Week 3

Question 1

How old is Earth?

Answer 1

4.5-4.6 billion years old

Question 2

When was the earliest evidence of life

Answer 2

3.5 BYA

Question 3

when did life arise?

Answer 3

3.9 BYA

Question 4

Stromatolites

Answer 4

layers of rock formed by prokaryotes found in rock formations 3.5 BYA

Question 5

early photosynthetic prokaryotes were the only life forms until…

Answer 5

2.1 BYA

Question 6

When did oxygen levels increase in the oceans until they became saturated?

Answer 6

2.7 BYA

Question 7

What happened after the oceans became saturated?

Answer 7

the oxygen “gassed out” into the atmosphere

Question 8

When was the gradual rise in oxygen accumulating photosynthetic prokaryotes?

Answer 8

2.7-2.3 BYA

Question 9

Oxygen Revolution

Answer 9

the rapid increase in oxygen levels 2.3-2.1 BYA

Question 10

What were the results of the oxygen revolution?

Answer 10

created toxic conditions for many prokaryotes and is the origin of single-celled eukaryotes

Question 11

Endosymbiotic Theory

Answer 11

a prokaryote engulfed another prokaryote, forming a symbiotic relationship where the engulfed cell eventually became an organelle, leading to the evolution of a more complex eukaryotic cell

Question 12

all lineages have…

Answer 12

mitochondria

Question 13

some lineages have…

Answer 13

mitochondria and plastids

Question 14

plastids

Answer 14

any class of small organelles that contain pigment or food

Question 15

ancestor of eukaryotes arose in…

Answer 15

1.5 BYA

Question 16

the oldest fossil of the multicellular eukaryotes is red algae that lived in…

Answer 16

1.2 BYA

Question 17

larger and more diverse multicellular eukaryotes appear…

Answer 17

575 MYA

Question 18

Edicarian Biota

Answer 18

soft-bodied, slow-moving animals, some reaching over 1M (575-535 MYA)

Question 19

most present-day animal phyla appear…

Answer 19

543 MYA

Question 20

Cambrian Explosion

Answer 20

rapid diversification in animals over a 40 year period (541 MYA)

Question 21

What are the adaptations allowing cambrian animals an advantage? - 4

Answer 21

jaw with teeth, increased activity, sharp spines, heavy body armor

Question 22

When was the colonization of land by plants and animals?

Answer 22

500 MYA

Question 23

what adaptation was needed for the colonization of land

Answer 23

defense against dehydration

Question 24

when did plants, fungi,and anthropods come about?

Answer 24

420 MYA

Question 25

anthropods

Answer 25

invertebrate with segmented body, jointed appendages, and exoskeleton

Question 26

When did tetrapods happen?

Answer 26

365 MYA

Question 27

When did humans happen?

Answer 27

195 MYA

Question 28

Tetrapods

Answer 28

4 legged animals

Question 29

Influences on the rise and fall of organisms - 4

Answer 29

changes in atmospheric composition, continental drift, mass extinction and adaptive radiation

Question 30

when were the three times that the continents all came together?

Answer 30

1.1 BYA, 600 MYA, and 250 MYA

Question 31

when is the predicted next pangea?

Answer 31

in 250 million years

Question 32

4 consequences of continental drift

Answer 32

creation and destruction of habitat, different climates to the moving land, large-scale vicariance, and long-separated species coming back into contact

Question 33

Vicariance

Answer 33

geographic separation of population, resulting in a pair of closely related species (allopatric speciation)

Question 34

how many mass extinctions have happened in the last 500 MYA?

Answer 34

5

Question 35

Permian Extinction (251 MYA)

Answer 35

intense volcanic activity covering lots of land in lava that caused drastic climate change and crazy atmospheric conditions

Question 36

Permian extinction effects

Answer 36

96% of marine animals extinct and 8/27 order of insects were lost

Question 37

Cretaceous Extinction (65 MYA)

Answer 37

likely the result of an asteroid impact causing huge debris clouds and global cooling

Question 38

cretaceous extinction effects

Answer 38

50% of marine animals are extinct and many terrestrial animals, including dinosaurs go extinct

Question 39

Sixth Extinction? (present)

Answer 39

human alteration of the environment has resulted in large-scale habitat destruction and global climate change

Question 40

sixth extinction effect

Answer 40

more than 100 species have gone extinct over the last 400 years

Question 41

3 Consequences of Mass extinction

Answer 41

massively alters communities which can take so long to rebuild, can remove competition and predation, and allows for adaptive radiation

Question 42

how long did it take for the marine communities to recover after the Permian extinction?

Answer 42

100 million years

Question 43

adaptive radiation

Answer 43

rapid diversification and formation of many new species and fill available ecological niches