Final Exam

Question 1

Phosphate Group

Answer 1

a chemical group important in DNA, RNA, and energy molecules like ATP.

Question 2

Nucleic Acid

Answer 2

a molecule like DNA or RNA that stores and transmits genetic information.

Question 3

Ribosome

Answer 3

a cell structure that builds proteins by linking amino acids using instructions from mRNA

Question 4

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 4

a cell organelle that helps make and transport proteins and lipids.

Question 5

RNA

Answer 5

is a nucleic acid found in all living cells. It’s similar to DNA but is typically single-stranded and uses the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose. RNA plays a crucial role in carrying genetic information, regulating gene expression, and synthesizing proteins

Question 6

Transcription

Answer 6

The process of transfering information from DNA to RNA

Question 7

Translation

Answer 7

The decoding f the RNA molecule to build proteins.

Question 8

Codon

Answer 8

A sequence of three nucleotides in DNA or RNA that codes for a specific amino acid or signals the end of protein synthesis

Question 9

Anti-Codon

Answer 9

A sequence of three nucleoside on a tRNA molecule that pairs with a complementary codon on mRNA during protein synthesis.

Question 10

Central Dogma

Answer 10

The process by which genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

Question 11

Mutation

Answer 11

A change in the DNA sequence that can affect how genes function

Question 12

Framshift Mutation

Answer 12

A mutation caused by the insertion or deletion of nucleotide that shift the reading frame of the genetic code, altering the entire protein sequence downstream.

Question 13

Point Mutation

Answer 13

A change in a signle nucleotide in the DNA sequence.

Question 14

Malthus’s Essay

Answer 14

A work by Thomas Malthus arguing that population grows faster than resources, leading to competition, famine, and struggle for survival. This idea influecnced Dawin’s theory.

Question 15

Hardy-Weingburg Principles

Answer 15

A set of conditions under which allele and genotype frequincies in a population remain constant from generation to generation. The five conditions are, no mutations, random mating, no natural selection, large population size, and no gene flow .wzq

Question 16

Founder Effects

Answer 16

A type of genetic drift that occurs when a small group of individuals starts a new population, leading to reduced genetic diversity and allele frequencies comparaed to the orginal population.

Question 17

Gene Flow

Answer 17

The movement of genes between populations

Question 18

Genetic Drift

Answer 18

Random changes in allele frequencies in a small popilation, which can lead to loss of genetic variation over time.

Question 19

Bottleneck effects

Answer 19

A sharp reduction in population size due to a sudden event (like a disaster), which reduces genetic diversity and changes allele frequencies.

Question 20

Adaptavie radiation

Answer 20

The rapid evolution of many species from a common ancestor, each adapted to different environments or niches.

Question 21

Divergent Evolution

Answer 21

When two or more speies evolve from a common ancestor and develop different traits over time.

Question 22

Coevolution

Answer 22

When two or more species evolve in response to each other’s changes, often because they interact closely

Question 23

Punctuated equilibriumd

Answer 23

Evolution charecterized by long periods of little change interrupted by shirt, rapid bursts of significant change.

Question 24

Vestugial Structures

Answer 24

Body parts that have lost there original function through evolution by still remain in an organism.

Question 25

Speciation

Answer 25

The process by which new species form from a common ancestor.

Question 26

Fitness

Answer 26

An organisms ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.

Question 27

Behaivoral isolation

Answer 27

When differences in mating behaivors prevent different species from interbreeding.

Question 28

Reproductive Isolation

Answer 28

When two populations can no longer mate and produce fertile offspring, leading to the formation of new species.

Question 29

Temporal Isolation

Answer 29

When species breed at different times or seasons preventing them from interbreeding.

Question 30

Allopatric Isolation

Answer 30

When a physical barrier divides a population, leading to the formation of new species due to geographic seperation.

Question 31

Analogous traits

Answer 31

similar traits in different species that evolved independently not from a common ancestor often due to similar environments or functions.

Question 32

Evidence of Evolution

Answer 32

Fossils, homologous and analogous structures, vestigial structures, embyology, genetic evidence, natural selection.

Question 33

Equilibrium

Answer 33

A stable state where a population's allele frequencies don't change over time.

Question 34

Fossilzation

Answer 34

The process by which organic remains are preserved as fossils over time.

Question 35

Metamorphic rock

Answer 35

Rock that has been changed by heat and pressure from its original form.

Question 36

Igneous rock

Answer 36

Rock formed by the cooling and solidfication of molten lave or magma.

Question 37

Sedimentary rock

Answer 37

Rock formed by the compression and cementation of layers of sediment.

Question 38

Geologc time scale

Answer 38

A timeline that divides Earth's history into different eras, periods, and epochs based on major geological and biological events.

Question 39

Fossil Record

Answer 39

The collection of all fossils that show the history of life and evolutionary changes over time.

Question 40

Law of superposition

Answer 40

In undisturbed rock layers, the oldest layers are at the bottom and the youngest are at the top.

Question 41

Biodiversity

Answer 41

The variety of all living organisms in an ecosystem or on earth.

Question 42

Growth Rate

Answer 42

The rate at which a popuation increases or decreases over time.

Question 43

Community

Answer 43

A group of different species that live together and interact in the same area.

Question 44

Death Rate

Answer 44

The number of deaths in a population per unit of time, usually expressed per 1000 individuals per year.

Question 45

Emigration

Answer 45

The act of leaving one area or couty to live in another.

Question 46

Photosynthesis

Answer 46

The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon doxide, and water to make food (glucose) and release oxygen.

Question 47

Cellular Respiration

Answer 47

The process by which cells break down glucose and oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

Question 48

Chemosynthesis

Answer 48

The process by which some organisms produce food using chemical energy instead of sunlight.

Question 49

Decomposer

Answer 49

Anorganism that breaks down dead plants and animals, recycling nutrients back into the environment.

Question 50

Scavenger

Answer 50

An animal that eats dead or decaying organisms

Question 51

Matter

Answer 51

Anything that has mass and takes up space.

Question 52

Flow of energy

Answer 52

The movement of energy through an ecosystem, usually starting from the sun to produces, then to consumers and decomposes.

Question 53

Biomass

Answer 53

The total mass of living organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a specific time.

Question 54

Energy Pyramid

Answer 54

A diagram that shows the amount of energy available at each level of a food chain, with energy decreasing as it moves up.

Question 55

Biomass pyramid

Answer 55

A graphical representation showing the total biomass at each trophic level in an ecosystem, usually decreasing from producers to top consumers.

Question 56

Trophic Level

Answer 56

A step in a food chain or food web, representing an organisms position based on how it obtains energy.

Question 57

Omnivore

Answer 57

Eat both plants and animals

Question 58

Herbivore

Answer 58

An animal that eats only plants

Question 59

Carnivore

Answer 59

An animal that eats only other animals.

Question 60

Carrrying Capacity

Answer 60

the maximum number of individuals an environment can support sustainably.

Question 61

mRNA

Answer 61

single strands of RNA nucleotides that are transcribed from the DNA molecules.

Question 62

tRNA

Answer 62

Folded RNA molecules. One end of the molecule binds a specific amino acid and the other end has three exposed nucleotides called an anti-codon.