Final Exam 2

Question 1

What are the 3 categories of sensory receptors?

Answer 1

• Modality
• Origin of Stimuli
• Distribution

Question 2

What are the 5 types of receptors of Modality

Answer 2

• Chemoreceptors
• Thermoreceptors
• Nociceptors (pain)
• Mechanoreceptors
• Photoreceptors

Question 3

What are the 3 types of receptors for the Origins of Stimuli?

Answer 3

Interoceptors - internal
Proprioceptors - body position
Exteroceptors - external

Question 4

What are the 2 types of Distribution?

Answer 4

Somesthetic - widely
Special senses - limited to head

Question 5

What is carried on large, fast myelinated axons?

3 Items

Answer 5

Touch
Pressure
Proprioception

Question 6

What is carried on small, unmyelinated, slow fibers?

2 Items

Answer 6

• Heat
• Cold

Question 7

What do nociceptors force us to focus on?

Answer 7

Minor injuries

Question 8

Where are nociceptors found?

Answer 8

All tissues except the brain

Question 9

What does fast pain travel on?

Answer 9

Myelinated Fibers

30 m/sec

Question 10

What does slow pain travel on?

Answer 10

Unmyelinated Fibers

2 m/sec

Question 11

How many neurons does the sensory pathway consist of?

Answer 11

3

First order
Second order
Third order

Question 12

What type of neuron is the first order?

Answer 12

Afferent

Question 13

Where does the first-order neuron enter into the head?

Answer 13

Pons and medulla from a cranial nerve

Question 14

Where does the first-order neuron enter from below the head?

Answer 14

Dorsal horn of spinal cord

Question 15

Where does the second-order neuron transmit to?

Answer 15

Opposite side in spinal cord or medulla

Question 16

Where does the second order neuron end?

Answer 16

Thalamus

Except for prorioception. Goes to cerebellum

Question 17

Where does the third order neuron extend from?

Answer 17

Thalamus to primary somesthetic cortex of cerebrum

Question 18

How do you taste?

Answer 18

By molecules dissolving in saliva

Question 19

What are the 5 primary taste sensations?

Answer 19

Salty (sodium)
Sweet
Sour (acids)
Bitter
Umami (amino acids)

Question 20

What are the first order neurons taste pathways?

3 cranial nerves

Answer 20

Cranial nerves VII, IX, and X

VII - Facial
IX - Glossopharyngeal
X - Vagus

All nerve fibers project to solitary nucleus in medulla

Question 21

Where are the second order neurons taste pathways?

Answer 21

Medulla to hypothalamus and amygdala

Salivation, gagging, and vomiting

Question 22

Where are the third order neurons taste pathways?

Answer 22

medulla to hypothalamus and amygdala and then postcentral gyrus of the cerebrum

Conscious sense of taste

Question 23

What neurons are used for smelling?

Answer 23

Olfactory hairs w/20 cilia

Question 24

How is smell transmitted?

Answer 24

Olfactory axons pass through cribriform plate, processed in temporal lobe

Question 25

What directs air vibrations down the external auditory meatus for hearing?

Answer 25

Pinna (auricle)

Question 26

Where does sound vibrations move through?

Answer 26

Ossicles to the Cochlea | Fluid in the cochlea vibrates

Question 27

What vibrates to move the cochlea?

Answer 27

Fluid

Question 28

What does fluid push against in the cochlea?

Answer 28

Stereocilia of hair cells | High in K+

Question 29

What happens when hair cell bends?

Answer 29

Depolarizes

Question 30

What does depolarization of hair cells lead to?

Answer 30

Action potential excites CN VIII | Cranial nerve VIII - vestibulocochlear

Question 31

Where does the brain get its signal for sound?

Answer 31

Vestibulocochlear Nerve | CN VIII

Question 32

What are the auditory ossicles?

Answer 32

Maleus Incus Stapes

Question 33

What is the function of the auditory ossicles?

Answer 33

Move sound vibrations to cochlea

Question 34

What is the tube in the middle ear called?

Answer 34

Auditory (eustachian) tube

Question 35

What does the auditory tube attach to, in order to relieve air pressure changes?

Answer 35

Pharynx

Question 36

What do eyebrows provide?

Answer 36

Face expression Protection

Question 37

What do eyelids and lashes provide?

Answer 37

Protection

Question 38

What is vascular muscous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers most of the eyeball?

Answer 38

Conjunctiva

Question 39

What produces tears?

Answer 39

Lacrimal gland

Question 40

What is Myopia?

Answer 40

Nearsightedness

Question 41

What is Hyperopia?

Answer 41

Farsightedness

Question 42

Which colors does colorblindess affect?

Answer 42

Green and Red

Question 43

What causes a detached retina?

Answer 43

* Blow to the head * Lack of sufficient vitreous humor

Question 44

What does a detached retina lead to?

Answer 44

Blindness