Final Exam (2): Evolution

Question 1

bottleneck effect

Answer 1

change in genes due to a sudden and usually drastic event

Question 2

homologous structures

Answer 2

structures that are similar in bone structure but not in function (ex. Human arm, bat wing, dog leg

Question 3

fossil evidence

Answer 3

history of life as documented by fossils

Question 4

founder effect

Answer 4

change in allele frequency due to migration of a small portion of the population

Question 5

embryology

Answer 5

evolutionary evidence derived from studying embryos and their development

Question 6

speciation

Answer 6

formation of new species

Question 7

analogous structures

Answer 7

structures that have similar function but not structure (ex: butterfly wing, bird wing, bat wing)

Question 8

natural selection

Answer 8

process by which the organisms most suited fro their environment thrive and reproduce

Question 9

biogeography

Answer 9

study of where organisms live now and where their ancestors used to live

Question 10

genetic drift

Answer 10

change in allele frequency due to chance

Question 11

vestigial structure

Answer 11

a structure that no longer functions the same way it functioned in ancestors

Question 12

What is Directional Selection

Answer 12

a selection that favors one extreme phenotype that is more fit than all the others

Question 13

What is Stabilizing Selection

Answer 13

a selection that favors intermediate phenotypes, reducing variation within a population and maintaining traits that are well-suited for the environment

Question 14

What is Disruptive Selection

Answer 14

a selection that favors extremes in a population, leading to increased fitness and also diversity in a population as multiple variations are pursued

Question 15

Give an example of Directional Selection

Answer 15

Beetle population moves into a new environment with dark soil and vegetation. dark beetles will survive better.

Question 16

Give an example of Stabilizing Selection

Answer 16

Human baby birth rate:
- babies who are too small lose heat too easily and may die
- babies who are to big may cause complications during childbirth and the death of the mother or the baby

Question 17

Give an example of Disruptive Selection

Answer 17

Squirrel tails:
- short tails are harder to catch
- long tails enable for easier balance

Question 18

Define Behavioral Isolation

Answer 18

when two populations become isolated by differences in courtship rituals or other behaviors

Question 19

Define Geographic Isolation

Answer 19

when two populations become separated by a physical barrier, such as rivers, mountains, or lakes

Question 20

Define Temporal/Seasonal Isolation

Answer 20

when two populations become isolated because they reproduce at different times

Question 21

*Give an example of Behavioral Isolation

Question 22

*Give an example of Geographic Isolation

Question 23

*Give an example of Temporal/Seasonal Isolation

Question 24

List the 5 conditions that must be met for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium to be true

Answer 24

1. No natural selection
2. No migration
3. No mutations
4. Random mating
5. Large population