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Bio 141 > Protists - Supplemental #5 > Flashcards

Protists - Supplemental #5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Protist

A

monophyletic group of non-plant, non-fungi eukaryotes

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2
Q

all eukaryotes and protists have…

A

a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles like Golgi apparatus and mitochondria

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3
Q

protists are more structurally complex than…

A

prokaryotes

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4
Q

most groups of prokaryotes are…

A

unicellular

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5
Q

some protists are…

A

colonial

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6
Q

protists have the most _________ ___ ______ of all cells

A

complex cell structure

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7
Q

protists are nutritionally diverse because…

A

all have mitochondria and some have plastids

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8
Q

3 modes of nutrition for protists

A

chemoheterotrophs (heterotrophs), photoautotrophs (photosynthetic), and mixotrophs (both)

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9
Q

protists can reproduce ______ and ________

A

sexually and asexually

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10
Q

asexual reproduction

A

binary fission

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11
Q

sexual reproduction

A

alternation of meiosis to produce gametes (haploid) and fertilization to produce zygotes (diploid)

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12
Q

Plastid Primary Endosymbiosis

A

a heterotrophic eukaryote forming a symbiotic relationship with cyanobacteria (photosynthetic prokaryote) resulting in a photosynthetic eukaryote (red and green algae)

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13
Q

Plastid Secondary Endosymbiosis

A

a heterotrophic eukaryote forming a symbiotic relationship

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14
Q

How can plastids of secondary endosymbiosis be identified?

A

they have 3-4 membranes

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15
Q

4 subgroups of protsts

A

excavata, SAR, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

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16
Q

what two supergroups contain only protist?

A

exacavata and SAR

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17
Q

what two supergroups contain protists and multicellular non-protists?

A

archaeplastida and unikonta

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18
Q

what are the three lineages of excavates?

A

Diplomonads and Parabasalids and Euglenozoans

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19
Q

which two lineages of excavates lack plastids, have mitochondria and mostly live in anarobic environments?

A

Diplomonads and Parabasalids

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20
Q

diplomonads

A

Modified mitochondria called mitosomes that lack functional electron transport chains,
Get their energy from anaerobic
respiration, Have 2 nuclei and multiple flagella., Most are parasites

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21
Q

Giardia Lamblia

A

diplomonad parasite that infects gits of mammals, spreads through contaminated drinking water, causes diarrhea, and can be killed by boiling

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22
Q

Parabalids

A

lineage of excavata that have a reduced mitochondria , hydrigenoseomes - generate energy anaerobically

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23
Q

Trichosomas Vaginalis

A

type of parabasalid that is sexually transmitted, infects 5 million people/year and lives in human reproductive and urinary tracts

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24
Q

Euglenozoans

A

lineage of excavata - a diverse group that includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic
autotrophs, and parasites that are characterized by the presence of a rod in flagella with either a
spiral or crystalline structure

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25
Kinetoplastids
a type of euglenozoans that have a single large mitochondrion called a kinetoplast, they feed on prokaryotes in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems
26
Trypanosoma
a kinetoplastid blood parasite that causes sleeping sickness and chagas disease
27
euglenids
a group of eugelonzoans that is identified by a pocket that contains 2 flagella, Many species are mixotrophs and are photosynthetic due to secondary endosymbiosis of green algae.
28
SAR
supergroups of protists that are made up of stramenopiles, alveolates, and rhizara
29
stremonopiles and alveolates are...
sister taxa
30
Things stremonopiles and Alveolates have in common
Ancestor is a product of secondary endosymbiosis with red algae, some lineages have plastids of red algal origin, some lineages have lost plastids but retain red algal DNA
31
what taxa of SAR is the earliest diverging lineage?
Rhizaria where many of the species are amobas with pseudopodia
32
what are stremonpiles characterized by?
“hairy” flagella paired with “smooth” flagella
33
four subgroups of stremenophiles
diatoms, golden algae, brown algae, oomycetes
34
Diatoms
group of stremenopiles that are unicellular algae with unique glass- like walls made of silicon dioxide embedded in a matrix and one of the most abundant aquatic photosynthetic organisms on earth
35
what is a major component of phytoplankton with an estimated 100k species?
diatoms
36
when was the earliest fossil record of diatoms
diatomaceous earth
37
Golden Algae
unicellular algae that can exist colonially
38
Where does the coloration of golden algae come from
red and brown cartenoids in plastids
39
where is golden algae found
marine and freshwater plankton
40
all ______ _____ are photosynthetic and some are mixotrophic
golden algae
41
how do golden algae persist when environmental conditions
production of protective cysts
42
Brown Algae
type of stremenopiles multicellular algae called seaweed, the largest and most complex protest, most are marine, complex multicellularity with specialized tissues that superficially resemble plants, reproduce sexually
43
oomycetes
a type of stramenopiles that include water molds and their relatives, previously classified as fungi
44
why do oomycetes have superficial similarities with fungi
convergent evolution
45
how to oomycetes acquire nutrients?
decomposers or parasites
46
where do oomycetes grow?
dead algae and animals in freshwater
47
some _________ live on land as plant parasites
oomycetes
48
Alveolates
a supergroup of SAR, have membrane-bound sacs (alveoli) under the plasma membrane
49
what is the function of alveoli?
unknown, may be to help stabilize the cell surface or regulate water and ion content
50
3 subgroups of alveolates
Dinoflagellates, Apicomplexans, and Cilliates
51
Dinoflagellates
a subgroup of alveolates that have a reinforced cellulose plate "armor" with two flagella causing them to spin as they move
52
where do dinoflagellates live
marine and freshwater environments
53
________ can be photosynthetic, mixotrophic, and heterotrophic
dinoflagellates
54
_________'s explosive population growth cause blooms called red tides
dinoflagellate
55
Red Tide
color due to carotenoids pigments in plastids, toxins cause massive kills and invertebrates and fish
56
Apicomplexans
a group of alveolates that are parasites of animals that can cause serious disease in humans
57
Apicomplexans lifecycle
complex with sexual and asexual components
58
what alveolate has one part of the lifecycle that contains a complex of organelles specialized for penetrating host tissue at the apex of the cell?
apicomplexans
59
what has led to the re-emergence of malaria?
resistance in mosquitos to pesticides and plasmodium to anti-protozoal
60
how many ppl per year are infected and die from malaria and is there a vaccine?
250 mil ppl a year infected, 900k ppl/year die and no vaccine
61
Ciliates
a group of alveolates that use cilia for locomotion
62
Rhizaria
a lineage of SAR where many of them are amobas (protists that move and feed via pseudopodia)
63
Radiolarians
a type of rhizaria that has delicate, symmetrical internal skeletons made of silica
64
what type of rhizaria have pseudopodia radiating from the central body and are reinforced by microtubules
radiolarians
65
What are the three types of rhizaria?
radiolarians, forams, and cercozonans
66
Forams
type of rhizaria that is characterized by porous shells called tests made of calcium carbonate
67
how are the pseudopodia arranged in forams?
they extend through pores in the test(porous shells) that are used for feeding, locomotion, and test formation
68
how do the forams "eat"
photosynthetic symbiotic algae
69
Cercozoans
a type of rhizaria - photosynthetic species likely the result of primary endosymbiosis from a different cyanobacteria
70
what type of rhizaria is one of the most important predators of bacteria?
cercozoans
71
Archeaplastida
a supergroup of protists that is derived from primary endosymbiosis in cyanobacteria about 1 billion years ago
72
what supergroup of protists include land plants that arose about 475 MYA that are a sister group to green algae
archeaplastida
73
what are the two lineages of archeaplastida
red algae and green algae
74
red algae
lineage of archeaplastida that is the most abundant multicellular algae found in warm coastal waters
75
where does red algae get its color
phycoerythrin
76
what type of algae has diverse lifecycles
red algae
77
green algae
a type of archeaplastida that could soon be consumed into the plant kingdom, most live in freshwater and some live in marine and terrestrial
78
Carophytes
a type of green algae that is most closely related to land plants
79
Chlorophytes
a group of green algae that include unicellular, colonial and multicellular species
80
what is a colonial species
one that lives in organized colonies
81
what are the types of green algae?
charophytes and chlorophytes
82
Unikonta
a supergroup of protists that may belong to an early diverging group of eukaryotes
83
what are the two categories of unikonta?
amoebozoans and opisthokonts
84
opisthokonts
a type of unikonta that are protists, fungi and animals
85
amoebozoans
a type of unikonta that is only protists that are tube or lobe shaped
86
what are the three types of amoebobzoans?
slime molds, tubulins, entamoeba
87
slime mold
type of amoebozoans - a plasmodial, cellular protist once though to be fungi because they produce fruiting bodies to disperse spores and are differentiated by differences in life cycles
88
Tubulinids
type of amobozoans - diverse unicellular protists that live in marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats
89
Entamoebas
type of amoebozoans - most are parasites of animals, causes amoebic dysentery that kills 100k per year
90
key examples of SAR
pfisteria, plasmodium, paramecium
91
key examples of Archeoplastida
porphyra, chalmydomous -ulva

Bio 141 (10 decks)

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