Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Plant Bio > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Determine what it means for a plant to be considered “transgenic”.

A

A plant containing recombinant DNA. An organism that has been genetically modified.
Plants in which DNA from another species has been integrated into the host plant genome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Identify the two major plant transformation methods, including benefits and drawbacks of each.

A

Agrobacterium tumefaciens: a soil bacterium inserts a fragment of its own DNA into plant cells.
Induces those cells to produce the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin and divide.
Cells form a tumor-like growth called a crown gall tumor.
Benefits: removes most of the genes that induce tumor formation, maintaining genes that insert DNA into plant chromosomes. Insert DNA that encodes for desirable traits.
Drawbacks: not effective in monocots.
Gene gun: DNA is coated on gold particles and forced inside plant cells with gas pressure.
Benefits: Much faster
Drawbacks: more expensive and not as precise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Be able to describe the two major transgenic technologies that have been adopted in US agriculture (as well as the plants in which they have been most widely adopted), and identify at least two other types of transgenic technologies that have been developed and/or are in use.

A

Insect Resistance: Genes from the Cry gene family of the bacteria bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which encode for insecticidal toxin. Insects ingest protein and starve. Cotton and corn.
Herbicide tolerance: Engineer crop plants with an enzyme that will make them resistant to herbicides so weeds die while engineered plants survive. Round up ready soy beans.
Others: Fungal resistance, Cold tolerance, Added nutritional value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe what plants are used as biofuel sources, including which plant polysaccharides are used, and why.

A 
Switchgrass: 5x more energy than required to be grown, harvested and processed into ethanol.
Miscanthus: grows fast, low nutrient requirements, produces large yields, C4 plant.
Corn (starch)-> glucose -> ethanol by fermentation
Corn stover (cellulose) -> glucose -> ethanol by fermentation
Others: Sweetpotato, Arundo donax
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain why sequencing plant genomes is important.

A

So that we can learn and compare genes/sequences and use this knowledge to our advantage in plant biotechnology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain, generally, how plant hormones were initially discovered.

A

Experiment by Charles Darwin showed that growth was dependent on light being perceived by tip of a growing seed shoot. Covered up the tips of seedling shoots and removed them, plants did not grow towards light.
Boysen-Jensen determined that a chemical at the tips was responsible.
Went put tips in agar (gelatin), then put the agar block on the cut end of the seedling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain how plants respond to a gravity vector, taking into account the effects of auxin on the response.

A

Negative gravitropic: Auxins low at top of stem coming from right of seed, high at bottom of stem, to make it curve right and upward.
Positive gravitropic: Auxins low at top of root coming from left of seed, high at bottom because they get too high and inhibit growth, root growing left and downward.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Distinguish between short-day, long-day, intermediate and day-neutral plants with respect to critical day length and night length requirements, and when during the year each group is more likely to flower.

A

Long-day plants (short nights): Plants will not flower unless the day length is longer than critical period. Late spring/summer/early fall. Wheat, spinach, potatoes, oats.
Short-day plants (long nights): Plants that will not flower unless the day length is shorter than a critical period. Late fall/winter/very early spring. Duck weed, mums, poinsettias.
Intermediate: (transitional). No flowering if the daylength is too long or too short. Grasses.
Day-neutral: Flower irrespective of daylength. Resources influence flowering time. Tropicals, roses, tomatoes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Be able to define turgor pressure, and give examples of plant movements that result from localized shifts in turgor.

A

Turgor pressure is pressure within a cell resulting from the uptake of water.
Turgor movement examples are Venus Fly Trap, Mimosa leaflets, Morning glory flowers opening and closing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Be able to explain terms introduced in the ecology lecture (including the concept and definition of a biological community), as well as specific ways that humans contribute to loss of plant biodiversity.

A

Ecology: study of organismal interactions with one another and environment.
Population/Community/Landscape (Ecosystem)
Biological community: Multiple species living together that have the potential to physically and chemically interact.
Properties of communities: Diversity, Characteristic species, Stability, Exibit trophic structure (feeding relationships, energy transfer).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Be able to identify richness, density, and relative abundance of species if given a sample of community data, as we discussed in class.

A

Richness: number of different species
Density: number of individuals of a species
Relative abundance: number of organisms/individuals per unit area compared with the rest of them.
Diversity: high richness with high density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain what roles of plants and algae as producers in community and ecosystems.

A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define primary productivity and identify types of ecosystems that have high and low primary productivity.

A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Distinguish between the criteria for plants to be considered threatened, endangered, and invasive.

A

Threatened: Likely to become endangered in a large portion of its natural growth rate.
Endangered: In danger of becoming extinct through all or a significant portion of its known growth range.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Be able to distinguish between primary and secondary succession if give examples of each, and types of disturbances.

A

a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What charge, if any, does DNA have?

A

negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Agarose is extracted from ___________.

A

seaweed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

The technique we used to separate our DNA is called?

A

Gel electrophoresis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The ____________ stain adheres to the DNA fragments which will fluoresce under UV light.

A

Gel Red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an enzyme capable of synthesizing new DNA strands that is isolated from the heat-loving bacterium Thermus aquaticus?

A

Taq Polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do you call the DNA which we tested for transgenic sequences that we isolated from plants and food products in our lab?

A

Template DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In DNA Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, and Thymine are the “building blocks” that make the rungs of the double helix ladder. What is the name of the group that these four molecules belong in called?

A

nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the difference between vein pattern in monocots and dicots?

A

Monocots: parallel/linear
Dicots: branched/netted reticulate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are palisade mesophyll present in monocots, dicots or both?

A

just Dicots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Stomata primarily located on which surfaces in monocots and dicots?

A

Monocots: both
Dicots: lower epidermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the vascular bundle arrangements for monocots and dicots?

A

Monocots: scattered
Dicots: ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Is there a pith present in monocots, dicots or both?

A

just Dicots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Is there a vascular cambium and cork cambium present in monocots, dicots or both?

A

just Dicots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the root system structure of monocots and dicots?

A

Monocots: fibrous
Dicots: taproot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Is there a pith present in the roots of monocots, dicots, or both?

A

just monocots (roots only)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the floral organs usually in multiples of monocots and dicots?

A

Monocots: 3’s
Dicots: 4’s and 5’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Be able to draw a simple plant cell illustrating and labeling the locations of the plasma membrane, primary cell wall and secondary cell wall.

A

Plasma membrane: inside line
Secondary cell wall: shaded inner part between the 2 lines
Primary cell wall: outside line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The primary cell wall is principally composed of what polysaccharide?

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

__________ is the component of the secondary cell wall that gives it its hardness/toughness.

A

Lignin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Basic units are amino acids, of which there are 20 different types. (Does this describe lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids or proteins)

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Most caloric content per gram, as experimentally determined in lab. (Does this describe lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids or proteins)

A

Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Fructose and sucrose are examples. (Does this describe lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids or proteins)

A

Carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Primary elemental composition is CHONP; DNA & RNA. (Does this describe lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids or proteins)

A

Nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Stained by Sudan IV, significant quantities in walnuts. (Does this describe lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids or proteins)

A

Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Rubisco, PEP Carboxylase, and ATP Synthase are enzyme examples. (Does this describe lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids or proteins)

A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Stored in amyloplasts. (Does this describe lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids or proteins)

A

Carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

True or False:
Fatty acid chains of membrane lipid molecules can be considered unsaturated as long as they have at least one double-bond between two adjacent carbon atoms, creating a bend in the chain’s structure.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

True or False:

The plasma membrane of plant cells is composed of a combination of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Pinophyta, Magnoliophyta, and Bryophyta are titles used to name three very different groups of plants at what level of taxonomic classification?

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Monocot and dicot angiosperms are separated at what other level taxonomic classification?

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

True or False:

Angiosperms are all grouped into one phylum.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Give an example of a monocot and dicot plant or plant family.

A

Monocot: rice
Dicot: Fabaceae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Briefly summarize some of the historical origins of botany.

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

List any 2 elements that are macronutrients.

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

List any 3 elements that are micronutrients.

A

Mo, Zn, Cu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Why are micronutrients called by that name?

A

smaller amounts are needed for nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

The vast majority of a plant’s mass can be accounted for by 3 principal structural elements. What are these elements and from what 2 major sources are they derived?

A

3 elements: C, O, H
2 sources:
CO2 and H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

The light reactions take place in and across the membranes of structures called _____________.

A

Thylakoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

These structures are grouped together as grana within ____________________.

A

Chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

The primary photosynthetic pigment in chloroplasts is ____________________.

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

A structurally related pigment, _____________, also absorbs light and transfers energy to the primary pigment.

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Multiple pigment molecules cluster together to form _______________, each of which are composed of light harvesting complexes and a reaction center.

A

photosystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

_______________ ________________ are pigments that reflect excess light and protect the other photosynthetic pigments in plant cells.

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

___________________ are the principal type of these pigments and are typically orange in color.

A

Carotenoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Photosynthesis is most active in what two color ranges of the visible light spectrum?

A

blue and red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

In light reactions, photosystem II, _________ molecule split to reduce/stabilize this photosystem to produce _____________ as a byproduct.

A

H20

O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

In light reactions, between photosystem II and I, _______________ energy molecule produced as a result of chemical energy generated from electron transport.

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is produced from light reactions in Photosystem I (the 2nd photosystem)?

A

NADPH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

List 2 factors that could negatively impact the efficiency of the light reactions. Be specific about the cause and effect relationship of these factors.

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

The ___________ ___________ takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts.

A

Calvin Cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

The Calvin Cycle starts with what gas?

A

CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

In the Calvin Cycle, how many 3-carbon compounds are required in each step?

A

?
6
1 and 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What energy molecule is required for the Calvin Cycle?

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What is the last step of the Calvin Cycle before it starts over again?

A

(3) ? (RuBP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What does the Reduction phase of the Calvin Cycle consist of?

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

The phase/step of the Calvin Cycle where ATP is used towards the end is what?

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

True or False:

All plants have the Calvin Cycle.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

The enzyme that facilitates the fixation of carbon and the synthesis of 3-carbon compounds in the Calvin cycle is ________________, which is also the most abundant protein on the planet.

A

Rubisco

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Rubisco interacts with __________ to ultimately produce two 3-carbon compounds during _______________.

A

O2

Photorespiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

True or False:

Photorespiration is an energy efficient mechanism to put carbon into the Calvin cycle because it produces more ATP.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

In carbon fixation, which strategy/strategies of CAM, C3, C4 apply to:
CO2 diffuses from the air into mesophyll cells and is directly fixed into the Calvin cycle by Rubisco.

A

C3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

In carbon fixation, which strategy/strategies of CAM, C3, C4 apply to:
Guard cells open stomata at night only, when CO2 diffuses in and water loss is minimized.

A

CAM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

In carbon fixation, which strategy/strategies of CAM, C3, C4 apply to:
CO2 is initially fixed into a 4-carbon compound.

A

CAM and C4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

In carbon fixation, which strategy/strategies of CAM, C3, C4 apply to:
Potential for photorespiration is low to zero because CO2 is concentrated spatially in bundle sheath cells.

A

C4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

In carbon fixation, which strategy/strategies of CAM, C3, C4 apply to:
Examples include orchids, pineapple and jade plants.

A

CAM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

In carbon fixation, which strategy/strategies of CAM, C3, C4 apply to:
Most abundant in terms of percentage of plant species diversity.

A

C3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

In carbon fixation, which strategy/strategies of CAM, C3, C4 apply to:
Most likely to undergo photorespiration during drought or heat stress.

A

C3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

In carbon fixation, which strategy/strategies of CAM, C3, C4 apply to:
Plants with this fixation mechanism are adapted to thrive in tropical or desert conditions.

A

CAM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

The metabolic products of aerobic respiration are CO2 and water, but these reactions also result in a controlled release of energy in what 2 forms?

A

heat and ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Yeasts use fermentation to generate ATP molecules when oxygen is limited or not available. During this process, plant sugars are often broken down and two byproducts are generated, what are they?

A

CO2 and Ethanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Compared to aerobic respiration, the amount of ATP generated in fermentation is higher or lower?

A

lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What are the six plants that compose 80% of the world’s daily caloric consumption?

A
  1. Sweetpotato
  2. Cassava
  3. Wheat
  4. Corn
  5. ?
  6. ?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Approximately how many living plant species have been identified?

A

about 350,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

List 2 plants from which oilseed production is important.

A

canola

olive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

Which cell type(s) is/are the follow characteristic of (Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma)?
Have a primary and secondary cell wall.

A

Sclerenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Which cell type(s) is/are the follow characteristic of (Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma)?
Mostly isodiametric in shape.

A

? Parenchyma?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Which cell type(s) is/are the follow characteristic of (Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma)?
Means “hard”.

A

Sclerenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

Which cell type(s) is/are the follow characteristic of (Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma)?
Primary wall is unevenly thickened for structural reinforcement.

A

Collenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Which cell type(s) is/are the follow characteristic of (Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma)?
Cells found in meristems / mother of all cell types.

A

Parenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Which cell type(s) is/are the follow characteristic of (Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma)?
Fibers are these.

A

Sclerenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Which cell type(s) is/are the follow characteristic of (Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma)?
Living at maturity.

A

Parenchyma, Collenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Rank the following magnification instruments in order of their magnification strengths lowest to highest: Hand lens, Compound microscope, Stereomicroscope

A
  1. Hand lens
  2. Stereomicroscope
  3. Compound microscope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Which microscope would you use to observe cellular structure at high resolution?

A

Compound microscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Determine whether the following example or statement is descriptive of Alkaloid, Phenolic, or Terpene specialized metabolites:
Many fragrent essential oils, including those found in eucalyptus, thyme and mint.

A

Terpene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Determine whether the following example or statement is descriptive of Alkaloid, Phenolic, or Terpene specialized metabolites:
Include opiate sedatives and analgesics: morphine, codeine, etc.

A

Alkaloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Determine whether the following example or statement is descriptive of Alkaloid, Phenolic, or Terpene specialized metabolites:
Lignin; aspirin precursor salicylic acid from willow tree bark.

A

Phenolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Determine whether the following example or statement is descriptive of Alkaloid, Phenolic, or Terpene specialized metabolites:
Includes carotenoids and xanthophylls.

A

Terpene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Determine whether the following example or statement is descriptive of Alkaloid, Phenolic, or Terpene specialized metabolites:
Urushiol, the dermatitis compound produced by poison ivy, as well as THC produced by Cannabis.

A

Phenolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Determine whether the following example or statement is descriptive of Alkaloid, Phenolic, or Terpene specialized metabolites:
Natural rubber that is derived from the latex of Havea brasiliensis.

A

Terpene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Determine whether the following example or statement is descriptive of Alkaloid, Phenolic, or Terpene specialized metabolites:
Members include the powerful stimulant and anesthetic cocaine as well as deadly compounds derived from hemlock that inhibit motor neuron activity.

A

Alkaloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Determine whether the following example or statement is descriptive of Alkaloid, Phenolic, or Terpene specialized metabolites:
Colorful compounds including red and purple anthocyanins observed in flowers and fruits; attract potential pollinators and see dispersers.

A

Phenolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Determine whether the following example or statement is descriptive of Alkaloid, Phenolic, or Terpene specialized metabolites:
Bitter compounds in the white “pith” of many citrus fruits; strong insect deterrents.

A

Terpene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

The___________ theory states that two specific plant organelles may in fact be the result of an ancient symbiosis between a host cell and two different types of bacteria. What is one of those organelles?

A

endosymbiotic theory

mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Which statements are used to support the endosymbiotic theory out of the following:

  1. They connect living plant cells to each other
  2. They have their own DNA genomes
  3. They have highly specialized metabolic activities (ie. photosynthesis and respiration)
  4. They have their own primary cell walls
A
  1. They have their own DNA genomes

3. They have highly specialized metabolic activities (ie. photosynthesis and respiration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Vocab:

Minute strands of cytoplasm that extend between adjacent cells through pores in the walls.

A

Plasmodesmata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Vocab:

A layer of material, rich in pectin, that cements two adjacent cell walls together.

A

Middle lamella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Vocab:
Round or elliptical thin area in a cell wall occurring in pairs opposite each other, with or without shallow, domelike borders.

A

Pits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Vocab:
A pocket of fluid that is separated from the cytoplasm of a cell by membrane. Also, food-storage or contractile pockets within the cytoplasm of unicellular organisms.

A

Vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Vocab:

Plastids containing pigments other than chlorophyll, usually yellow to orange.

A

Chromoplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Vocab:

A pair of specialized cells surrounding a stoma.

A

Guard cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

Plants possess a number of different types of crystals, many of which are thought to thwart predators from continuous feeding. What chemical compound are these crystals composed?

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

What is the carbohydrate that is most commonly transported long distances in plants?

A

?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

The carbohydrate that is most commonly transported long distances in plants is a mono-, di-, or poly- saccharide?

A

disaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

Vocab:

A primary meristematic tissue that differentiates into primary xylem and phloem.

A

Procambium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

Vocab:

A

Zone of Differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

Vocab:

A

Zone of Cell Division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

Vocab:

A meristem at the tip of a shoot or root.

A

Apical Meristem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

Vocab:

A thimble-shaped mass of cells at the tip of a growing root; functions primarily in protection.

A

Root Cap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

Vocab:

The primary meristem that gives rise to the epidermis.

A

Protoderm

125
Q

Vocab:

A

Zone of Elongation

126
Q

Vocab:

Process of water uptake and seed swelling before germination.

A

Imbibition

127
Q

Vocab:

An immature sporophyte that develops from a zygote within an ovule or archegonium after fertilization.

A

Embryo

128
Q

Vocab:

A

Embryonic axis

129
Q

Vocab:

Dies shortly after germination.

A

Seed coat

130
Q

Vocab:

A

First true leaves

131
Q

Vocab:
A food storage tissue that develops through divisions of the primary endosperm nucleus; it is digested by the sporophyte after germination in some species or before maturation of the see in other species.

A

Endosperm

132
Q

Vocab:

Outer bark composed primarily of cork cells.

A

Periderm

133
Q

Vocab:

A

Lateral roots

134
Q

Vocab:

Region of the developing embryo below the cotyledonary node.

A

Hypocotyl

135
Q

Vocab:

The part of an embryo in a seed that develops into a root.

A

Radicle

136
Q

Vocab:

The terminal bud of the embryo of a seed plant.

A

Plumule

137
Q

Vocab:

Location of starch, protein, and lipid storage in beans and okra.

A

Cotyledons

138
Q

Vocab:

Region of the developing embryo above the cotyledonary node.

A

Epicotyl

139
Q

Vocab:

Abrasion, nicking or exposure of seed coat to acid; may stimulate germination.

A

Scarification

140
Q

Vocab:

A delicate protuberance that is part of an epidermal cell of a root, occurring in the zone behind the growing tip.

A

Root hairs

141
Q

Vocab:

The exterior tissue, usually one cell thick, of leaves, young stems and roots, and other parts of plants.

A

Epidermis

142
Q

Vocab:
A primary tissue composed mostly of parenchyma; the tissue usually extends between the epidermis and the vascular tissue.

A

Cortex

143
Q

Vocab:
Tissue sandwiched between the endodermis and phloem of a root; often only one or two cells wide in transverse section; the site of origin of lateral roots.

A

Pericycle

144
Q

Vocab:

Central tissue of a dicot stem and certain roots.

A

Pith

145
Q

Vocab:
The tissue through which most of the water and dissolved minerals utilized by a plant are conducted; it consists of several types of cells.

A

Xylem

146
Q

Vocab:

The food-conducting tissue of a vascular plant.

A

Phloem

147
Q

Vocab:

A single layer of cells surrounding the vascular tissue in roots and some stems.

A

Endodermis

148
Q

Vocab:

The type of movement of water and minerals that occurs in the space between cells and along cell walls.

A

Apoplastic

149
Q

Vocab:

A

Symplastic

150
Q

True or False:
The pathway that water and minerals can travel through the epidermis and cortex of a root can be a combination of apoplastic and symplastic.

A

True

151
Q

The root cell layer at which water and mineral movement must become symplastic because of the Casparian strip is the _________________.

A

?

152
Q

Mycorrhizae assist plants in the uptake of what essential element?

A

?

153
Q

The type of mycorrhizae that grow inside of plant cells are what?

A

Endomycorrhizae

154
Q

Vocab:

A

Symycorrhizae

155
Q

Vocab:

A

Ectomycorrhizae

156
Q

_____________ are a group of bacteria that also form symbiotic associations with some plants and assist in the fixation of what element from the atmosphere?

A

Rhizobia

Nitrogen

157
Q

Vocab:

A small swelling associated with nitrogen-fixing bacteria that invade the roots of leguminous plants and alders.

A

Root nodules

158
Q

What are the 3 primary growth tissue systems?

A
  1. Dermal
  2. Vascular
  3. Ground
159
Q

What is the name of the primary meristem corresponding to each of the three tissue systems?

A
  1. Dermal: Protoderm
  2. Vascular: Procambium
  3. Ground: ?
160
Q

List two simple or complex tissue types or specialized cell types that are derived from each of the three primary meristems.

A
  1. Dermal: epidermis and ?
  2. Vascular: ?
  3. Ground: ?
161
Q

True or False:

Intercalary meristems occur between mature tissues and contribute to primary growth of leaves in some grass species.

A

False

162
Q

Lateral meristems contribute to growth in which directions?

A

horizontally

163
Q

The formation and growth of lateral roots is considered ___________ growth.

A

Primary

164
Q

Vocab:

A

Secondary growth

165
Q

Vocab:

A

Intercalary growth

166
Q

Vocab:

A

Primary growth

167
Q

Vocab:

A strand of tissue composed mostly of xylem and phloem and usually enveloped by a bundle sheath.

A

Vascular bundle

168
Q

Vocab:
A minute pore or opening in the epidermis of leaves, herbaceous stems and the sporophytes of hornworts. It is surrounded by 2 guard cells that regulate its opening and closing for gas exchange.

A

Stoma

169
Q

Vocab:
Part of a leaf having one or more relatively uniform rows of tightly packed, elongate, columnar parenchyma cells beneath the upper epidermis.

A

Pallisade Mesophyll

170
Q

Vocab:

A waxy or fatty layer of varying thickness on the outer walls of epidermal cells.

A

Cuticle

171
Q

Vocab:
An underground food storage organ that is a modified bud consisting of fleshy leaves that surround and are attached to a small stem.

A

Bulb

172
Q

Vocab:

A

Insectivorous

173
Q

Vocab:

Relatively strong, sharp-pointed, woody structures usually located on a stem; usually a modified leaf or a stipule.

A

Spines

174
Q

Vocab:

A

Taproot

175
Q

Vocab:

A pointed specialized stem.

A

Thorns

176
Q

Vocab:

A

Hydromorph

177
Q

Vocab:

A vertically oriented, thickened food-storage stem that is usually enveloped by a few papery, nonfunctional leaves.

A

Corm

178
Q

Vocab:
An underground stem, usually horizontally oriented, that may be superficially rootlike in appearance but has definite nodes and internodes.

A

Rhizome

179
Q

Vocab:

A stem that grows horizontally along the surface of the ground; typically has long internodes.

A

Runner

180
Q

Vocab:

Structures that are usually leaflike and modified in size, shape or color.

A

Bracts

181
Q

Vocab:

A swollen, fleshy underground stem (ex. white potato).

A

Tuber

182
Q

Vocab:
A slender structure that coils on contact with a support of suitable diameter; it usually is a modified leaf or leaflet and aids the plant in climbing.

A

Tendril

183
Q

Which cell types are dead at maturity?

A

Fibers
Vessel elements
Tracheids

184
Q

Which cell types are living at maturity but have no nucleus?

A

Parenchyma

Sieve tube elements

185
Q

Which cell types are a component of the phloem?

A

Parenchyma
Sieve tube elements
Companion cells
Fibers

186
Q

Which cell types are a component of the xylem?

A

Parenchyma
Fibers
Vessel elements
Tracheids

187
Q

Which cell types are cells found in apical meristems?

A

Parenchyma

188
Q

Vocab:

The pollen-bearing part of a stamen.

A

Anther

189
Q

Vocab:

A unit of a corolla.

A

Petal

190
Q

Vocab:

A unit of the calyx that frequently resembles a reduced leaf; often function in protecting the unopened flower bud.

A

Sepal

191
Q

Vocab:

The pollen receptive area of a pistil.

A

Stigma

192
Q

Vocab:

The structure that connects the Stigma to the Ovary.

A

Style

193
Q

Vocab:

The enlarged basal portion of a pistil that contains an ovule or ovules and usually develops into a fruit.

A

Ovary

194
Q

Vocab:

The commonly expanded tip of a peduncle or pedicel to which the various parts of a flower are attached.

A

Receptacle

195
Q

Vocab:
A female reproductive structure of a flower, composed of one or more carpels and consisting of an ovary, style and stigma.

A

Pistil

196
Q

Pollination is defined as the transfer of pollen from ____________ to ______________.

A

Anther

Stigma

197
Q

Flower ovaries contain ___________. After fertilization, they will develop into ___________ and the mature ovary will thicken and develop into a _______________.

A

Ovules
Seeds
Fruit

198
Q

By definition, dioecious plants must be ____________ and _____________.

A

Incomplete

Imperfect

199
Q

True or False:

Complete flowers are always perfect.

A

True

200
Q

A(n) _________________ is a group of flowers that are clustered closely together in a specific pattern.

A

Inflorescence

201
Q

What kind of fruits are berries such as eggplants and tomatoes?

A

Simple fleshy

202
Q

Pineapples and figs are examples of this type of fruit; produced from several flowers close together.

A

Multiple

203
Q

Multiple pistils in one flower will produce this fruit type.

A

Aggregate

204
Q

What fruit type is split at maturity; soybeans, peas.

A

Simple Dry-dehiscent

205
Q

What fruit type is produced from enlargement of receptacle and other non-reproductive floral structures, in addition to ovary enlargement.

A

?

206
Q

What is the term used to describe the two non-reproductive whorls of flowers.

A

Perianth

207
Q

Vocab:

A

Blue-green bacteria

208
Q

Vocab:

Members of the Phylum Chlorophyta characterized, among other things, as having both chlorophylls a and b.

A

Green algae

209
Q

Vocab:

Microscopic unicellular alga of the phylum Chrysophya.

A

Diatoms

210
Q

Vocab:

A

Brown algae

211
Q

Vocab:

A

Red algae

212
Q

Vocab:

A

Dinoflagellates

213
Q

________________ are an association between a fungus and cyanobacteria.

A

Lichens

214
Q 
Which of the following terms would describe ALL fungi?
Heterotrophic
Parasitic
Phagotrophic
Lysotrophic
Autotrophic
A

Heterotrophic

Lysotrophic

215
Q

True or False:

The basic structure of a unit of a true fungus is called mycelium, which aggregate to form hypha.

A

False, it should be hypha, which aggregate to form mycelium.

216
Q

Which fungal group has cup/sac fungi?

A

Ascomycota

217
Q

Which fungal group has the most store-bought mushrooms, pizza mushrooms; deadly Amanita; most prevalent in cultural iconography?

A

Basidiomycota

218
Q

Which fungal group includes morels, truffles and yeasts?

A

Ascomycota

219
Q

Which fungal group has mycelia that may form a stipe and cap with gills?

A

Basidiomycota

220
Q

Which fungal group has examples including potentially toxic Aspergillus and beneficial Penicillium (used to make blue-veined cheeses and anitbiotics).

A

Deuteromycota

221
Q

Which fungal group has the sugar fungi, bread molds?

A

Zygomycota

222
Q

Which fungal group has fungi that cause athlete’s foot and nail infections; LSD-producing ergot fungus?

A

Ascomycota

223
Q

Which fungal group form mycorrhizal associations with plants (there are two possible answers - only one is needed)?

A

Basidiomycota or Zygomycota

224
Q

Which fungal group is the component of most lichen associations?

A

Ascomycota

225
Q

Vocab:

A

Foliose lichen

226
Q

Vocab:

Phylum that contains ascomycetes, sac fungi.

A

Ascomycota

227
Q

Vocab:

A

Deuteromycota

228
Q

Vocab:

Has the appearance of a hybrid between a tree fern and a palm.

A

Cycad

229
Q

Vocab:

A

Equiestophyta

230
Q

Vocab:

A

Colonial green algae

231
Q

Vocab:

A

Myxomycota (slime molds)

232
Q

Vocab:

A

Fruticose lichen

233
Q

Vocab:

A

Psilotophyta (whisk ferns)

234
Q

Vocab:

A

Basidiomycota

235
Q

Vocab:

A

Crustose lichen

236
Q

Vocab:

A

Bryophyta (mosses and allies)

237
Q

Vocab:

A

Lycophyta (club mosses, ground pines, and quillworts)

238
Q

Vocab:

A

Filamentous green algae

239
Q

Vocab:

A

PInophyta (formerly Coniferophyta)

240
Q

Vocab:

The male gametangium of certain algae, fungi, bryophytes and vascular plants other than gymnosperms and angiosperms.

A

Antheridium

241
Q

Vocab:

The multicellular female gametangium of bryophytes and most vascular plants other than angiosperms.

A

Archegonium

242
Q

Vocab:
Small outgrowths of tissue that become detached from the parent body and are capable of developing into a complete new plant or other organism. Produced in cuplike structures on liverwort thalli and are also produced by certain fungi.

A

Gemmae

243
Q

Vocab:
Haploid or Diploid
The process of two successive nuclear divisions through which segregation of genes occurs and a single diploid (2x) cell becomes 4 haploid (1x) cells.

A

Meiois (in mosses and ferns)

????

244
Q

Vocab:
Haploid or Diploid
Nuclear division, the chromatids of the chromosomes separate and two genetically identical daughter nuclei are produced.

A

Mitosis (in mosses and ferns)

245
Q

Vocab:

The gametophyte of ferns and their relatives.

A

Prothallus

246
Q

Vocab:
A green, usually branched, threadlike or sometimes platelike growth from a bryophyte spore; it gives rise to “leafy” gametophytes.

A

Protonema

247
Q

Vocab:
Delicate roots or root-like structures of algae, fungi, the gametopytes of bryophytes, and certain structures of a few vascular plants; functions in anchorage and absorption but ahs no xylem or phloem.

A

Rhizoids

248
Q

Vocab:

A cluster of sporangia; the term is most frequently applied to clusters of fern sporangia.

A

Sorus

249
Q

Vocab:

A structure in which spores are produced; it may be either unicellular or multicellular.

A

Sporangium

250
Q

Vocab:

Reproductive cells capable of developing directly into a gametophyte or other body without uniting another cell.

A

Spores

251
Q

Vocab:

A diploid cell that becomes four haploid spores or nuclei as a result of undergoing meiosis.

A

Sporophyte

252
Q

Vocab:

The product of the union of two gametes.

A

Zygote

253
Q

What is the dominant generation of ferns?

A

sporophyte

254
Q

A place where collected plant specimens are preserved and stored is called a(n) _____________.

A

herbarium

255
Q

What are the 3 things required to enter a new plant into the botanical record.

A
  1. Collect and preserve a voucher specimen.
  2. Give the plant a name that conforms to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants.
  3. Publish his finding, providing an accurate description of the plant.
256
Q

Male pine cones release what sperm cell-producing structures?

A

pollen

257
Q

The interval of time from pollination to the release of seed from a female cone of a pine is how long?

A

2-3 years

258
Q

Which of these four corresponds to the following statement: Angiosperms, Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms?
Gametophyte is the dominant generation.

A

Mosses

259
Q

Which of these four corresponds to the following statement: Angiosperms, Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms?
Meiosis results in the production of spores.

A

Angiosperms
Mosses
Ferns
Gymnosperms

260
Q

Which of these four corresponds to the following statement: Angiosperms, Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms?
Produce separate male and female gametophytes.

A

Angiosperms
Mosses
Gymnosperms

261
Q

Which of these four corresponds to the following statement: Angiosperms, Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms?
Vascular tissue is present.

A

Angiosperms
Ferns
Gymnosperms

262
Q

Which of these four corresponds to the following statement: Angiosperms, Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms?
Reproduce by seeds.

A

Angiosperms

Gymnosperms

263
Q

Which of these four corresponds to the following statement: Angiosperms, Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms?
Leaves and stems may have resin canals and ducts.

A

Gymnosperms

264
Q

Which of these four corresponds to the following statement: Angiosperms, Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms?
Have swimming sperm cells, requiring water.

A

Mosses

Ferns

265
Q

Which of these four corresponds to the following statement: Angiosperms, Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms?
Sporophyte remains completely dependent on gametophyte for support and nutrition.

A

Mosses

266
Q

What tissues does the cork cambium produce?

A

cork cells

267
Q

What tissues does the vascular cambium produce?

A

secondary xylem and secondary phloem

268
Q

What type of wood no longer conducts water and minerals?

A

heartwood

269
Q

Trees that do not have vessels and fibers in their xylem are often referred to as what?

A

softwoods

270
Q

Vocab:

A

Cork cambium

271
Q

Vocab:

A

Secondary xylem

272
Q

Vocab:

A

Vascular cambium

273
Q

Vocab:

A

Vessel elements

274
Q

Vocab:

A

Mesophyll

275
Q

Vocab:

A

Early bark

276
Q

Vocab:

A

Lenticel

277
Q

Vocab:

A

Inner bark

278
Q

Vocab:

A

Broad phloem ray

279
Q

Vocab:

A

Late growth

280
Q

Vocab:

A

Outer bark/Periderm

281
Q

Vocab:

A

Primary xylem

282
Q

Vocab:

A

Microsporocyte

283
Q

Vocab:

A

Megagametophyte

284
Q

Vocab:

A

Microspores

285
Q

Vocab:

A

Egg cell

286
Q

Vocab:

A

Vegetative nucleus

287
Q

Vocab:

A

Mature male gametophyte

288
Q

Vocab:

A

Anther

289
Q

Vocab:

A

Megasporocyte

290
Q

Vocab:

A

Megaspores

291
Q

Plant seeds are often harvested to b stored in ________________ _____________.

A

germplasm collection

292
Q

Define botany/plant biology and describe its origins.

A

?

293
Q

Define an angiosperm plant and explain how it differs from other plants.

A

?

294
Q

Describe the chemical composition of plant macromolecules and give examples of important plant macromolecules.

A

?

295
Q

Explain how plant cells respire and how fermentation reactions occur.

A

?

296
Q

Give examples of plant tropisms and movements in response to external stimuli.

A

?

297
Q

Explain alteration of generations.

A

?

298
Q

Describe important symbiotic relationships between plants and non-plant organisms.

A

?

299
Q

Explain what plant ecology is and how it helps us understand the interrelationships between plants and their environment.

A

?

300
Q

Describe ongoing efforts to study and conserve rare flora.

A

?

301
Q

Be able to distinguish characteristics of the Auxin, one of the 5 major plant hormone groups and classify them based on activity, function, and uses.

A

Auxin: Indol-3-Acedic Acid and 3 others.
Apical meristems, young leaves and buds
Stimulate cell growth, induce root primary growth, promotes production of roots in plant cuttings, prevents premature leaf drop, helps sincronize multiple fruit development, inhibits axillary bud cell division and branching before season, can stimulate the production of other hormones, too much can inhibit growth and lead to plant death.
Uses: Agent Orange, 2,4-D (stimulates root production in tissue cultures), 2,4,5-T (cancer, birth defects, organ failure).

302
Q

Be able to distinguish characteristics of Gibberellins, one of the 5 major plant hormone groups and classify them based on activity, function, and uses.

A

Gibberellins: Discovered by “Foolish Seedling Disease” of rice caused by a fungus.
About 110 forms.
Produced in seed embryos, young shoots, root tips
Promote primary growth of shoots by stimulating cell division and elongation, most effective in combination with Auxins, stimulate see germination, stimulate flowering, delay ripening of fruits, application during fruit development (larger fruits spaced further apart.

303
Q

Be able to distinguish characteristics of Cytokinins, one of the 5 major plant hormone groups and classify them based on activity, function, and uses.

A

Cytokinins: Produced in root tips and germinating seeds.
Stimulate cell division by accelerating the cell cycle especially in axillary buds, delay aging and death of vegetative tissue and delay the death of cut flowers, stimulate shoot tissue production in tissue culture.

304
Q

Be able to distinguish characteristics of Abscisic Acid, one of the 5 major plant hormone groups and classify them based on activity, function, and uses.

A

Abscisic Acid: One form (Also “ABA”)
Produced/found in mature leaves and roots and in seeds before germination/during dormancy.
Induce and maintains dormancy of seeds, influences rate of transport of sugars and water to developing fruits and seeds, in high levels under drought stress, will induce guard cells to close.

305
Q

Be able to distinguish characteristics of Ethylene, one of the 5 major plant hormone groups and classify them based on activity, function, and uses.

A

Ethylene: One form (C2H4)
“One bad apple spoils the whole barrel”
Produced in tissues undergoing ripening or aging to death, most tissues respond to stress.
Bruising, injury, disturbance causes production, heavily involved in the ripening/maturity of some fruits, stimulates leaf and fruit drop (abscission).

306
Q

Explain presence/balance of hormones in Apical Dominance.

A

Auxin up and Cytokinin down.
Auxin prevents axillary bud growth.
When the largest auxin source is removed, buds begin growing.
Plant pruning removes apical dominance.

307
Q

Explain presence/balance of hormones in Leaf Abscission.

A

Auxin down and Ethylene up.

At the base of petiole.

308
Q

Explain presence/balance of hormones in Senescence.

A

Aging/Death
Overall C2H4 (Ethylene) promotes it in mature tissue.
Opposite effect with Auxins, Gibberellins and Cytokinins.

309
Q

Explain presence/balance of hormones in Germination.

A

Absisic levels down, Auxin, GA, Cytokinins up.

Plant Bio (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions