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Bio181 > Nerves Unit 4 Part 2 > Flashcards

Nerves Unit 4 Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three layers of the cranial meninges?

A
  • Dura Mater
  • Arachnoid Mater
  • Pia Mater

  • Dura mater is the outermost tough membrane
  • Arachnoid mater is the filamentous layer
  • Pia mater is the thin vascular layer attached to the brain surface
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2
Q

What is the subarachnoid space?

A

Space between Arachnoid and Pia Mater

Contains CSF

It plays a crucial role in cushioning the brain.

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3
Q

What are choroid plexuses?

A

Capillaries

Blood flows into the ventricles of brain

They are essential for producing cerebrospinal fluid.

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4
Q

What is the function of Arachnoid Villi?

A

Absorb Cerebrospinal fluid into the blood.

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5
Q

Define Rostral

A

Toward the forehead.

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6
Q

Define caudal

A

Toward the cord.

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7
Q

What are the 4 major parts of the brain?

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Cerebellum
  • Diecephalon
  • Brainstem

Cerebum - 83% brain volume
Cerebellum - houses 50% of the neurons
Brain weighs 3-3.5 pounds

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8
Q

What separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal fissure.

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9
Q

What are gyri and sulci?

A

Gyri are the ridges of the folds
sulci are the grooves.

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10
Q

What is the surface layer of gray matter in the brain called?

A

Cortex.

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11
Q

What are deeper masses of gray matter in the brain called?

A

Nuclei or ganglia.

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12
Q

What are bundles of myelinated axons in the brain referred to as?

A

Tracts.

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13
Q

What constitutes gray matter?

2 Items

A

Dendrites and cell bodies.

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14
Q

What constitutes white matter?

A

Myelinated axons (nerve tracts).

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15
Q

What is the primary function of the frontal lobe?

A

Voluntary motor functions

Planning, mood, smell, and judgement

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16
Q

What is the primary function of the parietal lobe?

A

Senses

Taste, touch, temp

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17
Q

What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision

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18
Q

What is the primary function of the temporal lobe?

A

Hearing and Language

Memory, emotions

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19
Q

What is the role of the thalamus in the diencephalon?

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A

Receives nearly all sensory information on its way to the cerebral cortex and acts as a relay station.

20
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

7 Functions

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A
  • Hormone secretion
  • Autonomic NS control
  • Thermoregulation
  • Food and water intake
  • Sleep and circadian rhythms
  • Memory
  • Emotional behavior.
21
Q

What does the Cerebral Aqueduct of the midbrain connect?

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A

Connects 3rd and 4th ventricles.

22
Q

What is the function of the corpora quadrigemina?

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A

Visual and auditory reflexes.

23
Q

What does the pons contain?

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A

Contains ascending sensory tracts and descending motor tracts.

Nuclei concerned w/sleep, hearing, balance, taste, eye movements, facial expression and sensation, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, and posture

24
Q

What is the medulla oblongata responsible for?

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A
  • Adjusting heart rate and force
  • blood vessel diameter
  • controlling breathing rate and depth.

Cardiac Center
Vasomotor Center
Respiratory Center

25
What is the function of the cerebellum?
* Produces smooth and coordinated movements * controls balance and equilibrium.
26
What are the internal chambers within the CNS called?
Ventricles. ## Footnote * Lateral * Third * Cerebral * Fourth * Central
27
What are the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
* Buoyancy * Protection * Chemical stability. ## Footnote Ventricles lined w/ependymal cells Contain choroid plexuses that produce CSF
28
What is the spinal cord considered in relation to the brain?
Information highway between brain and body. ## Footnote Extends past L1 as **medullary cone** and **cauda equina**
29
What are the three primary functions of the spinal cord?
* Conduction * Locomotion * Reflexes.
30
What is the anatomy of a nerve? | 2 Pieces ## Footnote Bundle of axons
* Dorsal and Ventral roots * Dorsal root ganglion ## Footnote Dorsal - input Ventral - output
31
What do dorsal roots carry?
Sensory neurons
32
What is the definition of a reflex?
Rapid, predictable, involuntary response to a stimulus.
33
What are the two types of reflexes?
* Autonomic reflexes * Somatic reflexes. ## Footnote Autonomic - smooth muscle, heart, glands Somatic - knee jerk, withdrawal
34
What is a cerebral aneurysm?
A weak spot in an arterial wall that swells and can rupture. ## Footnote Risk groups - high blood pressure, smokers, genetic, over 40 Symptoms - vision change, eye pain, facial weakness and numbness
35
What is a stroke?
When blood flow to the brain stops. ## Footnote Risk groups - history of strokes, high blood pressure, heart disease, smoking Symptoms - vision loss, confusion, speech problems, motor problems
36
What are the two types of strokes?
* Hemorrhagic stroke * Ischemic stroke.
37
What causes Bell’s Palsy?
Inflammation of the facial nerve (VII). ## Footnote Risk groups - pregnant women, diabetics, flu Symptoms - facial asymmetry, sudden paralysis
38
Where is the Cauda Equinae located?
L2 to S5
39
Where is Gray and White matter located?
Spinal Cord ## Footnote Gray - neuronal cell bodies White - myelinated axons
40
What are the 2 types of horns of gray matter and what do they contain?
* Dorsal/Posterior - interneurons * Ventral/Anterior - motor neurons
41
What are the 3 connective tissues wrappings of a nerve?
* Endoneurium - around axon * Perineurium - around fascicles * Epineurium - around nerve
42
What are the 3 types of Nerves?
* Sensory * Motor * Mixed
43
How many cranial nerves are there?
12
44
What is a Subdural Hematoma?
Damage to veins below the Dura Mater, where blood collects on the surface of the brain ## Footnote Risk groups - head injuries, falling, alcoholism Symptoms - confusion, nausea, loss of vision, seizures
45
What is Trigeminal Neuralgia? | Tic Douloureux
Pain that affects the trigeminal nerve ## Footnote Stabbing pain to side of face, associated with burning. Constant pain
46
What is Parkinson Disease?
Degenerative disorder w/a depletion of **dopamine** ## Footnote Loss of substantia nigra (dopamine neurons) Resting tremors Bradykinesia - slow movements Shuffling gait - slow movements

Bio181 (7 decks)

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