final exam

Question 1

What group is the sister group of echinoderms

Answer 1

chordates

Question 2

what group do chordates and echinoderms make up?

Answer 2

deuterostomes

Question 3

what are the largest group of chordates?

Answer 3

vertebrates

Question 4

what were the 5 major transitions in vertebrate history from oldest to newest?

Answer 4

evolution of paired fins, jaws, limbs with digits, transitions to land, and evolution of terrestrial adapted eggs

Question 5

what are the three main ear bones?

Answer 5

stapes, incuse, malleus SIM

Question 6

what are the three lineages of extant mammals?

Answer 6

marsupials, monotremes, eutherian

Question 7

what is the distinct characteristic of marsupials

Answer 7

mammals with pouches (short gestation)

Question 8

what is the distinct characteristic of monotremes

Answer 8

egg laying mammals

Question 9

what is the distinct characteristic of etherians

Answer 9

placental mammals (long gestation) - humans

Question 10

what is the most basal lineage of mammals?

Answer 10

monotremes

Question 11

three types of mamals from most species to least species

Answer 11

eutherian, marsupials, monotremes

Question 12

what is the largest group of animals?

Answer 12

rodentia

Question 13

what are the 5 derived traits of primates?

Answer 13

hands/feet, large brain, forward-looking eyes, well-developed parental care, complex social behavior

Question 14

what is the most basal lineage of primates?

Answer 14

lemurs

Question 15

when did apes diverge from monkeys?

Answer 15

20-25 million years ago

Question 16

how old is the hominin lineage

Answer 16

6.5 million years old

Question 17

what was the difference between ardi and lucy?

Answer 17

lucy is more like humans today

Question 18

5 derived characteristics of humans

Answer 18

bipedal, large brain, tool use, smaller jaw muscles, shorter digestive tracts

Question 19

4 distinctions of chordates

Answer 19

notochord, phorangial slits, post-anal tail, and hollow dorsal nerve chord

Question 20

4 distinctions of echinoderms

Answer 20

pentaradial, water vascular system, tube feet, calcium carbonate endoskeleton

Question 21

what is the basal lineage of chordates

Answer 21

chephelachordates

Question 22

what are the three main lineages of chordates?

Answer 22

cephalochordates, urochordates, and vertebrates

Question 23

how do cephalochordates feed

Answer 23

suspension feeders

Question 24

what does it mean that urichordates are tunic

Answer 24

larvae display traits of chordates, but adults grow out of them

Question 25

do (hagfish) and lampreys have jaws

Answer 25

no

Question 26

hagfish body structure

Answer 26

head with skull and brain, eyes, and other sensory organs

Question 27

how do some lampreys feed

Answer 27

attaching to a live fish and ingesting its blood

Question 28

gnathostomes are chordates that have...

Answer 28

jaws and four sets of hox genes

Question 29

how did the cartilaginous skeleton in chondrocytes (sharks/skates) form?

Answer 29

reduction of the ancestral mineralized skeleton

Question 30

2 distinctions of actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)

Answer 30

bony skeleton and maneuverable fins supported by rays

Question 31

what are Actinsia?

Answer 31

ancient lineage of aquatic lobefins in the indian ocean

Question 32

Three distinctions of dipnoi/lungfishes

Answer 32

freshwater lobe fins that have lungs and gills

Question 33

how many limbs do amphibians have

Answer 33

4

Question 34

what is the function of skin in amphibia

Answer 34

it is moist so it can do gas exchange

Question 35

amphibians can live in water and on land (t/f)

Answer 35

true - water larvae

Question 36

what are the two extant lineages of amniotes

Answer 36

reptilia and mamillia

Question 37

2 distinctions of reptilia

Answer 37

amniotic eggs and rib cage ventilation

Question 38

how do conodonts feed?

Answer 38

used the 'tongue' and lips to grab food before two pairs of relatively robust, sometimes molar-like 'throat teeth' ground and cut it up

Question 39

what 2 derived characteristics do sharks and tuna share?

Answer 39

use a tail to swim and their ability to stay warm

Question 40

how did tetrapods evolve?

Answer 40

evolved from lobe-finned fish, specifically sarcopterygians, during the Devonian period, approximately 390 million years ago

Question 41

3 distinct characteristics of tetrapods

Answer 41

4 limbs with digits, air-breathing, can be terrestrial

Question 42

what are three key adaptations amniotes have for life on land

Answer 42

amniotic egg, internal fertilization, and water-tight skin

Question 43

are snakes tetrapods?

Answer 43

yes

Question 44

4 avian adaptations for flight

Answer 44

lightweight skeletons, streamlined body shapes, efficient respiratory systems, and specialized flight muscles

Question 45

what 5 characteristics distinguish hominins from apes

Answer 45

erect posture, bipedal locomotion, larger brains, and behavioral characteristics such as specialized tool use and, in some cases, communication through language