Midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Behaviorism
A
Says behavior is acquired through conditioning
2
Q
Who created behaviorism
A
Watson
3
Q
Humanism - why did it start?
A
Psychology had been aiming at what was wrong with people, humanism focuses on the good
4
Q
What did Bruno Betteleheim do
A
autism
5
Q
Psychology is WEIRD
A
Western
Educated
Industrialized
Rich
Democratic
6
Q
Cecil Summer
A
First African American to receive a PhD in America
7
Q
Clinical Psychology
A
Diagnosing/treatment of disorders
8
Q
Define psychology
A
Scientific study of behaviour and their mental processes to living organisms
9
Q
Hemholtz
A
measured responses to stimulu
10
Q
Experimental branch people and their disciplines
A
Hemholtz - stimuli
Wundt - structuralism
James - functionalism
Gestalt
Behaviourists (both)
11
Q
Clinical branch people and their disciplines
A
Freud
Behaviourists (both)
12
Q
Structuralism
A
aims to determine the structure of consciousness
13
Q
Who created structuralism
A
Wundt
14
Q
Problems with structuralism and introspection
A
- required educated people
- Was subjective
- Was inconsistent
15
Q
Empiricism
A
knowledge through observation
16
Q
Dogmatism
A
unwaveringly clinging to one’s beliefs
17
Q
The scientific method
A
Finding information by using empirical evidence
18
Q
3 ways of knowing
A
- personal experience/ anectdote
- intuition
- scientific method
19
Q
Why do we use the scientific method?
A
To test thories and propose why certain things happen
20
Q
Theories
A
organize our understanding of phenomena
21
Q
Hypothesis
A
test the plausibility of our theories in the real world
22
Q
Deductive reasoning
A
theory to observation
23
Q
Inductive reasoning (more common)
A
observation to theory
24
Q
Is inductive or deductive reasoning more common
A
inductive (observation to theory)
25
Falsifiable
Good theories must be able to be proven wrong
26
Case studies research method
Gains insight into rare disorders
27
Pros of case studies
Provide incredible detail on phenomena
28
Cons of case studies
-very rare disorders
-results are not generalizable
29
Naturalistic observation research method
observing behaviours of subjects in the real world without them knowing
30
Pros of naturalistic observation
-High ecological validity
-Very generalizable
31
Cons of naturalistic observation
-Difficult to setup
-Researcher must be inconspiciuous
32
Hawthorn affect
acting different when you know you're being watched
33
Pros of surveys
-Lots of data
-very generalizable
34
Pros of correlation coefficients
-Quantify a relationship
-Standardized
35
Cons of correlation coefficients
-Doesn't show causality
-Third variables
36
Illusory correlations
Complete coincidences
37
Cross-sectional studies
Happen at a moment in time; coefficients are an example of this
38
Longitudinal studies
Studies over time
39
Pros of longitudinal studies
Gives a better idea of causation
40
Cons of longitudinal studies
-Time intensive
-Participants may leave
41
Control group
group that doesn't recieve intervention
42
Experimental group
group that receives intervention
43
Independent variable
Manipulated variable
44
Dependent variable
Responding variable
45
Single blind experiment
Participant doesn't know
46
Double-blind experiment
Researcher and participant don't know
47
Random sampling (before)
Everyone in a given population has an equal opportunity of being selected
48
Random assignment (after)
Everyone in a sample have equal opportunity of being assigned to a condition
49
Validity
Does our instrument return consistent results over time
50
Quasi-experimental design
An experiment where the groups are non random
51
Normative approach
Averages; what is typical
52
Nature vs. nurture
Nature: biology/genetics
Nurture: your environment
53
Dynamic systems theory
New behaviours emerge as a mix of nature and nurture
54
Discontinuous development
development in stages
55
Continuous development
Development gradually unfolds over time
56
Who created psychosexual development
Freud
57
Who created psychosocial development?
Erik Erikson
58
What did Erikson say about development
- He said we are always developing
- We can diagnose problems by seeing which stage something went wrong
59
Cognitive development was created by
Piaget
60
What did the stage model of development say
Each stage children face a task that they assimilate or accommodate which develops their cognitive schemas
61
Cognitive schemas
Where we learn about information: an ever-changing mold
62
Assimilation
Take a new instance of something and apply it to a schema
63
Accomodation
Change a schema based on new information: used when you're wrong
64
Piaget's four stages
1. Sensorimotor stage (0-2)
2. Preoperational stage (2-7)
3. Concrete operational stage (7-11)
4. Formal operational stage (12+)
65
What happens in the sensorimotor stage
AGE: (0-2)
- Explore world with senses
- Develop object permanence
66
Object permanance
realizing things are there
67
What happens in the preoperational stage
AGE: (2-7)
- Start symbolic thinking, don't understand logic yet
- Conservation is developed
- Egocentrism
68
Egocentric
What they know is all everyone else knows
69
What happens in the concrete operational stage
AGE: (7-11)
- Start thinking logically
-Develop a theory of mind
70
Theory of mind
Getting rid of egocentrism
71
What happens in the formal operational stage
AGE: (12+)
- Start thinking abstractly
72
What's wrong with Piaget's theory
Today we believe development is more continuous
73
Habituation paradigm
When a stimulus is constantly shown to infants they become less interested
74
What should really be the final stage of development
Post-formal thinking
75
Post-formal thinking
Includes a variety of stages and now includes emotion
76
Kohlberg's 3 levels of moral development
1. pre-conventional
2. Conventional
3. Post-conventional
77
Kohlberg's six stages of development
1. Obedience/punishment
2. Self-interest
3. Interpersonal
4. Authority
5. Social contract
6. Universal ethics
78
What happens in the: Obedience/punishment Kohlberg stage of development
Stealing is wrong, rules only
79
What happens in the: Self-interest Kohlberg stage of development
Recognizing other people have perspectives
80
What happens in the: Interpersonal Kohlberg stage of development
How will others view me
81
What happens in the: Authority Kohlberg stage of development
Wider rules and laws of society
82
What happens in the: Social contract Kohlberg stage of development
Self-chosen principles and more individual rights
83
What happens in the: Universal ethics Kohlberg stage of development
Human life above all
84
Teratogens
Substances that cause abnormalities or birth defects in a developing fetus
85
Moro reflex
Falling and releasing arms
86
Rooting reflex
Leaning into suck
87
Do humans imprint or attach
They attach
88
Strange situation paradigm was created by
Ainsworth
89
Strange situation paradigm
parent leaves child in a room and comes back, measure behaviour
90
secure attachment style
60% - distressed to recovery
91
anxious/ambivalent attachment style
15% - very distressed to angry at parent
92
avoidant attachment style
20% - not visibly distressed to ignoring parent
93
Fourth attachment style
disorganized
94
What did John Bowlby say
Attachment is evolutionary.
95
Four parenting styles
-Authoritarian
-Permissive
-Uninvolved
-Authoritative
96
Psychoanalysis
emphasizes the unconscious mind shapes behavior
97
Freudian slips
Unintentionally word change etc, due to unconscious
98
Free association
sharing everything on your mind; attempts to gain access to unconscious
99
