Final Exam

Question 1

Nucleus

Answer 1

Function: Contains most of the cell’s DNA.
Location: Within the nuclear envelope which is a double membrane.

Question 2

Ribosomes

Answer 2

Function: Manufacture proteins.
Location: Within the cytoplasm, Endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria in all cells. In plant cells, also in the chloroplasts.

Question 3

Vacuole

Answer 3

Function: Stores food, enzymes, or waste in a cell.
Location: Near the center of the cell.

Question 4

Lysosomes

Answer 4

Function: Contain substances that digest excess or worn-out organelles and food particles.
Location: Found in the cytosols of cells.

Question 5

Centrioles

Answer 5

Function: To function during cell division
Location: In the centrosome of cells.

Question 6

Mitochondria

Answer 6

Function: Convert fuel particles into usable energy.
Location: In the fluid around the nucleus in a cell.

Question 7

Chloroplasts

Answer 7

Function: Capture light and convert it into chemical energy during photosynthesis.
Location: Depends on the plant.

Question 8

Cell Wall

Answer 8

Function: To protect the cell and give it structure.
Location: Bordering the cell.

Question 9

Organelles in plant but not animal cells.

Answer 9

Cell Wall, Vacuoles, Plasmodesmata, and Chloroplasts.

Question 10

Organelles in animal but not plant cells.

Answer 10

Lysosomes & Centrioles

Question 11

Phospholipid Bilayer

Answer 11

Two layers of phospholipids that are arranged to allow the plasma membrane to exist in a watery environment.

Question 12

Receptor Proteins

Answer 12

Transmit signals to the inside of the cell.

Question 13

Support Proteins

Answer 13

Support structures for the plasma membrane.

Question 14

Transport Proteins

Answer 14

Move needed substances and wastes through the plasma membrane.

Question 15

Carbohydrate Chains

Answer 15

Help define the cell’s characteristics and help the cells identify the chemical signals.

Question 16

Diffusion vs. Osmosis

Answer 16

Differences: Diffusion is the random movement across a cell membrane sometimes until dynamic equilibrium is reached, but particles still move. Whereas osmosis depends on solute concentration in a cell and its environment and water moves in and/or out the cell depending on that factor.
Similarities: Are types of passive transportation methods across a cell membrane.

Question 17

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 17

The diffusion of particles through transport proteins found in the membrane.

Question 18

Why Mitosis?

Answer 18

Mitosis helps increase the number of cells in a multicellular organism as it grows. Does this by an accurate separation of the cell’s replicated DNA. Damaged cells get replaced because of new cells made from mitosis.

Question 19

G1 Phase of Interphase

Answer 19

The cell is growing and carrying out normal cellular functions.

Question 20

S Phase of Interphase

Answer 20

The cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division.

Question 21

G2 Phase of Interphase

Answer 21

The period in which the cell prepares for the division of its nucleus.

Question 22

Prophase of Mitosis

Answer 22

Cell’s chromatin tightens into chromosomes. Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere. Spindle fibers, centrioles, and aster fibers form a spindle apparatus. Nuclear membrane breaks down and nucleolus disappears.

Question 23

Metaphase of Mitosis

Answer 23

Sister Chromatids are pulled along the spindle apparatus towards the center of the cell. The sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell.

Question 24

Anaphase of Mitosis

Answer 24

Sister Chromatids pull apart. The spindle apparatus begin to shorten, Sister chromatids separate. Chromosomes move towards the poles of the cell.

Question 25

Telophase of Mitosis

Answer 25

When chromosomes arrive at the poles and begin to decondense. Two nuclear membranes begin to form and the nucleoli reappear. Spindle apparatus disassembles.

Question 26

Cytokinesis

Answer 26

Happens after two daughter nuclei have formed. In animal cells, microfilaments pinch off to form two cells. In plant cells, a cell plate forms between the two daughter nuclei.

Question 27

What’s true if a child has a recessive phenotype?

Answer 27

Each parent must have a recessive allele for that phenotype in order for their child to have a recessive phenotype.

Question 28

How do diploid and haploid cells differ?

Answer 28

Diploid cells have 46 chromosomes while haploid cells have 23 chromosomes. Meiosis produces the haploid chromosomes and fertilization makes the diploid.

Question 29

Why are haploid cells produced?

Answer 29

They are the sperm and egg which are essential to organisms to reproduce.

Question 30

How are haploid cells produced?

Answer 30

Through the process of meiosis.

Question 31

Difference between a gamete and zygote?

Answer 31

A gamete is the sperm and egg separately.(23 chromosomes) A zygote is a fertilized egg.(46 chromosomes)

Question 32

Homologous Chromosome

Answer 32

Sister Chromatids from the mother or father.