Test 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What phyla do angiosperms have?
A
anthophyta
2
Q
What are angiosperms?
A
seeded plants that produce flowers and fruits
3
Q
What type of plants are the most diverse and widespread group of them?
A
angiosperms
4
Q
What are the two adaptations unique ot angiosperms?
A
flowers and fruits
5
Q
Why did angiosperms adapt flowers?
A
for specialized sexual reproduction so they can attract pollinators
6
Q
Do flowers contain male, female, or both parts?
A
both
7
Q
How do fruits develop?
A
from a mature ovary and they contain seeds
8
Q
Flower definition
A
a specialized shoot that can have up to four rings of sporophylls
9
Q
sporophyll
A
The specialized in leaves that produce and contain spores
10
Q
Sepals
A
green leaves at the base of the flower
11
Q
Stamen- composition
A
anther and filament that contains microsporangia
12
Q
Stamen- definition and function
A
The sticky, receptive surface at the top of the pistil where pollen lands and germinates, initiating the fertilization process
13
Q
Carpel Composition
A
stigma, style, and ovary that contains megasporangia
14
Q
Carpel Definition
A
The female reproductive organ, also known as the gynoecium or pistil
15
Q
Microsporangia
A
structures that produce microspores (male spores)
16
Q
Megasporangia
A
structures that produce megaspores (female spores)
17
Q
How are seeds developed in an angiosperm?
A
from the ovule if the eggs is fertilized
18
Q
2 Functions of Fruits
A
provide protection for the seeds and aid in seed dispersal
19
Q
Diverse fruit forms are adaptations for…
A
seed dispersal
20
Q
Stamen structure from the outside in
A
stamen, filament, anther, microsporangium, gametophyte, pollen grain, 2 sperm with a tube cell
21
Q
Carpel Structure from the Outside In
A
carpel, stigma, style, ovary, ovule(megasporangium), gametophyte, egg with 2 nuclei
22
Q
Fertilization Steps 1 and 2
A
pollen released by the anther is carried to the stigma, and then the pollen grain germinates to form a pollen tube that delivers two sperm into the ovule
23
Q
Double Fertilization
A
one sperm fertilizes the egg (zygote) and one sperm fuses with the double nuclei cell to form a triploid (3n) cell (endosperm)
24
Q
Cotyledon
A
succulents
25
Cotelydon Development
A diploid zygote develops into an embryo with a rudimentary root and one or two seed leaves
26
Endosperm development (tissue inside of seeds)
a triploid cell develops into tissue rich in starch and other food resources to nourish the embryo
27
Most angiosperms have ______ and _______ in the same flower and have evolved mechanisms to avoid ___ _________
stamen and carpel, self pollination
28
stamen and carpel develop at _________ times
different
29
What is arranged in angiosperms to make self-pollination unlikely?
stamen and carpel
30
when did angiosperms arise?
140 MYA and strted ot dominate by the end of the Mesozoic period
31
How do fungi get nutrients?
absorption, other organisms, outside of the body
32
how do fungi grow?
forming multicellular filaments
33
How do fungi digest food?
secreting enzymes into the environment
34
Fungal Body Structures
multicellular filaments and single-celled yeasts
35
What is a hyphae in multicellular fungi?
tubular cells with walls surrounding a plasma membrane and cytoplasm
36
cell wallas of multicellular fungi contain...
chitin
37
hyphae form ...
mycelium - interwoven masses that infiltrate organic material
38
2 most important function of hyphae
increase surface area and maximize absorption potential
39
_______ in multicellular fungi can trap and kill prey
hypha
40
Mycorrihzae
fungi that form mutualistic relationships with plant roots
41
How do mycorrhizae function?
hypha gives plants access to minerals by extending roots, some fix nitrogen and plants provide fungal associates with carbs
42
Ectomycorrhizal fungi
form sheaths of hypha around the root
43
Arbuscular mychorrhizal
symbiotic relationship where hypha penetrate root cell wall and form pouches of the cell membrane
44
how do fungi reproduce
through spore production from sexual and asexual
45
why do fungi use spores to reproduce?
they are effecient means of dispersal
46
Fungi are classified based on the specifics of _______ _________
sexual reproduction
47
deuteromycetes
fungi that do not have a known sexual stage or only produce asexually, and many produce moles
48
What are the two main steps of sexual reproduction in fungi?
plasmogamy and kyrogamy
49
Step 1 of plasmogamy
haploid mycelium release pheremones
50
step 2 of plasmogamy
plasmogamy - two mycelia meet and their cells fuse only by the cytoplasm which makes them a heterokaryon (genetically different nuclei)
51
Plasmogamy Step 3
fungi remain heterokaryotic for a while before progressing to the next stage
52
What happens during karyogamy?
fusion of haploid nuclei to form a diploid zygote (only diploid stage) and it produces haploid structures
53
How do yeasts reproduce
asexually reproduce by budding
54
What supergroup are fungi part of?
unikonta
55
what subgroup are fungi in?
opisthokonts
56
a majority of fungal cells lack...
flagella
57
What are the earliest diverging lineage from fungi
chitrids - the only flagellated fungi
58
when was the first fungal fossil from?
460 MYA
59
When do early vascular plant fossils show evidence of mycorrhizal fungal associates?
420 MYA
60
chytrid spore producing structure
flagella
61
zygomycetes spore producing structures
zygosporangium
62
glomeromycetes spore producing structures
arbuscular mychorrihizae
63
ascomycetes spore producing structure
asci
64
basidiomycetes spore producing structure
basidium
65
zoospores
chytrids that are single spherical cells with flagellated spores
66
cytrids habitat
lakes and soils
67
chytrid food chain classifications
decomposers, eukaryotc parasites and mutualists
68
one species of _______ is causing disease in amphibians
chytrids
69
zygomycetes
phylum of fungi that include fast-growing molds, parasites, commensals, and mutualists
70
how do zygomycetes reproduce
normally asexual but when conditions deteriorate, they switch to sexual
71
zygosporangium
Reproductive structure of zygomycetes that are resistant to environmental degradation and can remain dormant until conditions improve
72
glomeromyctetes
small group of fungi where most species form arbuscular mycorrhizae
73
Ascomycetes
large and diverse fungi phyla that produce fruiting bodies during the sexual cycle (ascocarps)
74
____% of all ascomycetes form associations with green algae or cyanobacteria in lichens
25%
75
what fungi is current cause of white-nose syndrome in bats?
ascomycetes
76
conidia
asexual spores produced by ascomycetes that can germinate into hyphae or be involved in sexual reproduction by fusing with hyphae of opposite mating type
77
The dikaryotic stage of ascomycetes produces...
Multiple zygotes increase the opportunity for genetic diversity
78
Asci produce spores by ...
meiosis and mitosis
79
Basidiomycetes
large pgylum of fungi that include mutualists that form mycorrhizae, parasites, and important decomposers
80
Basidiomycete sexual lifecycle
long dikaryotic stage for lots of diversification
81
basidiocarps
elaborate fruiting bodies that respond to environemtnal stimuli in basidiomycetes
82
Decomposers
absorb carbon compounds and recycle essential nutrients back into the ecosystem
83
Mutualists
form important mutualistic relationships with plants, green algae, cyanobacteria and animals
84
Endophytes Definition
usually ascomycetes that live inside plants
85
endophytes functions
produce toxins that protect plants and increase tolerance to environmental stress
86
Lichen
a complex life form that is a symbiotic partnership a fungus and an alga
87
What dio fungus give to lichens?
thier shape/structure and protected habitat for algae or cyanobacteria
88
what do algae and cyanobacteria provide for a lichen?
glucose and can help fix nitrogen
89
________ % of fungal species are pathogens or parasites
30%
90
3 Practical uses of Fungi
eating, yeasts, medically (antibiotics)
91
fungi share a common ancestor with...
a protist relative (nuclearilds)
92
3 Features Unique to Animals
types of nutritional modes, types of cell structure and specialization, and details of reproduction and development
93
How do animals eat/digest?
get carbon from food and use enzymes to digest it
94
what provides extra cellular support in animal cells?
proteins like collagen
95
Most animals have the ability to move unlike other multicellular organisms due to...
muscle and nerve cells
96
how do most animals reproduce?
sexually with diploid dominating the lifecycle
97
sperm and egg are produced by...
meiosis (n)
98
What are the three steps after fertilization?
cleavage, blastula, and gastrulation
99
Cleavage
after fertilization the zygote undergoes a succession of cell divisions without growth
100
Blatula
after cleavage, hollow ball cells areformed in zygote
101
Gastrulation
after blastula, layers orembryonic tissue form that will develop into adult body parts
102
After gastrulation what 4 things should be formed in embryo?
endoderm, ectoderm, archenteron, and blastopore
103
endoderms and archenteron will develop into the...
digestive tract
104
Hox Genes
a group of related genes that play a crucial role in determining the body plan of an organism along the head-to-tail axis during development
105
what organisms have hox genes?
all animals except sponges
106
Are hox genes diverse?
no, the stay similar in structure and function across distantly related animals
107
what is responsible for large scale morphological changes in animals?
mutations in hox genes
108
larval stage
sexually immaturee form that many animals go through
109
when did the split between fungi and animals happen?
1 BYA
110
the common ancestor of all animals lived...
800-675 MYA
111
What are the closest living relatives of animals?
choanoflagellates (protist)
112
Neoproterozoic period time
1BYA - 542 MYA
113
Edicaran Biota
soft-bodied organism (565-550 MYA)
114
Paleozoic Period Time
542 - 251 MYA
115
What happened during the paleozoic period? (3)
cambrian explosion (535-525 MYA), emergence of active predators, decrease in diversity of soft-bodied animals
116
Why did the anmimal from change during the cambrian explosion? (3)
adaptations that improved active feeding (jaws) and defenses favoring some animals, increase in atmospheric oxygen allowed for larger animals and more active lifestyle, and origin of hox gene allowed for rapid evolution
117
During the paleozoic aminal life transitioned from ________ to ________ habitats
aqautic to terrestrial
118
when did arthropods happen?
460 MYA
119
when did vertebrates happen?
365 MYA
120
When was the Mesozoic Period?
251-65.5 MYA
121
4 big things from Mesozoic era
more diversity after mass extinction, formation of first coral reefs, some reptiles return to the ocean, and tetrapods dominate terrestrial habitats and start flying
122
when is cenozoic period?
65.5 MYA - present
123
what 2 things have happened in the Cenozoic period?
mass extinction of terrestrial and marine vertbrates that favor the rise of other vertebrates and rise/diversification of mammals and birds because of vacated ecological niches
124
sponges lack...
symmetry
125
evolutionary periods from oldest to newest
neoproteorozoic, paleozoic, mesozoic, and cenozoic
126
Radial Symmetry
have a top side (where the
mouth is located) and bottom side but do not have a left or right sides
127
Bilateral Symmetry
animals with two axes of orientation – top and bottom, and left and right
128
dorsal side
top
129
ventral side
bottom
130
anterior end
front
131
posterior end
back
132
Bilaterally Symmetrical animals tend to have sensory equipment located in the...
anterior end
133
cephalization
some bilaterally symmetrical animals have brain and sensory system in the head
134
what lifestyles fit radially symmetrical animals?
sessile (attached to substrate) and plantonic (passive drifters)
135
what lifestyle fist bilaterally symmetrical animals?
active lifestyles
136
what animals don't have tissues
sponges
137
diboplastic
animals from early lineages that have only two embryonic tissue layers
138
Ectoderm
outer ebryonic layer that gives rise to outer covering and nervous system
139
endoderm
inner embryonic layer gives rise to lining of digestive tract or cavity and organs
140
all bilaterally symmetrical animals are...
triploblastic - has three germ layers
141
mesoderm
middle embryonic layer that gives rise to muscle and most organs
142
coelom
a fluid or air-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall in triploblastic animals
143
what 3 types of animals are classified by coeloms?
coelomate, pseudocoelomate, acoelomate
144
where do true coeloms form?
from the mesoderm
145
Animals with coeloms are called...
coelomates
146
pseudocoelomates
animals with coeloms formed from mesoderm and endoderm
147
animals that lack coeloms...
acoelomates
148
Protostome Cleavage
spiral formation and determinate (cell fate is fixed early)
149
Deuterostome cleavage
radial structure (tiers) and indeterminate (early cells can develop into a whole organism)
150
coelom formation of protostome
Schizocoely - The mesoderm splits to form the coelom
151
coelom formation of Deuterostomes
Enterocoely - Coelom forms from bulges in the archenteron (primitive gut).
152
In protostomes, the blastopore becomes the...
mouth
153
In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the...
anus
154
body plans that have phylogenetic signal (help define groups) (3)
symmetry, devlopmentla patterns, tissues
155
Body plans that do not have phylogenetic signal (evolve independently)
body cavity formation
156
sponges are sister to...
eumetazoa
157
eumetazoa is a clade defined by...
having true tissue
158
most animals belong to what clade?
bilateria
159
aceolomate flatworms are the basal lineage of...
bilateria
160
three major clades of bilateria
dueterostomia, lophotrochozoa, ecydsozoa
161
what are the biggest group of invertebrates
arthropods
162
Porferia
lineage of animals that are sponges that are mostly marine
163
Porferia anatomy
has a large opening at the top to filter water through pores
164
spongocoel
central body cavity of porferia
165
osculum
top opening of porferia
166
chonaocytes/collar cells
in spoangeocoel of sponges that engulf food particles by phagocytosis
167
3 functions of amoebocytes in porferia
help digest food/deliver nutrients, make spicules, and can become other cells, giving the sponge flexibility
168
spicules
structures made by the amoebocytes that are the scrubby part of the sponge, which gives structural integrity
169
most sponges are... (reproduction)
hermaphrodites
170
Cnidaria
diverse animal phyla that are dipoloblastic (two layers) with radial symmetry with two forms
171
Polyp
a form of cnidaria that adheres to substrate and are immobile
172
Medusa
a form of cnidaria that is bell-shaped and free swimming
173
Medusa is associated with ________ reproduction
sexual
174
Polyp is associated with ________ reproduction
asexual
175
Cnidaria Sensory System
nerve net and muscles
176
how do cnidaria eat?
they are carnivores that use their stinging tentacles to capture prey
177
what are the 4 major clades of cnidaria
hydrozoa, scyphozoa, cubozoa, anthozoa
178
What are the trademarks of Lophotrocozoa
some develop lophophore (ring of tentacles) and others go through a trocophore (larval stage)
179
where do rotifers live
freshwater, marine and damp soil
180
what is an alimentary canal
digestive tube with two openings
181
how do rotifers eat
use jaws in the pharnyx to eat microorganisms
182
flatworm habitat
marine, freshwater and damp
environments
183
why are flatowrms flattened dorsoventrally
Maximizes surface area for gas and nutrient exchange
184
what do flatworms lack
organs specialized for gas exchange and a circulatory system
185
Planarians
free livng flatworms that are freshwater predators of smaller animals or scavengers and they move by gliding along a thin layer of
secreted mucus
186
how do free living flatwroms reproduce
asexually through fission dividing into anterior and posterior halves and cross fertilization because adults are usually hermaphrodites
187
Unique charateristics of parasitic flatworms (3)
suckers that attach to host, tough epidermis, reproductive organs occupy most of the body
188
Trematodes
a parasitic flatworm that alternates between sexual and asexual and normally have intermediate hosts
189
5 steps of reproduction for trematodes
Reproduce sexually in human
host, Eggs excreted in feces, Eggs develop into ciliated larvae which infects an intermediate hosts – snails, Larva develop in snail until they reach a motile stage, Motile larva enter human host through the skin
190
schistosomiasis symptoms
pain, anemia, diarhhea
191
where do adult tapeworms live
digestive tract of host
192
body composition of tapeowrm
mostly reproductive organs
193
how do tapeworms eat
absorb nutrients from the host
194
Scolex
the anterior end of a tapeworm with suckers and hooks allow for attachment to the host
195
Proglottids
sexual organs in tapeworms that can contain thousands of eggs, which are shed and excreted
