientiousness
extroversion
agreeableness
neuroticism
39
neurotisicm
emotional stability
40
Albert Bandura's ideas of personality
| reciprocal determinism
cognitions interact with environment to shape our personality
41
reciprocal determinism
cognition
environment
behaviours
(all interact) to reinforce personality
42
internal locus of control
outcomes are a result of our efforts
43
external locus of control
outcomes are out of our control
44
attributions
explanations for events or actions, including other peoples behaviours
45
situationism
behaviour is determined by the environment
46
dispositionism
behaviour is determined by internal factors
47
correspondence bias
when there is a situational explanation for someone's behaviour, we tend to favour dispositional explanations
48
actor-observer bias
for other people we make a correspondance bias (blaming it on them), for us wew make a correct situational explanation
49
self-serving bias (other teams failure)
disposition (they suck)
50
self-serving bias (our teams failure)
situational (refs against us)
51
self-serving bias (other teams success)
situational (they got lucky)
52
self-serving bias (our teams success
disposition (we rock)
53
collectivist cultures
less likely to focus on situational vs. dispositional
54
yale method to attitude change
messenger
message
audience
55
problem with yale method
doesn't tell us the strength of the attitude change
56
elaboration likelihood model
how much the audience engages with a message
57
central route
critically ewngage, logic and reasoning, long lasting
58
peripheral route
do not critically engage, care about who is telling the message, short lasting
59
foot in the door technique
using a bunch of small factors to build to a big ask
60
door in the face technique
outlandish ask, then compromise, then meet at your goal
61
cognitive dissonance
unformfortable mental state when you hold inconsisten attitudes/behaviours
62
fix to cognitive dissonance
bring the opposite back in line
63
Milgram's experiment
how people obey
64
Asch experiment
people conform based on what others are saying, even if they are wrong
65
normative social influence
we want to fit in:
changes behaviour NOT ATTITUDE
66
informational social influence
we are not sure what is expected, so we look to others:
CHANGED BEHAVIOUR and ATTITUDE
67
social facilitation
what we do well we will do better around others
68
social inhibition
what you're bad at, you'll do worse around others
69
social loafing
no accountability, rewards are equal, more group members
70
group think
group reaches a decision simply to keep harmony
71
Three main etiologies of mental disorders
supernatural explanations
biological perspectives
diathesis-stress model
72
supernatural explanations
demons in head
demonology - mutation, beating, drilling, removal
73
biological perspectives
genetics, neurotransmitter imbalance
74
diathesis-stress model
biological side + stress/illness/traumatic event = mental disorder
75
harmful dysfunction
when dysfunction has negative consequences
76
prognosis
predicted outcome
77
comorbidity
two or more diseases present at once
78
generalized anxiety disorder diagnosis
> 6 months
difficult to control worry
experience 3 or more side effects
79
causes of generalized anxiety disorder
genetic (15-20%)
trauma
avoidance
family history
80
panic disorder timeline
-- two or more within two weeks
-- one month or more of (fear of fear) and change in behaviour
81
panic disorder causes
issues with locus coeruleus (norepinephrine)
sodium lactate - induces panic attacks, heavy breathing
82
phobias diagnosis
persistent fear
anxiety response
> 6 months
recognizing its too much
interferes with daily life
83
phobias causes
classical conditioning
vicarious learning
prepared learning
84
vicarious learning
fears are learned, likely to develop fears of things that aren't actually fangerous
85
prepared learning
fearing things that look a certain way
86
depression diagnosis timeline
2 or more weeks
atleast 5 criteria lasting
87
excitatory neurotransmitters
dopamine
norepinephrine
glutamate
substance p
88
depression and serotonin
not enough serotonin
89
inhibitory neurotransmitters
serotonin
gaba
endorphins
90
bipolar 1 disorder
1 manic atleast
91
bipolar 2 disorder
hypomania, not full but a clear deviation from the norm
92
bipolar diagnosis timeline
atleast one hypomanic/manic
> 1 week
93
pleitropic effects
a single gene effects two or more characters
94
causes of bipolar
strong heritability (70%)
too much norepinephrine
pleiotropic effects
95
schizophrenia diagnosis
hallucinations, delusions, disordered speech, social widrawl
tangentiality
96
schizophrenia casues
limbic system - hallucinations
frontal lobe - negative symptoms
6x normal dopamine receptors
illness of brain
97
benzodiazepines
for anxiety
increases GABA
addictive
98
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
increase serotonin
99
monoamine oxidase inhibitor
depression
block breaking down neurotransmitters
100
tricylcics
stop reuptake of norepinephrine/serotonin
101
lithium for bipolar
help regulates hpow the signal travels
works 33% of the time
102
dopamine hypothesis - antipsychotics
blocks dopamine to reduce positive symptons
103
atypical antipsychotics
regulate pathways
104
psychoanalysis
- your issues are because of childhood trauma
- free assoc and dream analysis
-takes years
105
humanistic
- potential for growth
- no feedback
106
behavioural therapy
CHANGE HOW WE ACT
behaviours are learnt
behaviours are unlearnt by counter conditioning
107
cognitive therapy
CHANGES HOW YOU THINK
- how you think determines how you feel
108
three types of cognitive distortion
overgeneralizations
all-or nothing thinking
jumping to conclusions
109
best form of therapy
cognitive and behavioural (CBT)
110
heritability
describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.
111
who created self-efficacy
Albert Bandura
112
self-serving bias
are those attributions that enable us to see ourselves in favorable light.
113
attitude
is the evaluation of or feelings toward a person, idea, or object that are typically positive or negative.
114
person-situation controversy
strong situations dictate bejavioir
weak situations do not dictate behaviour
115
panic disorder heritability
43% genetic
116
what is the most heritable
schizophrenia/bipolar
117
what is the least heritable
phobias (12), GAD (15-20)
