Final Exam Flashcards
(309 cards)
1
Q
Determine what it means for a plant to be considered “transgenic”.
A
A plant containing recombinant DNA. An organism that has been genetically modified.
Plants in which DNA from another species has been integrated into the host plant genome.
2
Q
Identify the two major plant transformation methods, including benefits and drawbacks of each.
A
Agrobacterium tumefaciens: a soil bacterium inserts a fragment of its own DNA into plant cells.
Induces those cells to produce the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin and divide.
Cells form a tumor-like growth called a crown gall tumor.
Benefits: removes most of the genes that induce tumor formation, maintaining genes that insert DNA into plant chromosomes. Insert DNA that encodes for desirable traits.
Drawbacks: not effective in monocots.
Gene gun: DNA is coated on gold particles and forced inside plant cells with gas pressure.
Benefits: Much faster
Drawbacks: more expensive and not as precise
3
Q
Be able to describe the two major transgenic technologies that have been adopted in US agriculture (as well as the plants in which they have been most widely adopted), and identify at least two other types of transgenic technologies that have been developed and/or are in use.
A
Insect Resistance: Genes from the Cry gene family of the bacteria bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which encode for insecticidal toxin. Insects ingest protein and starve. Cotton and corn.
Herbicide tolerance: Engineer crop plants with an enzyme that will make them resistant to herbicides so weeds die while engineered plants survive. Round up ready soy beans.
Others: Fungal resistance, Cold tolerance, Added nutritional value
4
Q
Describe what plants are used as biofuel sources, including which plant polysaccharides are used, and why.
A
Switchgrass: 5x more energy than required to be grown, harvested and processed into ethanol. Miscanthus: grows fast, low nutrient requirements, produces large yields, C4 plant. Corn (starch)-> glucose -> ethanol by fermentation Corn stover (cellulose) -> glucose -> ethanol by fermentation Others: Sweetpotato, Arundo donax
5
Q
Explain why sequencing plant genomes is important.
A
So that we can learn and compare genes/sequences and use this knowledge to our advantage in plant biotechnology.
6
Q
Explain, generally, how plant hormones were initially discovered.
A
Experiment by Charles Darwin showed that growth was dependent on light being perceived by tip of a growing seed shoot. Covered up the tips of seedling shoots and removed them, plants did not grow towards light.
Boysen-Jensen determined that a chemical at the tips was responsible.
Went put tips in agar (gelatin), then put the agar block on the cut end of the seedling.
7
Q
Explain how plants respond to a gravity vector, taking into account the effects of auxin on the response.
A
Negative gravitropic: Auxins low at top of stem coming from right of seed, high at bottom of stem, to make it curve right and upward.
Positive gravitropic: Auxins low at top of root coming from left of seed, high at bottom because they get too high and inhibit growth, root growing left and downward.
8
Q
Distinguish between short-day, long-day, intermediate and day-neutral plants with respect to critical day length and night length requirements, and when during the year each group is more likely to flower.
A
Long-day plants (short nights): Plants will not flower unless the day length is longer than critical period. Late spring/summer/early fall. Wheat, spinach, potatoes, oats.
Short-day plants (long nights): Plants that will not flower unless the day length is shorter than a critical period. Late fall/winter/very early spring. Duck weed, mums, poinsettias.
Intermediate: (transitional). No flowering if the daylength is too long or too short. Grasses.
Day-neutral: Flower irrespective of daylength. Resources influence flowering time. Tropicals, roses, tomatoes.
9
Q
Be able to define turgor pressure, and give examples of plant movements that result from localized shifts in turgor.
A
Turgor pressure is pressure within a cell resulting from the uptake of water.
Turgor movement examples are Venus Fly Trap, Mimosa leaflets, Morning glory flowers opening and closing.
10
Q
Be able to explain terms introduced in the ecology lecture (including the concept and definition of a biological community), as well as specific ways that humans contribute to loss of plant biodiversity.
A
Ecology: study of organismal interactions with one another and environment.
Population/Community/Landscape (Ecosystem)
Biological community: Multiple species living together that have the potential to physically and chemically interact.
Properties of communities: Diversity, Characteristic species, Stability, Exibit trophic structure (feeding relationships, energy transfer).
11
Q
Be able to identify richness, density, and relative abundance of species if given a sample of community data, as we discussed in class.
A
Richness: number of different species
Density: number of individuals of a species
Relative abundance: number of organisms/individuals per unit area compared with the rest of them.
Diversity: high richness with high density
12
Q
Explain what roles of plants and algae as producers in community and ecosystems.
A
a
13
Q
Define primary productivity and identify types of ecosystems that have high and low primary productivity.
A
a
14
Q
Distinguish between the criteria for plants to be considered threatened, endangered, and invasive.
A
Threatened: Likely to become endangered in a large portion of its natural growth rate.
Endangered: In danger of becoming extinct through all or a significant portion of its known growth range.
15
Q
Be able to distinguish between primary and secondary succession if give examples of each, and types of disturbances.
A
a
16
Q
What charge, if any, does DNA have?
A
negative
17
Q
Agarose is extracted from ___________.
A
seaweed
18
Q
The technique we used to separate our DNA is called?
A
Gel electrophoresis
19
Q
The ____________ stain adheres to the DNA fragments which will fluoresce under UV light.
A
Gel Red
20
Q
What is an enzyme capable of synthesizing new DNA strands that is isolated from the heat-loving bacterium Thermus aquaticus?
A
Taq Polymerase
21
Q
What do you call the DNA which we tested for transgenic sequences that we isolated from plants and food products in our lab?
A
Template DNA
22
Q
In DNA Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine are the “building blocks” that make the rungs of the double helix ladder. What is the name of the group that these four molecules belong in called?
A
nucleotides
23
Q
What is the difference between vein pattern in monocots and dicots?
A
Monocots: parallel/linear
Dicots: branched/netted reticulate
24
Q
Are palisade mesophyll present in monocots, dicots or both?
A
just Dicots
25
Stomata primarily located on which surfaces in monocots and dicots?
Monocots: both
Dicots: lower epidermis
26
What are the vascular bundle arrangements for monocots and dicots?
Monocots: scattered
Dicots: ring
27
Is there a pith present in monocots, dicots or both?
just Dicots
28
Is there a vascular cambium and cork cambium present in monocots, dicots or both?
just Dicots
29
What is the root system structure of monocots and dicots?
Monocots: fibrous
Dicots: taproot
30
Is there a pith present in the roots of monocots, dicots, or both?
just monocots (roots only)
31
What are the floral organs usually in multiples of monocots and dicots?
Monocots: 3's
Dicots: 4's and 5's
32
Be able to draw a simple plant cell illustrating and labeling the locations of the plasma membrane, primary cell wall and secondary cell wall.
Plasma membrane: inside line
Secondary cell wall: shaded inner part between the 2 lines
Primary cell wall: outside line
33
The primary cell wall is principally composed of what polysaccharide?
?
34
__________ is the component of the secondary cell wall that gives it its hardness/toughness.
Lignin
35
Basic units are amino acids, of which there are 20 different types. (Does this describe lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids or proteins)
Proteins
36
Most caloric content per gram, as experimentally determined in lab. (Does this describe lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids or proteins)
Lipids
37
Fructose and sucrose are examples. (Does this describe lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids or proteins)
Carbohydrates
38
Primary elemental composition is CHONP; DNA & RNA. (Does this describe lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids or proteins)
Nucleic acids
39
Stained by Sudan IV, significant quantities in walnuts. (Does this describe lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids or proteins)
Lipids
40
Rubisco, PEP Carboxylase, and ATP Synthase are enzyme examples. (Does this describe lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids or proteins)
Protein
41
Stored in amyloplasts. (Does this describe lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids or proteins)
Carbohydrates
42
True or False:
Fatty acid chains of membrane lipid molecules can be considered unsaturated as long as they have at least one double-bond between two adjacent carbon atoms, creating a bend in the chain's structure.
True
43
True or False:
| The plasma membrane of plant cells is composed of a combination of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates.
True
44
Pinophyta, Magnoliophyta, and Bryophyta are titles used to name three very different groups of plants at what level of taxonomic classification?
?
45
Monocot and dicot angiosperms are separated at what other level taxonomic classification?
?
46
True or False:
| Angiosperms are all grouped into one phylum.
True
47
Give an example of a monocot and dicot plant or plant family.
Monocot: rice
Dicot: Fabaceae
48
Briefly summarize some of the historical origins of botany.
?
49
List any 2 elements that are macronutrients.
?
50
List any 3 elements that are micronutrients.
Mo, Zn, Cu
51
Why are micronutrients called by that name?
smaller amounts are needed for nutrition
52
The vast majority of a plant's mass can be accounted for by 3 principal structural elements. What are these elements and from what 2 major sources are they derived?
3 elements: C, O, H
2 sources:
CO2 and H2O
53
The light reactions take place in and across the membranes of structures called _____________.
Thylakoids
54
These structures are grouped together as grana within ____________________.
Chloroplasts
55
The primary photosynthetic pigment in chloroplasts is ____________________.
?
56
A structurally related pigment, _____________, also absorbs light and transfers energy to the primary pigment.
?
57
Multiple pigment molecules cluster together to form _______________, each of which are composed of light harvesting complexes and a reaction center.
photosystems
58
_______________ ________________ are pigments that reflect excess light and protect the other photosynthetic pigments in plant cells.
?
59
___________________ are the principal type of these pigments and are typically orange in color.
Carotenoids
60
Photosynthesis is most active in what two color ranges of the visible light spectrum?
blue and red
61
In light reactions, photosystem II, _________ molecule split to reduce/stabilize this photosystem to produce _____________ as a byproduct.
H20
| O2
62
In light reactions, between photosystem II and I, _______________ energy molecule produced as a result of chemical energy generated from electron transport.
ATP
63
What is produced from light reactions in Photosystem I (the 2nd photosystem)?
NADPH
64
List 2 factors that could negatively impact the efficiency of the light reactions. Be specific about the cause and effect relationship of these factors.
?
65
The ___________ ___________ takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts.
Calvin Cycle
66
The Calvin Cycle starts with what gas?
CO2
67
In the Calvin Cycle, how many 3-carbon compounds are required in each step?
?
6
1 and 5
68
What energy molecule is required for the Calvin Cycle?
ATP
69
What is the last step of the Calvin Cycle before it starts over again?
(3) ? (RuBP)
70
What does the Reduction phase of the Calvin Cycle consist of?
?
71
The phase/step of the Calvin Cycle where ATP is used towards the end is what?
?
72
True or False:
| All plants have the Calvin Cycle.
False
73
The enzyme that facilitates the fixation of carbon and the synthesis of 3-carbon compounds in the Calvin cycle is ________________, which is also the most abundant protein on the planet.
Rubisco
74
Rubisco interacts with __________ to ultimately produce two 3-carbon compounds during _______________.
O2
| Photorespiration
75
True or False:
| Photorespiration is an energy efficient mechanism to put carbon into the Calvin cycle because it produces more ATP.
False
76
In carbon fixation, which strategy/strategies of CAM, C3, C4 apply to:
CO2 diffuses from the air into mesophyll cells and is directly fixed into the Calvin cycle by Rubisco.
C3
77
In carbon fixation, which strategy/strategies of CAM, C3, C4 apply to:
Guard cells open stomata at night only, when CO2 diffuses in and water loss is minimized.
CAM
78
In carbon fixation, which strategy/strategies of CAM, C3, C4 apply to:
CO2 is initially fixed into a 4-carbon compound.
CAM and C4
79
In carbon fixation, which strategy/strategies of CAM, C3, C4 apply to:
Potential for photorespiration is low to zero because CO2 is concentrated spatially in bundle sheath cells.
C4
80
In carbon fixation, which strategy/strategies of CAM, C3, C4 apply to:
Examples include orchids, pineapple and jade plants.
CAM
81
In carbon fixation, which strategy/strategies of CAM, C3, C4 apply to:
Most abundant in terms of percentage of plant species diversity.
C3
82
In carbon fixation, which strategy/strategies of CAM, C3, C4 apply to:
Most likely to undergo photorespiration during drought or heat stress.
C3
83
In carbon fixation, which strategy/strategies of CAM, C3, C4 apply to:
Plants with this fixation mechanism are adapted to thrive in tropical or desert conditions.
CAM
84
The metabolic products of aerobic respiration are CO2 and water, but these reactions also result in a controlled release of energy in what 2 forms?
heat and ATP
85
Yeasts use fermentation to generate ATP molecules when oxygen is limited or not available. During this process, plant sugars are often broken down and two byproducts are generated, what are they?
CO2 and Ethanol
86
Compared to aerobic respiration, the amount of ATP generated in fermentation is higher or lower?
lower
87
What are the six plants that compose 80% of the world's daily caloric consumption?
1. Sweetpotato
2. Cassava
3. Wheat
4. Corn
5. ?
6. ?
88
Approximately how many living plant species have been identified?
about 350,000
89
List 2 plants from which oilseed production is important.
canola
| olive
90
Which cell type(s) is/are the follow characteristic of (Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma)?
Have a primary and secondary cell wall.
Sclerenchyma
91
Which cell type(s) is/are the follow characteristic of (Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma)?
Mostly isodiametric in shape.
? Parenchyma?
92
Which cell type(s) is/are the follow characteristic of (Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma)?
Means "hard".
Sclerenchyma
93
Which cell type(s) is/are the follow characteristic of (Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma)?
Primary wall is unevenly thickened for structural reinforcement.
Collenchyma
94
Which cell type(s) is/are the follow characteristic of (Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma)?
Cells found in meristems / mother of all cell types.
Parenchyma
95
Which cell type(s) is/are the follow characteristic of (Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma)?
Fibers are these.
Sclerenchyma
96
Which cell type(s) is/are the follow characteristic of (Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma)?
Living at maturity.
Parenchyma, Collenchyma
97
Rank the following magnification instruments in order of their magnification strengths lowest to highest: Hand lens, Compound microscope, Stereomicroscope
1. Hand lens
2. Stereomicroscope
3. Compound microscope
98
Which microscope would you use to observe cellular structure at high resolution?
Compound microscope
99
Determine whether the following example or statement is descriptive of Alkaloid, Phenolic, or Terpene specialized metabolites:
Many fragrent essential oils, including those found in eucalyptus, thyme and mint.
Terpene
100
Determine whether the following example or statement is descriptive of Alkaloid, Phenolic, or Terpene specialized metabolites:
Include opiate sedatives and analgesics: morphine, codeine, etc.
Alkaloid
101
Determine whether the following example or statement is descriptive of Alkaloid, Phenolic, or Terpene specialized metabolites:
Lignin; aspirin precursor salicylic acid from willow tree bark.
Phenolic
102
Determine whether the following example or statement is descriptive of Alkaloid, Phenolic, or Terpene specialized metabolites:
Includes carotenoids and xanthophylls.
Terpene
103
Determine whether the following example or statement is descriptive of Alkaloid, Phenolic, or Terpene specialized metabolites:
Urushiol, the dermatitis compound produced by poison ivy, as well as THC produced by Cannabis.
Phenolic
104
Determine whether the following example or statement is descriptive of Alkaloid, Phenolic, or Terpene specialized metabolites:
Natural rubber that is derived from the latex of Havea brasiliensis.
Terpene
105
Determine whether the following example or statement is descriptive of Alkaloid, Phenolic, or Terpene specialized metabolites:
Members include the powerful stimulant and anesthetic cocaine as well as deadly compounds derived from hemlock that inhibit motor neuron activity.
Alkaloid
106
Determine whether the following example or statement is descriptive of Alkaloid, Phenolic, or Terpene specialized metabolites:
Colorful compounds including red and purple anthocyanins observed in flowers and fruits; attract potential pollinators and see dispersers.
Phenolic
107
Determine whether the following example or statement is descriptive of Alkaloid, Phenolic, or Terpene specialized metabolites:
Bitter compounds in the white "pith" of many citrus fruits; strong insect deterrents.
Terpene
108
The___________ theory states that two specific plant organelles may in fact be the result of an ancient symbiosis between a host cell and two different types of bacteria. What is one of those organelles?
endosymbiotic theory
| mitochondria
109
Which statements are used to support the endosymbiotic theory out of the following:
1. They connect living plant cells to each other
2. They have their own DNA genomes
3. They have highly specialized metabolic activities (ie. photosynthesis and respiration)
4. They have their own primary cell walls
2. They have their own DNA genomes
| 3. They have highly specialized metabolic activities (ie. photosynthesis and respiration)
110
Vocab:
| Minute strands of cytoplasm that extend between adjacent cells through pores in the walls.
Plasmodesmata
111
Vocab:
| A layer of material, rich in pectin, that cements two adjacent cell walls together.
Middle lamella
112
Vocab:
Round or elliptical thin area in a cell wall occurring in pairs opposite each other, with or without shallow, domelike borders.
Pits
113
Vocab:
A pocket of fluid that is separated from the cytoplasm of a cell by membrane. Also, food-storage or contractile pockets within the cytoplasm of unicellular organisms.
Vacuole
114
Vocab:
| Plastids containing pigments other than chlorophyll, usually yellow to orange.
Chromoplasts
115
Vocab:
| A pair of specialized cells surrounding a stoma.
Guard cells
116
Plants possess a number of different types of crystals, many of which are thought to thwart predators from continuous feeding. What chemical compound are these crystals composed?
?
117
What is the carbohydrate that is most commonly transported long distances in plants?
?
118
The carbohydrate that is most commonly transported long distances in plants is a mono-, di-, or poly- saccharide?
disaccharide
119
Vocab:
| A primary meristematic tissue that differentiates into primary xylem and phloem.
Procambium
120
Vocab:
Zone of Differentiation
121
Vocab:
Zone of Cell Division
122
Vocab:
| A meristem at the tip of a shoot or root.
Apical Meristem
123
Vocab:
| A thimble-shaped mass of cells at the tip of a growing root; functions primarily in protection.
Root Cap
124
Vocab:
| The primary meristem that gives rise to the epidermis.
Protoderm
125
Vocab:
Zone of Elongation
126
Vocab:
| Process of water uptake and seed swelling before germination.
Imbibition
127
Vocab:
| An immature sporophyte that develops from a zygote within an ovule or archegonium after fertilization.
Embryo
128
Vocab:
Embryonic axis
129
Vocab:
| Dies shortly after germination.
Seed coat
130
Vocab:
First true leaves
131
Vocab:
A food storage tissue that develops through divisions of the primary endosperm nucleus; it is digested by the sporophyte after germination in some species or before maturation of the see in other species.
Endosperm
132
Vocab:
| Outer bark composed primarily of cork cells.
Periderm
133
Vocab:
Lateral roots
134
Vocab:
| Region of the developing embryo below the cotyledonary node.
Hypocotyl
135
Vocab:
| The part of an embryo in a seed that develops into a root.
Radicle
136
Vocab:
| The terminal bud of the embryo of a seed plant.
Plumule
137
Vocab:
| Location of starch, protein, and lipid storage in beans and okra.
Cotyledons
138
Vocab:
| Region of the developing embryo above the cotyledonary node.
Epicotyl
139
Vocab:
| Abrasion, nicking or exposure of seed coat to acid; may stimulate germination.
Scarification
140
Vocab:
| A delicate protuberance that is part of an epidermal cell of a root, occurring in the zone behind the growing tip.
Root hairs
141
Vocab:
| The exterior tissue, usually one cell thick, of leaves, young stems and roots, and other parts of plants.
Epidermis
142
Vocab:
A primary tissue composed mostly of parenchyma; the tissue usually extends between the epidermis and the vascular tissue.
Cortex
143
Vocab:
Tissue sandwiched between the endodermis and phloem of a root; often only one or two cells wide in transverse section; the site of origin of lateral roots.
Pericycle
144
Vocab:
| Central tissue of a dicot stem and certain roots.
Pith
145
Vocab:
The tissue through which most of the water and dissolved minerals utilized by a plant are conducted; it consists of several types of cells.
Xylem
146
Vocab:
| The food-conducting tissue of a vascular plant.
Phloem
147
Vocab:
| A single layer of cells surrounding the vascular tissue in roots and some stems.
Endodermis
148
Vocab:
| The type of movement of water and minerals that occurs in the space between cells and along cell walls.
Apoplastic
149
Vocab:
Symplastic
150
True or False:
The pathway that water and minerals can travel through the epidermis and cortex of a root can be a combination of apoplastic and symplastic.
True
151
The root cell layer at which water and mineral movement must become symplastic because of the Casparian strip is the _________________.
?
152
Mycorrhizae assist plants in the uptake of what essential element?
?
153
The type of mycorrhizae that grow inside of plant cells are what?
Endomycorrhizae
154
Vocab:
Symycorrhizae
155
Vocab:
Ectomycorrhizae
156
_____________ are a group of bacteria that also form symbiotic associations with some plants and assist in the fixation of what element from the atmosphere?
Rhizobia
| Nitrogen
157
Vocab:
| A small swelling associated with nitrogen-fixing bacteria that invade the roots of leguminous plants and alders.
Root nodules
158
What are the 3 primary growth tissue systems?
1. Dermal
2. Vascular
3. Ground
159
What is the name of the primary meristem corresponding to each of the three tissue systems?
1. Dermal: Protoderm
2. Vascular: Procambium
3. Ground: ?
160
List two simple or complex tissue types or specialized cell types that are derived from each of the three primary meristems.
1. Dermal: epidermis and ?
2. Vascular: ?
3. Ground: ?
161
True or False:
| Intercalary meristems occur between mature tissues and contribute to primary growth of leaves in some grass species.
False
162
Lateral meristems contribute to growth in which directions?
horizontally
163
The formation and growth of lateral roots is considered ___________ growth.
Primary
164
Vocab:
Secondary growth
165
Vocab:
Intercalary growth
166
Vocab:
Primary growth
167
Vocab:
| A strand of tissue composed mostly of xylem and phloem and usually enveloped by a bundle sheath.
Vascular bundle
168
Vocab:
A minute pore or opening in the epidermis of leaves, herbaceous stems and the sporophytes of hornworts. It is surrounded by 2 guard cells that regulate its opening and closing for gas exchange.
Stoma
169
Vocab:
Part of a leaf having one or more relatively uniform rows of tightly packed, elongate, columnar parenchyma cells beneath the upper epidermis.
Pallisade Mesophyll
170
Vocab:
| A waxy or fatty layer of varying thickness on the outer walls of epidermal cells.
Cuticle
171
Vocab:
An underground food storage organ that is a modified bud consisting of fleshy leaves that surround and are attached to a small stem.
Bulb
172
Vocab:
Insectivorous
173
Vocab:
| Relatively strong, sharp-pointed, woody structures usually located on a stem; usually a modified leaf or a stipule.
Spines
174
Vocab:
Taproot
175
Vocab:
| A pointed specialized stem.
Thorns
176
Vocab:
Hydromorph
177
Vocab:
| A vertically oriented, thickened food-storage stem that is usually enveloped by a few papery, nonfunctional leaves.
Corm
178
Vocab:
An underground stem, usually horizontally oriented, that may be superficially rootlike in appearance but has definite nodes and internodes.
Rhizome
179
Vocab:
| A stem that grows horizontally along the surface of the ground; typically has long internodes.
Runner
180
Vocab:
| Structures that are usually leaflike and modified in size, shape or color.
Bracts
181
Vocab:
| A swollen, fleshy underground stem (ex. white potato).
Tuber
182
Vocab:
A slender structure that coils on contact with a support of suitable diameter; it usually is a modified leaf or leaflet and aids the plant in climbing.
Tendril
183
Which cell types are dead at maturity?
Fibers
Vessel elements
Tracheids
184
Which cell types are living at maturity but have no nucleus?
Parenchyma
| Sieve tube elements
185
Which cell types are a component of the phloem?
Parenchyma
Sieve tube elements
Companion cells
Fibers
186
Which cell types are a component of the xylem?
Parenchyma
Fibers
Vessel elements
Tracheids
187
Which cell types are cells found in apical meristems?
Parenchyma
188
Vocab:
| The pollen-bearing part of a stamen.
Anther
189
Vocab:
| A unit of a corolla.
Petal
190
Vocab:
| A unit of the calyx that frequently resembles a reduced leaf; often function in protecting the unopened flower bud.
Sepal
191
Vocab:
| The pollen receptive area of a pistil.
Stigma
192
Vocab:
| The structure that connects the Stigma to the Ovary.
Style
193
Vocab:
| The enlarged basal portion of a pistil that contains an ovule or ovules and usually develops into a fruit.
Ovary
194
Vocab:
| The commonly expanded tip of a peduncle or pedicel to which the various parts of a flower are attached.
Receptacle
195
Vocab:
A female reproductive structure of a flower, composed of one or more carpels and consisting of an ovary, style and stigma.
Pistil
196
Pollination is defined as the transfer of pollen from ____________ to ______________.
Anther
| Stigma
197
Flower ovaries contain ___________. After fertilization, they will develop into ___________ and the mature ovary will thicken and develop into a _______________.
Ovules
Seeds
Fruit
198
By definition, dioecious plants must be ____________ and _____________.
Incomplete
| Imperfect
199
True or False:
| Complete flowers are always perfect.
True
200
A(n) _________________ is a group of flowers that are clustered closely together in a specific pattern.
Inflorescence
201
What kind of fruits are berries such as eggplants and tomatoes?
Simple fleshy
202
Pineapples and figs are examples of this type of fruit; produced from several flowers close together.
Multiple
203
Multiple pistils in one flower will produce this fruit type.
Aggregate
204
What fruit type is split at maturity; soybeans, peas.
Simple Dry-dehiscent
205
What fruit type is produced from enlargement of receptacle and other non-reproductive floral structures, in addition to ovary enlargement.
?
206
What is the term used to describe the two non-reproductive whorls of flowers.
Perianth
207
Vocab:
Blue-green bacteria
208
Vocab:
| Members of the Phylum Chlorophyta characterized, among other things, as having both chlorophylls a and b.
Green algae
209
Vocab:
| Microscopic unicellular alga of the phylum Chrysophya.
Diatoms
210
Vocab:
Brown algae
211
Vocab:
Red algae
212
Vocab:
Dinoflagellates
213
________________ are an association between a fungus and cyanobacteria.
Lichens
214
```
Which of the following terms would describe ALL fungi?
Heterotrophic
Parasitic
Phagotrophic
Lysotrophic
Autotrophic
```
Heterotrophic
| Lysotrophic
215
True or False:
| The basic structure of a unit of a true fungus is called mycelium, which aggregate to form hypha.
False, it should be hypha, which aggregate to form mycelium.
216
Which fungal group has cup/sac fungi?
Ascomycota
217
Which fungal group has the most store-bought mushrooms, pizza mushrooms; deadly Amanita; most prevalent in cultural iconography?
Basidiomycota
218
Which fungal group includes morels, truffles and yeasts?
Ascomycota
219
Which fungal group has mycelia that may form a stipe and cap with gills?
Basidiomycota
220
Which fungal group has examples including potentially toxic Aspergillus and beneficial Penicillium (used to make blue-veined cheeses and anitbiotics).
Deuteromycota
221
Which fungal group has the sugar fungi, bread molds?
Zygomycota
222
Which fungal group has fungi that cause athlete's foot and nail infections; LSD-producing ergot fungus?
Ascomycota
223
Which fungal group form mycorrhizal associations with plants (there are two possible answers - only one is needed)?
Basidiomycota or Zygomycota
224
Which fungal group is the component of most lichen associations?
Ascomycota
225
Vocab:
Foliose lichen
226
Vocab:
| Phylum that contains ascomycetes, sac fungi.
Ascomycota
227
Vocab:
Deuteromycota
228
Vocab:
| Has the appearance of a hybrid between a tree fern and a palm.
Cycad
229
Vocab:
Equiestophyta
230
Vocab:
Colonial green algae
231
Vocab:
Myxomycota (slime molds)
232
Vocab:
Fruticose lichen
233
Vocab:
Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)
234
Vocab:
Basidiomycota
235
Vocab:
Crustose lichen
236
Vocab:
Bryophyta (mosses and allies)
237
Vocab:
Lycophyta (club mosses, ground pines, and quillworts)
238
Vocab:
Filamentous green algae
239
Vocab:
PInophyta (formerly Coniferophyta)
240
Vocab:
| The male gametangium of certain algae, fungi, bryophytes and vascular plants other than gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Antheridium
241
Vocab:
| The multicellular female gametangium of bryophytes and most vascular plants other than angiosperms.
Archegonium
242
Vocab:
Small outgrowths of tissue that become detached from the parent body and are capable of developing into a complete new plant or other organism. Produced in cuplike structures on liverwort thalli and are also produced by certain fungi.
Gemmae
243
Vocab:
Haploid or Diploid
The process of two successive nuclear divisions through which segregation of genes occurs and a single diploid (2x) cell becomes 4 haploid (1x) cells.
Meiois (in mosses and ferns)
| ????
244
Vocab:
Haploid or Diploid
Nuclear division, the chromatids of the chromosomes separate and two genetically identical daughter nuclei are produced.
Mitosis (in mosses and ferns)
245
Vocab:
| The gametophyte of ferns and their relatives.
Prothallus
246
Vocab:
A green, usually branched, threadlike or sometimes platelike growth from a bryophyte spore; it gives rise to "leafy" gametophytes.
Protonema
247
Vocab:
Delicate roots or root-like structures of algae, fungi, the gametopytes of bryophytes, and certain structures of a few vascular plants; functions in anchorage and absorption but ahs no xylem or phloem.
Rhizoids
248
Vocab:
| A cluster of sporangia; the term is most frequently applied to clusters of fern sporangia.
Sorus
249
Vocab:
| A structure in which spores are produced; it may be either unicellular or multicellular.
Sporangium
250
Vocab:
| Reproductive cells capable of developing directly into a gametophyte or other body without uniting another cell.
Spores
251
Vocab:
| A diploid cell that becomes four haploid spores or nuclei as a result of undergoing meiosis.
Sporophyte
252
Vocab:
| The product of the union of two gametes.
Zygote
253
What is the dominant generation of ferns?
sporophyte
254
A place where collected plant specimens are preserved and stored is called a(n) _____________.
herbarium
255
What are the 3 things required to enter a new plant into the botanical record.
1. Collect and preserve a voucher specimen.
2. Give the plant a name that conforms to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants.
3. Publish his finding, providing an accurate description of the plant.
256
Male pine cones release what sperm cell-producing structures?
pollen
257
The interval of time from pollination to the release of seed from a female cone of a pine is how long?
2-3 years
258
Which of these four corresponds to the following statement: Angiosperms, Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms?
Gametophyte is the dominant generation.
Mosses
259
Which of these four corresponds to the following statement: Angiosperms, Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms?
Meiosis results in the production of spores.
Angiosperms
Mosses
Ferns
Gymnosperms
260
Which of these four corresponds to the following statement: Angiosperms, Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms?
Produce separate male and female gametophytes.
Angiosperms
Mosses
Gymnosperms
261
Which of these four corresponds to the following statement: Angiosperms, Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms?
Vascular tissue is present.
Angiosperms
Ferns
Gymnosperms
262
Which of these four corresponds to the following statement: Angiosperms, Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms?
Reproduce by seeds.
Angiosperms
| Gymnosperms
263
Which of these four corresponds to the following statement: Angiosperms, Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms?
Leaves and stems may have resin canals and ducts.
Gymnosperms
264
Which of these four corresponds to the following statement: Angiosperms, Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms?
Have swimming sperm cells, requiring water.
Mosses
| Ferns
265
Which of these four corresponds to the following statement: Angiosperms, Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms?
Sporophyte remains completely dependent on gametophyte for support and nutrition.
Mosses
266
What tissues does the cork cambium produce?
cork cells
267
What tissues does the vascular cambium produce?
secondary xylem and secondary phloem
268
What type of wood no longer conducts water and minerals?
heartwood
269
Trees that do not have vessels and fibers in their xylem are often referred to as what?
softwoods
270
Vocab:
Cork cambium
271
Vocab:
Secondary xylem
272
Vocab:
Vascular cambium
273
Vocab:
Vessel elements
274
Vocab:
Mesophyll
275
Vocab:
Early bark
276
Vocab:
Lenticel
277
Vocab:
Inner bark
278
Vocab:
Broad phloem ray
279
Vocab:
Late growth
280
Vocab:
Outer bark/Periderm
281
Vocab:
Primary xylem
282
Vocab:
Microsporocyte
283
Vocab:
Megagametophyte
284
Vocab:
Microspores
285
Vocab:
Egg cell
286
Vocab:
Vegetative nucleus
287
Vocab:
Mature male gametophyte
288
Vocab:
Anther
289
Vocab:
Megasporocyte
290
Vocab:
Megaspores
291
Plant seeds are often harvested to b stored in ________________ _____________.
germplasm collection
292
Define botany/plant biology and describe its origins.
?
293
Define an angiosperm plant and explain how it differs from other plants.
?
294
Describe the chemical composition of plant macromolecules and give examples of important plant macromolecules.
?
295
Explain how plant cells respire and how fermentation reactions occur.
?
296
Give examples of plant tropisms and movements in response to external stimuli.
?
297
Explain alteration of generations.
?
298
Describe important symbiotic relationships between plants and non-plant organisms.
?
299
Explain what plant ecology is and how it helps us understand the interrelationships between plants and their environment.
?
300
Describe ongoing efforts to study and conserve rare flora.
?
301
Be able to distinguish characteristics of the Auxin, one of the 5 major plant hormone groups and classify them based on activity, function, and uses.
Auxin: Indol-3-Acedic Acid and 3 others.
Apical meristems, young leaves and buds
Stimulate cell growth, induce root primary growth, promotes production of roots in plant cuttings, prevents premature leaf drop, helps sincronize multiple fruit development, inhibits axillary bud cell division and branching before season, can stimulate the production of other hormones, too much can inhibit growth and lead to plant death.
Uses: Agent Orange, 2,4-D (stimulates root production in tissue cultures), 2,4,5-T (cancer, birth defects, organ failure).
302
Be able to distinguish characteristics of Gibberellins, one of the 5 major plant hormone groups and classify them based on activity, function, and uses.
Gibberellins: Discovered by "Foolish Seedling Disease" of rice caused by a fungus.
About 110 forms.
Produced in seed embryos, young shoots, root tips
Promote primary growth of shoots by stimulating cell division and elongation, most effective in combination with Auxins, stimulate see germination, stimulate flowering, delay ripening of fruits, application during fruit development (larger fruits spaced further apart.
303
Be able to distinguish characteristics of Cytokinins, one of the 5 major plant hormone groups and classify them based on activity, function, and uses.
Cytokinins: Produced in root tips and germinating seeds.
Stimulate cell division by accelerating the cell cycle especially in axillary buds, delay aging and death of vegetative tissue and delay the death of cut flowers, stimulate shoot tissue production in tissue culture.
304
Be able to distinguish characteristics of Abscisic Acid, one of the 5 major plant hormone groups and classify them based on activity, function, and uses.
Abscisic Acid: One form (Also "ABA")
Produced/found in mature leaves and roots and in seeds before germination/during dormancy.
Induce and maintains dormancy of seeds, influences rate of transport of sugars and water to developing fruits and seeds, in high levels under drought stress, will induce guard cells to close.
305
Be able to distinguish characteristics of Ethylene, one of the 5 major plant hormone groups and classify them based on activity, function, and uses.
Ethylene: One form (C2H4)
"One bad apple spoils the whole barrel"
Produced in tissues undergoing ripening or aging to death, most tissues respond to stress.
Bruising, injury, disturbance causes production, heavily involved in the ripening/maturity of some fruits, stimulates leaf and fruit drop (abscission).
306
Explain presence/balance of hormones in Apical Dominance.
Auxin up and Cytokinin down.
Auxin prevents axillary bud growth.
When the largest auxin source is removed, buds begin growing.
Plant pruning removes apical dominance.
307
Explain presence/balance of hormones in Leaf Abscission.
Auxin down and Ethylene up.
| At the base of petiole.
308
Explain presence/balance of hormones in Senescence.
Aging/Death
Overall C2H4 (Ethylene) promotes it in mature tissue.
Opposite effect with Auxins, Gibberellins and Cytokinins.
309
Explain presence/balance of hormones in Germination.
Absisic levels down, Auxin, GA, Cytokinins up.
