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Plant Bio > For Exam 3 > Flashcards

For Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 5 major functions of stems?

A
  1. Conduct water and minerals from root to leaves.
  2. Conduct nutrients and photosynthates (foods) from leaves to flowers and roots
  3. Provide aerial support
  4. Some modified for storage
  5. Some photosynthetic (ex. cactus)
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2
Q

Name 3 characteristics of Herbaceous stems and give examples of Monocots and Dicots for these.

A
  1. Green
    1. Fleshy
    2. Flexible
      Monocots: most grasses, lilies, some orchids  Dicots: Beans, mint, parsley, daisies
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3
Q

Name 4 characteristics of Woody stems. Give examples of Monocots and Dicots for these.

A
  1. Typically not photosynthetic
  2. Hard
  3. Inflexible
  4. May be adapted for gas exchange

Monocots: bamboo, palm
Dicots: apple, oak, hickory, birch, maple, magnolia

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4
Q

Name a & b

A

a. terminal bud
b. axillary bud

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5
Q

Name c & d

A

c. node
d. internode

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6
Q

Name e & f

A

e. lenticel
f. terminal bud scale scars

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7
Q

Name g & h

A

g. bundle scar
h. leaf scar

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8
Q

Compare the Vascular tissue arrangement for Monocot and Dicot stems.

A

Monocot: scattered
Dicot: ring

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9
Q

Compare the presence of pith in Monocot and Dicot stems.

A

Monocot: no pith
Dicot: has pith

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10
Q

Compare the presence of Cortex cells in Monocot and Dicot stems.

A

Monocot: has some (depends on species)
Dicot: has cortex cells

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11
Q

Name e

A

e. Epidermis

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12
Q

Name a, b & f

A

a. cholenchyma
b. parenchyma
f. cortex

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13
Q

Name g, h & i

A

g. phloem
h. vascular cambium
i. xylem

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14
Q

Name c

A

c. vascular bundle

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15
Q

Name d

A

d. pith

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16
Q

Name a

A

a. epidermis

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17
Q

Name b

A

b. parenchyma
conjunctive: filling in the spaces
no pith
no vascular cambium
no secondary growth

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18
Q

Name c

A

c. xylem

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19
Q

Name d

A

d. phloem

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20
Q

Name e

A

e. vascular bundles

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21
Q

What 3 things are produced during primary growth?

A
  1. Primary xylem
  2. Primary phloem
  3. the first vascular cambium cells
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22
Q

What is Secondary xylem and secondary phloem?

A

Xylem and phloem tissue produced as a result of vascular cambium activity.

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23
Q

Are primary xylem and primary phloem still present after secondary growth occurs?

A

yes

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24
Q

Describe the development of secondary xylem and secondary phloem in 3 steps.

A
  1. Vascular cambium cells divide and produce cells that become immature xylem and phloem cells, adding to the existing sylem and phloem tissue.
  2. Immature cells differentiate into their functional cell types.
  3. End result is an increase in xylem and phloem tissue volume. Vascular cambium cells will continue to divide to produce more cells to the inside (xylem) and outside (phloem).
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25
Q

What growth tissue stage(s) does this show?

A

Primary Growth

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26
Q

Name a & d

A

a. Epidermis
d. Vascular cambium

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27
Q

Name c & e

A

c. Primary phloem
e. Primary xylem

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28
Q

Name b & f

A

b. Cortex
f. Pith

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29
Q

What growth tissue stage(s) does this show?
What growth season is it in?

A

Primary and Secondary Growth
One growth season

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30
Q

Name g & n

A

g. Epidermis
n. Pith

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31
Q

Name h & k

A

h. Cork cambium (formation of)
k. Vascular cambium

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32
Q

Name i & j

A

i. Primary phloem
j. Secondary phloem

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33
Q

Name l & m

A

l. Secondary phloem
m. Primary xylem

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34
Q

How many growth seasons does this have?

A

Two

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35
Q

How many growth seasons does this have?

A

Three

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36
Q

What happens to the size of the vascular cambium ring as the new xylem and phloem cells are produced?

A

The size of the ring also expands.
Cambiel cells produce more cambiel cells.
This allows secondary growth to continue and can result in tremendously large stems.

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37
Q
A

Xylem and phloem accumulate over the course of years.
This contributes to the increase in diameter / density of stems.

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38
Q

What are a & b

  • Ground parenchyma organize into the ____a_____ _____b_____.
    • It also divides and produces cells perpendicular to the direction of primary growth.
      • ______a_____ cells are produced to the exterior of the ______b_______.
        ______a______ will replace the epidermis.
A

a. Cork
b. Cambium

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39
Q
A
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40
Q

a. How do you determine the age of a tree?
b. How do you determine the life history of a tree?
c. Approximately how old is the oldest living tree?

A

a. Bore into a tree using an increment borer and take a sample, then count the rings on that sample.
b. Life history can be assessed by injury, environmental conditions, etc.
c. 4,800 years old: “Methuselah tree”, a Great Basin Bristlecone Pine in CA White Mountains.

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41
Q

Heartwood and Sapwood

a. Which of the two conducts water and minerals?
b. Which can decay?

A

a. Sapwood
b. Heartwood

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42
Q

Name the 3 parts of outer bark from outside to inside.

A
  1. Cork cells
  2. Cork cambium
  3. Cortex
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43
Q

Which part of the annual growth ring is the early growth and the late growth?

A

The early growth is the lighter, less compacted (closer to the inside).
The late growth is the darker, more compacted (closer the the outside).

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44
Q

What is the progressive increase in diameter and volume which involves cell division, elongation, and differentiation in a side to side direction?

A

Secondary Growth

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45
Q

What two lateral meristems contribute to secondary growth?

A
  1. Vascular cambium
  2. Cork cambium
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46
Q

What is the location and origin of the Vascular Cambium?

A

Location: between xylem and phloem tissues (not leaves)
Origin: generated during primary growth from procambium

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47
Q

What is the location and origin of the Cork Cambium?

A

Location: toward the perifery of the stem in cortex tissue
Origin: ground tissue, cortex parenchyma

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48
Q

What tissues are produced by the Vascular Cambium?

A

Secondary xylem and secondary phloem in a lateral direction.

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49
Q

What tissues are produced by the Cork Cambium?

A

Cork cells to the “outside”.
Will replace the epidermis.

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50
Q

Secondary growth is prominent in DICOTS only. Why?

A

Vascular tissues are in a ring like pattern - conducive to concentric growth (rings on rings on rings…).

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51
Q

The vascular cambium cells divide to produce ____a____ cells toward the interior of the stem and ____b____ cells toward the exterior of the stem.

A

a. Secondary Xylem
b. Secondary Phloem

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52
Q

Are the xylem and phloem cells closest to the vascular cambium newer or older?

A

Newer

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53
Q

What happens to the Primary Xylem after significant secondary growth occurs?

A

Primary Xylem: still present, may decay over time

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54
Q

What happens to the Primary Phloem after significant secondary growth?

A

Primary Phloem: outermost phloem still functional

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55
Q

What happens to the Pith after significant secondary growth?

A

Pith: diminishes over time, dies and decays

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56
Q

What happens to the Cortex after significant secondary growth?

A

Cortex: crushed or pushed to the outside, replaced with cork cells

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57
Q

What happens to the Epidermis after significant secondary growth occurs?

A

Epidermis: dies and is shed

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58
Q

What happens to the Vascular Cambium after significant secondary growth occurs?

A

Vascular Cambium: will expand with secondary growth

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59
Q

Define bark in terms of secondary growth.

A

2 types: inner (primary and secondary phloem), outer (periderm: cork cambiu, cork cells, any remaining cortex).
Phloem outward.

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60
Q

Define wood in terms of secondary growth.

A

Primary and secondary xylem, and any remaining pith.

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61
Q

Define Heartwood in terms of secondary growth.

A

Older secondary xylem.
Tanens make it darker.

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62
Q

Define sapwood in terms of secondary growth.

A

Functional xylem.
Younger and lighter in color.

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63
Q

What species are considered hardwoods?

A

angiosperms

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64
Q

What species are considered softwoods?

A

gymnosperms (don’t have vessel elements)

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65
Q

Define Growth Rings in terms of secondary growth.

A

Corresponds to one season of growth.

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66
Q

When does early growth (in growth rings) occur and why?

A

Spring / Summer
Resources typically widely available. Rainfall and lots of photosynthesis.

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67
Q

When does late growth (in growth rings) occur and why?

A

Fall / Winter
Growth slows due to less resource availability.

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68
Q

What is this?

A

Fungal Hyphae

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69
Q

What is this?

A

Zygomycetes

  • Most commonly referred to as the sugar fungi or bread molds (not the only ones).
  • Black bread mold is a typical model - Rhizopus stolonifer - it’s everywhere!
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70
Q

What is this?
Name some examples

A

Ascomycota (sac/cup fungi)

  • Truffles, morels, yeasts, mildews, canned fruit fungi, wild fruit rots, insect parasites
  • Most have distinctive inflected shapes that appear all over or are pitted.
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71
Q

What kind of fungi are these?
Name each.

A

Ascomycota (sac/cup fungi)
Morels (edible)
Peziza

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72
Q

What is this?

A

Chryphonetria parasitica - Chestnut blight

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73
Q

What is on this peach leaf?

A

Ascos as pathogens
Peach leaf curl fungus

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74
Q

What causes Dutch Elm Disease?

A

Ascos as pathogens

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75
Q

What is on this barley?

A

Ergot fungus (Ascos)

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76
Q

What are these?

A

a. A common Russula mushroom
b. Earth stars
c. A shelf or bracket fungus

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77
Q

What is this?

A

A common stinkhorn. The stench of the slimy mass of spores toward the tip attracts flies.

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78
Q

What is this?

A

Commercially manufactured mushrooms.

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79
Q

What is this?

A

Death angel mushroom - Poisonous

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80
Q

What is this?

A

Fly argaric mushroom - Poisonous

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81
Q

What is this?

A

“God’s flesh” mushroom - causes euphoria

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82
Q

Name 3 benefits of fungi

A
  • Principal decomposers that keep organic nutrients cycling back to plants so they can grow
  • Useful baking, brewing, cheese production
  • Antibiotics
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83
Q

What is responsible for producing the blue color in blue-veined cheeses?

A

Penicillium

  • Cheese: Blue, Gorganzola, Roquefort, Stilton
  • Cheese put in vaults with fungi growing on the walls
  • Fungi can form a tough rind around the milk product
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84
Q

Study the following, but don’t memorize

A
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85
Q

What are these?
Name a, b & c

A

Litchen body types

a. crustose
b. foliose
c. fruticose

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86
Q

Name 5 important things / benefits about Lichens.
What can be bad about them?

A
  1. Eaten by deer, reindeer and caribou
  2. Dyes extracted from them
  3. Used to make firbrous fabrics
  4. Decoration
  5. Good indicator of air quality because they don’t grow well in air pollution
  • Can be corrosive: break down substrates on which they grow.
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87
Q

What is this?

A

Cyanobacteria
and different algal species
can form blooms.
- Blooms are potentially harmful to other species in the same habitat.
- Limit oxygen availability to other organisms.
- Some are toxin-producing organisms under certain conditions.

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88
Q

What are these?
Name A, B & C

A

Green Algae Morphologies
A. Volvox - hollow colonies
B. Micrasterias - unicellular with a constriction in the center - desmid
C. Pediastrum - colonial

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89
Q

What are these?
Name D & E

A

Green Algae Morphologies
D. Ulothrix - filamentous
E. Scenedesmus - colonial

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90
Q

What are these?
Study labeling

A

Some representative green algae
Spyrogira (watersilk)
Ribbon-like chloroplasts

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91
Q

What is this?

A

A single cell of the common desmid, Closterium
(green algae)
Chlorella: high oxygen production, edible, model for metabolism, Vitamin C, possible use in space travel

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92
Q

What is this?

A

Acetabularia (Mermaid’s wineglass)
(green algae)

  • Single cell that can grow to be over 3” in length!
93
Q

What is this?

A

Ulva - Sea lettuce or Seaweed

(green algae)

94
Q

What is this?
Name 6 traits of these.

A

Diatoms

  1. Classification is complex
  2. Very groovy organisms
  3. Made of silicated compounds
  4. Very reflective
  5. Have cholorphylls not found in plants
  6. Brown pigments
95
Q

What are these?

A

Diatoms

96
Q

What is this?

A

Brown Algae - Kelp

  • Brown to dark green in color
  • Multicellular
  • Mostly marine
  • Some are what we refer to as kelp
  • Can be very large - record is 900 ft. long
97
Q

What is this?

A

Brown Algae - Sea grass (Sargassum)

  • Produces algin that is stored on/in cell walls - slimy and gel-like
  • Food reserve is laminarin
  • Washes up on coasts after storms
98
Q

What is this?

A

Red Algae - Rhodophyta

  • Marine algae that can survive without much light - can live in deep water
  • Not very long, but some are more elaborate
99
Q

What are these?

A

Red Algae

100
Q

What are these?

A

Red Algae

101
Q

Name 3 uses for Red Algae

A
  1. Kelps retain iodine - treat goiters
  2. Nova Scotia popcorn: red seaweed that’s a snackfood
  3. Nori used in sushi wrapping
102
Q

What are these?

A

Dinoflagellates

  • Toxins can be deadly to humans
  • Pfiestria was especially potent on east coast (can sense when prey is near, responsible for massive fish kills)
103
Q

Study Fungal Diversity Slideshow

A

Study Algal Diversity Slideshow

104
Q

Fungi are Lysotrophic Heterotrophs.
What does that mean?

A

Lysotrophic: Disolvers
- Secrete enzymes and digest/absorb products

Heterotrophs: Consumers
- Feed on other organisms

105
Q

Some fungi obtain their food from what living organisms?

A

Parasites (30%)

106
Q

Some fungi obtain their food from what dead organisms?

A

Saprobes

107
Q

What is the name for a person who studies fungi?
The study of fungi?

A

Mycologist
Mycology

108
Q

What are the fillaments that fungi is composed of?
What do they form?

A

Hyphae
Mycelium (group of fungi)

109
Q

What is the name for sugar fungi or bread mold fungi?

A 
Zygospore fungi (true fungi)  
  Zygomycetes  
  Endomycorrhizal members are in this group
110
Q

What is black bread mold called (a common contaminant on foods and storage)?

A

Rhizopus stolonifer

111
Q

Name 2 uses for Zygospore fungi

A
  • Hallucinagens
    • Meat tenderizers
112
Q

What division is Sac Fungi (true fungi)?

A

Division Ascomycota

113
Q

Name 4 examples of Ascomycetes (Sac/Cup Fungi)

A
  1. Parasites on animal and humans (like ring worm, athletes foot “Tinca”: Trichophyton fungi)
  2. On plant leaves (destructive), blights, anthracnoses, powdery mildews
  3. Truffles: dug up by pigs or dogs in Europe
  4. Several significant chemicals produced by ascomycetes with cultural impact (some vitamins)
114
Q

What division is Club Fungi?

A

Division Basidiomycota
- single-celled organisms to large mushrooms

115
Q

Mushrooms and puffballs form what kind of relationship with many plants?

A

Ectomycorrhizal

116
Q

What are the 3 parts of a mushroom?

A

From top to bottom:

  1. Cap
  2. Gills
  3. Stipe
117
Q

Name 4 examples of Basidiomycetes.

A

Amanita Species:

  1. Some deadly poisonous mushrooms
  2. Some hallucinogens (Psilocybin “magic mushrooms”)
  3. Others edible such as grocery store agaricus
  4. Serious parasites such as smuts (corn and other grasses) and rusts (wheat, other grasses, pine, cedar-apple, etc.)
118
Q

What Fungi Division is considered the “Imperfect” Fungi (don’t fit neatly into the 3 other groups)?

A

Division Deuteromycota

119
Q

Name 4 examples of Deuteromycetes.

A
  1. Penicillium: antibiotic production in WWII and used in veined cheeses (blue color)
  2. Aspergillus: Some produce aflatoxin, the most potent natural carcinogen known
  3. Medical / Veterinary condition called “aspergilliosis” can result from consuming aflatoxin-producing organisms
  4. Some are used in commercial products (soaps, plastics, mirror, perfume, toothpaste)
120
Q

What are the 4 Divisions of True Fungi?

A
  1. Zygomycota
  2. Ascomycota
  3. Basidiomycota
  4. Deuteromycota
121
Q

Lichens are a symbiotic association between what 2 things?

A
  1. Fungi: (ascomycetes) mineral / water absorption
  2. Cynobacteria: photosynthesis
122
Q

What are the 3 Lichen body types?
What does each look like?

A
  1. Crustose: flat / crust-like
  2. Foliose: leafy, sheet-like
  3. Fruticose: bushy or string-like, very elaborate
123
Q

Name 3 Ecological / Cultural Importance of Lichens.

A
  1. Forage
  2. Dyes
  3. Fabrics
124
Q

Which has a nucleus, Cynobacteria or Algae?

A

Algae

125
Q

What is blue-green bacteria called?

A

Cyanobacteria

126
Q

Name 3 basic properties of Cyanobacteria.

A
  1. Have chlorophyll ‘a’ and are photosynthetic
  2. Some produce toxins
  3. Red and blue pigments
127
Q

Name 6 importances of Cyanobacteria.

A
  1. Food chains: base of many aquatic food chains
  2. Rapid division under optimal conditions can significantly impact water quality (stimulated by an increase in Nitrogen and Phosphate)
  3. Toxin production by some species
  4. Nitrogen fixation: convert N2 to NH3
  5. Skin irritation
  6. A few are edible: Spirulina in healthfood drinks, Nostoc
128
Q

What 2 types of Algae have been moved from Kingdom Protista to Kingdom Plantae?

A
  1. Many of the green thalloid algae (large-bodied algae with tissue that occurs in sheets)
  2. Nodal algae
129
Q

What are the 5 major groups of Algae (true algae)?

A
  1. Chlorophyta
  2. Chromophyta - Diatoms
  3. Chomophyta - Brown Algae
  4. Rhodophyta
  5. Dinophyta
130
Q

Describe Chlorophyta (phylum)

A

The Green Algae (some of the closest relatives to land plants)

131
Q

Name 5 body forms (structural characteristics/features) of phylum Chlorophyta (algae).

A
  1. colonial
  2. unicellular
  3. filamentous
  4. thalloid (sheet-like, seaweed)
  5. nodal
132
Q

Name 3 novel characteristics of the algae group Chlorophyta.

A
  1. similar to plants, they store starch
  2. freshwater and marine
  3. some are models for cell physiology
133
Q

Describe what types of Algae are in phylum Chromophyta.

A

The yellow-green, golden-brown and brown algae, and diatoms

134
Q

Where do Diatoms grow?

A

In cold, marine habitats

135
Q

Name 3 structural characteristics/features of Diatoms

A
  1. unicellular
  2. cell walls composed of sillica and are groovy
  3. very light reflective
136
Q

What are 5 novel characteristics of Diatoms?

A
  1. form diatomaceous earth (reflective)
  2. used for road sign paint
  3. used for emery boards
  4. first toothpastes
  5. water filtration
137
Q

What are the structural characteristics/features of brown algae?

A
  • Large, sheet-like brown algae are refered to as “kelps”
    • “sea grasses” can be up to 900 ft. long
138
Q

What are the novel characteristics of brown algae?

A

Produce algin and alginates that are used as thickeners in products like food and makeup.

139
Q

What type of algae is the phylum Rohodophyta?

A

Red Algae

140
Q

Name 2 structural characteristics/features of Rhodophyta.

A
  1. Highly branched or thalloid
  2. Appear red because of pigment called phycobilin
141
Q

What is Phycobilin?

A

A pigment in red algae, a light harvesting molecule, good for lowlight conditions.

142
Q

What are 3 novel characteristics of the group Rhodophyta?

A
  1. Nori: sushi wrapping
  2. Produce agar: gelatinous
  3. Carageenan: thickener in foods
143
Q

What is the diversity of Dinoflagellates?

A

Extremely diverse, over 3 thousand known.
(some only in fossil record)

144
Q

Name 2 structural characteristics/features of Dinophyta.

A
  1. Cellulosic armor plating (under their membrane)
  2. Flagella: helps them get around (typically 2)
145
Q

What are 2 human impacts on Dinoflagellates?

A
  1. Assoicated with red tide
  2. Can produce potent toxins
146
Q

What is the significance of Pfiesteria sp.?

A

Studied by Dr. JoAnn Burkholder

  • Fish kills
  • Can consume the contents of red blood cells
147
Q

What is plant classification called?

A

Taxonomy

148
Q

What are 5 things that Latin Polynomials (descriptive names) based on?

A
  1. shape
  2. size
  3. color
  4. # of organs
  5. habitats
149
Q

Who was Carl Linnaeus?

A

A Swedish botanist and physician in the 1700’s
- Wrote “Species Plantarum” in 1753

150
Q

How were plants organized in “Species Plantarum”?

A

All plants were placed into smaller groups based on similar characteristics (orgin of genus concept)

151
Q

Why is a species name binomial?

A

Means two names:
Genus and Specific Epithet

152
Q

What does ICN stand for and how do they meet?

A

International Code of Nomenclature (for algae, fungi and plants)

  • Group that meets every 6-7 years
  • Last meeting in 2011 - Melbourne code
  • Always named after the city they met in
  • Modified from the Linnaeus guidelines
153
Q

What is the name for places where collected specimens are catalogued, preserved and stored?
Where are these typically found?

A

Herbaria
Typically in academic institutions.

154
Q

Name 3 functions of Herbaria.

A
  1. Research
  2. Teaching
  3. Extension (communicating knowledge outside of the school)
155
Q

What are the 3 types of plant specimen preservation?

A
  1. Press specimen and put on herbarium sheet
  2. Chemical fixation
  3. Desication using sand/borax to perserve plant material in 3D
156
Q

List the 3 things that one must do in order to put a new plant into the botanical record.

A
  1. Produce a proper description that is published and circulated
  2. Give it a name that coforms to the international code
  3. Obtain and preserve a type specimen for reference - “Voucher”
157
Q

What plant category do the Bryophytes fall into?

A

Non-vascular plants

158
Q

What are Bryophytes?

A
  • Non-vascular, semi-aquatic to terrestrial
    • Mosses, hornworts and liverworts
159
Q

Describe seed-free, vascular plants.

A
  • Vascular tissue, no seeds, terrestrial
    • Ferns, lycopods, whisk ferns, horsetails
160
Q

Describe seed-bearing, vascular plants.

A
  • Vascular tissue, seeds, terrestrial, some aquatic
    • Gymnosperms, Angiosperms, monocots and dicots
161
Q

What is it called when plants reproduce sexually and go through two life stages?
What are the 2 stages?

A

Alteration of Generations
Diploid and Haploid
(one is more dominant than the other)

162
Q

What are Diploid cells?

A

Having 2 copies of DNA per cell (2N)

163
Q

In plants, associated with Diploid stage of the life cycle are called the _______.

A

Sporophyte (produces spores)

164
Q

What are haploid cells?

A

1 copy of DNA per cell (1N)

165
Q

What do Diploid cells undergo to form what?

A

Meiosis
Spores

166
Q

Are spores haploid or diploid?

A

Haploid

167
Q

Spores will develop and mature into the ___________ generation of the life cycle.

A

gametophyte
gameto = produces gametes
gametes = sperm and egg cells

168
Q

In the gametophyte generation, sperm cells ____a____ egg cells to form a ____b____, which will further develop into a ____c____.

A

a. fertilize
b. zygote
c. sporophyte

169
Q

List the plant life cycle stages in order starting with Fertilization (syngamy). Tell whether each is 1N or 2N.

A
  1. Fertilization (2N)
  2. Zygote (2N)
  3. Mature sporophyte (2N)
  4. Sporangia: structures on sporophyte that produce spores (2N)
  5. Meiosis (reduction division) (only forms spores, not gametes) (1N)
  6. Spores (1N)
  7. Mature gametophytes (1N)
  8. Sperm and Egg (1N)
170
Q

What generation dominates in Bryophytes (mosses and their allies)?

A

Gametophyte generation

171
Q

What 3 plant types are Sporophyte generation dominant?

A
  1. Ferns and fern allies
  2. Gymnosperms
  3. Angiosperms
172
Q

How many species are in Bryophytes?

A

About 23,000

173
Q

What are 6 characteristics of Bryophytes?

A
  1. Structurally small
  2. Dominant gametophyte (1N)
  3. Live in very moist soils or are aquatic
  4. Have mycorrizae
  5. Colonizing organisms
  6. Highly variable climates
174
Q

What are Liverworts?

A
  • Type of herb in the Bryophyte group
    • Not mosses
    • Dominant generation is the gametophyte
    • Used in medieval period to treat liver ailments
175
Q

What are 2 structural characteristics of Liverworts?

A
  1. Small, flat gametophytes
  2. Anchored by rhyzoids (anchoring only)
176
Q

What are the 2 body structures of Liverworts?

A

Thalloid and Leafy
(ex. Marchantia is thalloid)

177
Q

About how many species are Hornworts?

A

100

178
Q

What are the structural characteristics of Hornworts?

A

Small but dominant gametophyte, horn-like sporophyte

(ex. Anthoceros)

179
Q

How many species of Mosses are there?

A

About 15,000

180
Q

What are the 3 classes of Mosses?

A
  1. Peat mosses
  2. Rock/granite mosses (colonizers)
  3. “True” mosses
181
Q

What are the green, mat-like portion of mosses?

A

gametophytes (grow closer together)

182
Q

What do the “leaves” do in Mosses?

A
  • Water storage and photosynthesizing cells
    • Don’t have xylem and phloem
    • Water is absorbed (through pores) on leaf surfaces (the only land plants that do this)
183
Q

What anchors Mosses?

A

Rhyzoids

184
Q

List 6 ecological importances and human uses of Mosses.

A
  1. Colonizers: build soil
  2. Where they grow is a good indicator of soil quality (high Ca2, saline and low pH)
  3. Preservative capacity (peat mosses)
  4. Fuel sources (peat mosses)
  5. Antimicrobial / Antiseptic properties
  6. Prevent erosion
185
Q

What category do Ferns and Fern Allies fit into?

A
  • Plants with vascular tissue but no seeds
    • All undergo Alteration of Generations
  • Sporophyte dominant (2N)
  • Fern “allies” have fern-like life cycles
186
Q

What phylum are Whisk Ferns in?

A

Psilotophyta

187
Q

How diverse are whisk ferns?

A

Only 3 species remain

188
Q

Name 3 things about Whisk Ferns.

A
  1. Primitive (ancient), similar organisms in fossil record
  2. Some of the first land plants that have vascular tissue (400 million years ago)
  3. Two living genra: Psilotum
189
Q

What are 2 structural features of Whisk Ferns?

A

Bifurcating (forking) stems (fork into 2 separate stems, again and again…)
2. Yellow sporangia at the tip ends of the bifurkating stems

190
Q

What kind of habitat do Whisk Ferns require?

A

Tropical to subtropical, require moisture and humidity.

191
Q

What phylum are Club Mosses and Quillworts?

A

Phylum Lycophyta
Lycopods

192
Q

How diverse are Lycopods?

A

About 700 species

193
Q

What are Lycopodium?

A

Lycophyta
Ground pines
“running cedar”
Look similar to gymnosperms.

194
Q

What are Selaginella?

A

Phylum Lycophyta
Spike mosses
- Free-branching
- Moist habitats
- Withstand dehydration

195
Q

What are Isoetes?

A

Quilworts

  • Resemble a pen quill
  • Confused with grasses
196
Q

Name 3 historical uses of Lycophytes.

A
  1. Ornamental
  2. Spores used as flash powders
  3. Forage
197
Q

What are Equisetophyta and what is their diversity?

A

Horsetails and Scouring Rushes
- All have true roots and rhizomes
About 25 species left

198
Q

Name 3 structural features of Equisetophyta.

A
  1. Up to 6 - 8 ft. tall
  2. Ribbed, hollow stems with obvious nodes
  3. Leaves are not photosynthetic
199
Q

What habitat do Horsetails and Scouring Rushes require?

A

Moist, can be weedy, variable temperatures

200
Q

Name 2 interesting human uses (historically) of Equiestophyta.

A
  1. Scouring implements (like brillo pads) - walls contained / incorporated silicon
    - Have astringent properties
201
Q

What phylum are Ferns in?
What is their diversity?

A

Polypodiophyta
(means many feet)

About 11,000 species

202
Q

What is the size variation of Ferns?

A

Variable: can be less than 1 cm and up to 50 ft. tall (tree ferns)

203
Q

What habitat do Ferns require?

A

Variable: requires moisture for reproduction (swimming sperm), some over-winter well (can come back from the winter well)

204
Q

Name 7 Fun Fern Facts.

A
  1. Air filtration (through stomata)
  2. Ornamentals
  3. Rachis of fronds used in basket weaving
  4. Some fiddleheads are edible (young leaves)
  5. Medicinally (medieval times used for anything but didn’t really work: lepressy, diabetes, dandrif)
  6. Resistant to most bacteria and fungi
  7. Dyes, tannins, leather production
205
Q

Be able to diagram Fern Sporophyte Morphology

A
206
Q

What are the individual leaflets of a fern called?

A

Pinna(e)

207
Q

What are the dots (clusters of sporangea) on a fern called?

A

Sorus(i)

208
Q

What is the vertical rib of the fern called?

A

Rachis

209
Q
A
210
Q

What is the small spiral-shaped start of a fern called?

A

Fiddlehead

211
Q

What is the name for the horizontal stem of a fern?

A

Rhizome

212
Q

What vertical roots do ferns have?

A

Adventitious roots: absorb water and grow from the sides of other organs

213
Q

What are Gymnosperms?

A

Seeds but no fruit
Gymno = naked
sperma = seed
- Have dominant sporophyte

214
Q

What is the phylum for conifers?

A

Phylum Pinophyta

215
Q

What are some things you think of when you hear “cone bearing tree”?

A
  • pines
    • cedars
  • spruce
  • firs
  • prescribed burns
  • redwoods
  • Christmas trees
  • Rosin for instruments
216
Q

Name 4 features of leaf morphology in Pines.

A
  1. Thick cuticle
  2. Compacted mesophyll (photosynthetic)
  3. Have resin canals in leaves (lots of turpines: smell)
  4. sunken stomata
217
Q

Name 2 woody stem features of pines.

A
  1. Lack vessels and fibers (softwoods)
    - Only parenchyma and trachaids in xylem
  2. Undergo secondary growth and have growth rings
    - cork cambium and vascular cambium
218
Q

What does xylem in conifers contain and what does it not have?

A

Contains: parenchyma and trachaids
Does not contain: vessel elements and fibers

219
Q

What does pine pollen look like and what are the parts called?

A

Looks like mickey mouse ears.
The cell produces 2 sperm cells in the main part and the 2 (ears) are air sacks.

220
Q

What are pollen cones?

A
  • “male” cones: produce pollen
  • Mature pollen grain that produces sperm cells (male gametophyte)
  • Die after pollen is released
221
Q

What are seed cones?

A
  • “female” cones
    • Spirally arranged scales
  • At the base of each scale is an ovule that will mature and produce egg cells
  • Female gametophyte: Ovule
222
Q

What is the length of time from pollination to seed maturity and release?

A

2-3 years

223
Q

Name some other conifers besides pines.

A

Hemlock
Red Cedar: “Berry” like soft cones, flavoring gin
Deodar Cedar
Bald Cypress
Douglas Fir: Larges Fir trees in western US and Canada
Fraser Fir: Mountain species, Christmas tree
Yews
White Cedar: News print

224
Q

What are 12 significant features of gymnosperms?

A
  1. Boreal Forests: Northern US and Canada, cold/frozen soils most of the year
  2. Primary Invaders in succession - Mycorrhizal relationship: Gradual process of plant community change
  3. Ability to inhabit many different environments
  4. Resistant to fungi and insects: some have very significant pests (insects)
  5. Compounds used in cancer treatment
  6. Building materials and wood products: 2x4’s, Barrels, Violins (red spruce)
  7. Newsprint
  8. Turpentine, rosin, pitch and tar (naval stores)
  9. Wildlife shelter
  10. Ornamentals: Christmas trees, Bonsai
  11. Pine straw: prevents water runoff, provides thermal insullation
  12. Mulch: fertilizing
225
Q

Study all Exam 3 Slideshows

A
226
Q

Study monocot and dicot stem diagrams

A
227
Q

Study secondary growth diagram (will have word bank)

A
228
Q

Study Moss and Fern life cycles

A

Plant Bio (5 decks)

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