Final Exam Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
What were the guiding principles of the Eclectic physicians?
A
- Least harmful medicines possible
- Safe botanical remedies
- Holistic evaluation of patients
- Exclusion of chemical poisons
2
Q
What are some of the obstacles, past and present, to the promotion and preservation of the practice of herbalism in our society?
A
- Herbal medicine is equated with witchcraft
- Lots of religious prejudice (especially European)
3
Q
What features define the Naturopathic Herbalist?
A
- Physician, herbalist, botanist overlap
- Responsible for doing diagnostic workup, treatment plans, etc.
- Moving beyond wellness care to disease care
- More complicated cases
- Holistic thinking
- Combine subtler aspects of plant identification/knowledge with knowledge of physiology, disease, etc.
4
Q
Know the definition of all the herbal actions listed in the week 1 presentation.
A
- See cards from week 1 part 2
5
Q
What is an action?
A
- What herb does
- Ex - choleretic
6
Q
What is an indication?
A
- Condition herb is good for
- Ex - jaundice
7
Q
What is a specific indication?
A
- Condition herb is good for with more unique presentations
- Ex - indication with splitting frontal headache
8
Q
Define doctrine of signatures.
A
- Physical characteristics of a plant are related to their medicinal action
- Plant is good for what it looks like
- Action to human mind association
9
Q
What is organoleptic testing?
A
- Technique of using the senses to evaluate an herb for taste, smell, appearance, texture, energetics, quality, and identity
- Using senses to evaluate quality, identity, energetics, etc. of herbs
10
Q
Understand herbal energetics and tissue states.
A
- Hot, cold, wet, dry, tense, lax
11
Q
Define alterative.
A
- An herb that alters the body in a non-specific but broadly beneficial way
- Broadly beneficial, nourishing, mildly stimulates digestion
- Support slow and steady return to a healthy state
- Alteratives are really good for “toxemia” (accumulated wastes)
- Don’t have an allopathic counterpart
12
Q
Compare and contrast alterative and depurative.
A
- Alteratives are broad
- Depuratives have a very specific cleansing action on particular organs
- Ex - Parsley seed for kidneys because diuretic – particular cleansing action on kidneys, not very cleansing for liver/overall
13
Q
What are the indications for using an alterative?
A
- Generalized and chronic dysfunction
- Digestive, eliminatory, and circulatory hypofunction
- Maldigestion
- Hormonal imbalance
- Toxemia
- Acne
- Chronic infections
- Chronic inflammation
14
Q
Alterative - Trifolium pratense
A
- Red Clover
- Specificity of seat in skin
- Trifolium Compound was tincture-based Eclectic formula with other alteratives and lymphogogues (burdock, mahonia, stillingia, zanthoxylem, phytolacca, rhamnus persiana (laxative))
- Hoxsey used it for cancer
- For TB with very hard enlarged lymph nodes – “scrophula”
- High in phytoestrogens
- Caution with oral contraceptives and estrogen positive cancers
15
Q
Alterative - Arctium lappa
A
- Burdock, gobo root
- Specificity in skin
- Has phytoestrogens, though not as many as Trifolium
16
Q
Alterative - Mahonia spp.
A
- Oregon Grape
- Specificity of seat in liver
- Tonifying to the liver
- Contains berberine
- C/I in pregnancy
17
Q
Alterative - Rumex crispus
A
- Yellow Dock
- Skin
- Specificity of seat in liver, GI, and larynx
- C/I in oxalate kidney stones, kidney disease, iron overload, and pregnancy
- Don’t eat the leaves - very high in oxalic acid
18
Q
Alterative - Urtica dioica
A
- Stinging nettle
- Also very nutritive
- Long-term use may cause mucus membrane drying
19
Q
Alterative - Smilax spp.
A
- Sarsaparilla
- Specificity for hormone balance
- Large doses may cause GI irritation or ulceration due to the high saponin content
- C/I in pregnancy
- May increase absorption of digitalis glycosides
20
Q
Alterative - Curcuma longa
A
- Turmeric
- Anti-inflammatory
- Slightly warming (others are more cooling)
- Specificity of seat is liver and circulatory system
- C/I in large doses during pregnancy, and in bile duct obstruction
- Ayurvedic perspective - balance three doshas
21
Q
Plant Morphology – know your parts!
Roots, stems, leaves, flowers
A
- Use cards from week 2 - plant morphology
- Basics like rhizome vs root, raceme vs solitary inflorescence, compound leaves vs simple leaves
22
Q
How are nutritive herbs different from synthetic multivitamins?
A
- Phytonutrients are just as important, but maybe haven’t been identified yet
- Synthetics are pure substances, but don’t have the phytonutrients
> When we put people on just synthetics and are not paying attention to smaller parts of herbs/foods, they don’t do as well as when they take the complete herb
> There’s more to nutrition than just the active constituents
23
Q
Nutritive - Medicago sativa
A
- Alfalfa
- High in phytoestrogens
- C/I in pregnancy
- May interfere with fertility
- Vit K content may interfere with warfarin
- May exacerbate symptoms of lupus
24
Q
Nutritive - Equisetum arvense
A
- Horsetail
- Used to strengthen hair, nails, bones, and CT
- High in silica
25
Nutritive - Centella asiatica
- Gotu Kola
- Indicated for chronic venous insufficiency
- Sri Lankan food called Kola Kenda given to children to bolster nutrition
- May induce SAB
- Caution with diabetics and hyperlipidemia
- Some say use should not exceed 6 weeks (then 2 week break)
- C/I for pregnancy due to emmenagogue effects
26
Nutritive - Avena sativa
- Oatstraw
- Very nutritive
- Mild, very good in tea
- Tastes mineral-salty
- Indicated for nervous exhaustion/depression/headache
- Indicated for opiate/nicotine withdrawal
- C/I for use with morphine because it may antagonize the antinociceptive effects
- Straw for nutritive value; tops for nervine qualities
27
Nutritive - Urtica dioica
- Stinging Nettle
- Very nutritive w/ full array of amino acids
- Indicated for skin conditions, allergies, BPH, diarrhea
28
What is a lymphagogue?
- Move lymph and relieve congestion and edema; accelerate the removal of waste products
- Don’t exactly know how they move lymph, but some have an irritant action and some have a stimulant action
- Don’t have an allopathic counterpart
- Can help resolve infection or inflammation
- Generally cooling and stimulating
- Some are potentially toxic or irritating
29
What are the general indications for the use of lymphagogues?
- Edema
- Infection
- Commonly placed in anti-infection formulas (antimicrobials, lymphagogues, and immunomodulator)
30
Lymphagogue - Ceanothus americanus
- Red Root
- Specificity of seat is lung and spleen
- C/I potentially with anticoagulents (in lg doses)
- Historically used for gonorrhea and dysentery, respiratory conditions, and mouth/throat
31
Lymphagogue - Gallium aparine
- Cleavers
- Specificity is urinary tract
- Use fresh aerial parts
- Don't need cleavers if sluggish, cold, and slow-moving because it's cooling and drying
32
Lymphagogue - Phytolacca americana
- Poke Root
- Specificity of seat is throat
- Historically used for breasts (topically for mastitis)
- Also used for GI tract
> Complex action there – lymphogogue, cholegogue, and motility qualities
- Hard, pale swellings
- Very stimulating
- C/I for breastfeeding, lactation, kids
- Potentially toxic, low-dose; narrow therapeutic window
> Toxicity is decreased with heating and drying
> Less than 2g of root is toxic to adults
> 10 or fewer berries fatal to children
- Caustic - wear gloves when handling
33
Lymphagogue - Calendula officinalis
- Pot Marigold
- Specificity of seat is breast and axilla
- Studied for post-radiation
- C/I in pregnancy
- Used locally for wounds and injuries
34
Lymphagogue - Stillingia sylvatica
- Queen's Root
- Specificity of seat is larynx
- Chew/suck on piece of root for laryngitis or bronchitis
- Low-dose, potential toxicity
35
Lymphagogue - Echinacea spp.
- Echinacea
- Echinacea purpurea is indicated for lymphogogue, but not antimicrobial
- Specificity of seat is gut (herbal community doesn’t agree)
- Also good for the throat
- Has a numbing effect (soothing for raw throat)
- Caution with inflammatory AI conditions
- Echinacea angustifolia is a helper herb that gives a vitality boost
- Has a wide therapeutic window
36
Lymphagogue - Trifolium pratense
- Red Clover
| - Specificity of seat is liver
37
Know the difference between immunostimulants and immunomodulators.
```
Immunostimulators
- Increase macrophage activity
- Increase inflammatory cytokines
- Good for when infection is setting in
- Use caution with cancer and autoimmune conditions
- Many are heating, stimulating, and drying
> Baptisia
> Echinacea
> Eupatorium
```
Immunomodulators
- Use long-term to build immune system, support bone marrow
- Better for autoimmune and cancer because you don’t want to stimulate the immune system, just help it
- Builders to use over long-term
- Action is very complicated; not one mechanism
- Tonifying effect on immune system
- Gradual in action
- Can cool or downregulate immune hyperfunction
> Mushrooms
> Astragalus
38
Immunostimulant - Echinacea spp.
- Echinacea
- Infection, sepsis, prevention of URIs, snake bites
- Avoid with inflammatory AI diseases
Echinacea purpurea
- Compared to Stillingia
- Most active in 30% alcohol tincture
Echinacea angustifolia
- Eclectics used for septicemia
- Most active in 80% alcohol tincture
Echinacea pallida
- Used for influenza infection
39
Immunostimulant - Eupatorium perfoliatum
- Boneset
- For pain that sets into bones
- C/I in pregnancy
- Can cause allergic hypersensitivity resulting in contact dermatitis
40
Immunomodulator - Astragalus membranaceus
- Astragalus
- "Augments the protective qi and stabilizes the exterior"
- Good for those with low vitality, prone to frequent infections, and weak tissues/poor digestion
- Good for kids
- C/I for use with cyclosphosphamide
41
Immunostimulant - Sambucus nigra
- Elder
- Good for onset of flu-like symptoms
- Relaxing
- Unripe fruit, seeds, bark, leaves, and root can cause diarrhea, N/V, dizziness, tachycardia, and convulsions
42
Immunostimulant - Baptisia tinctora
- Wild Indigo
- C/I with pregnancy
- Large doses are toxic (30g)
- Indicated for protracted fever with severely depressed vital force
43
Immunostimulant - Andrographis paniculata
- Andrographis
- Super bitter and cooling
- Many of its Ayurvedic roots look similar to Echinacea
- Stimulates immune action, even though it’s cooling
- Known for lactones
- C/I with pregnancy
- Indicated for URIs, dysentery, snake bites
44
Immunomodulator - Trametes versicolor
- Turkey Tail mushroom
- Sweet and warming, clears dampness
- Increases chance of survival in cancer patients
- Helps stabilize WBC counts in chemo patients
- Decreases side effects of chemo
- Unknown effects in pregnancy and lactation
45
Immunomodulator - Grifola frondosa
- Maitake mushroom
- Bland, mild
- Anticancer
- Antiviral
- Immune support during chemo
- Indicated for diabetes, HTN
46
Immunomodulator - Ganoderma lucidum
- Reishi mushroom
- Increases immune function and treats fatigue in cancer patients
- Indicated for insomnia, HTN, and hepatitis
- Potential allergy to spores
47
What are the defining features of an adaptogen?
- Resistance against multiple stressors, including physical, chemical, or biological agents
- Produces non-specific response in organism
- Normalizing effect on physiology
- Safe and well-tolerated; non-toxic
- Many adaptogens make good aphrodisiacs
- Good for either hyper or hypo
- Good for managing stress and neurasthenia
48
Adaptogen - Eleutherococcus senticosis
- Eleuthero, Siberian ginseng (not an actual ginseng)
- Immunomodulatory qualities
- Especially if been sick for a long time and got weakened and keep getting sick
- Tissue protective
> Take before drinking, protects liver, helps with hangovers
- Mild CNS stimulant
- Used for herpes (immunosupportive action)
- Prevents bone resorption
- Has a lot of normalizing actions, but also distinct immune stimulation action
- On stimulating side of middle of spectrum
- Caution with diabetics and hypoglycemia
- Ergogenic
49
Adaptogen - Panax ginseng
- Asian Ginseng, Red Ginseng
- Some argue that it’s just for GI tonic, but it’s not...
> Specifically indicated for people who have gotten so sick that they can’t nourish – tonic for the stomach
- Aphrodisiac
- More warming (than P. quinquifolium)
- Middle of stimulating side
- Indicated for weakened state d/t chronic illness/stress
- If used long-term with caffeine, may cause HTN
- C/I with MAOIs - case report of mania
- Recommend 1 month on, 2 months off
- Stimulates appetite; used in chronic diarrhea
- Benefits the heart qi and calms the spirit - palpitations with anxiety
- OD leads to headache, insomnia, palpitations (treats these conditions with lower doses)
50
Adaptogen - Panax quinquifolium
- American ginseng
- Nervous dyspepsia***
- Loss of appetite
- Mental exhaustion
- More cooling (than P. ginseng)
- Middle of the calming side
- Effective at low doses - can add into other formulas
- Tonic for nerve centers
- Given in cerebral anemia
- Indicated in exhaustion from overwork
51
Adaptogen - Oplopanax horridus
- Devil's Club
- Energetic adaptogen
- Energetic protection
- Help develop/feel self-esteem
- Anti-cancer actions
- Respiratory and GI
- Blood sugar regulation
- Native to PNW
- Poke-y, prickly, large leaves, grows in moist areas with dappled sunlight
- C/I in pregnancy
- Tend towards using lower doses
- Asthma and emotional healing - fear and shame
52
Adaptogen - Withania somnifera
- Ashwaganda
- Imparts the power of a horse
- Nightshade family
- Use root
- Warming
- Balances energies of vata and kapha
- More sedative end
> Classically infused in milk to drink before bed as calming restorative tonic
- Neuroregenerative
> Parkinson’s
> Huntington’s
> MS
> Alzheimer’s
- On calming end
- Indicated for chronic inflammatory diseases, high stress causing fatigue, nervous exhaustion, insomnia
53
Adaptogen - Rhodiola rosea
- Golden Root
- Anxiolytic
- Too much over too long can give jitters and heart palpitations – watch for these
- Enhances resistance to high-altitude and cold
> Found in Siberia, Scandinavia, Himalayas
- May inhibit sleep, cause vivid dreams
- C/I in bipolar disorder
- Used in small amounts in formulas (don’t need high amounts to be effective)
- Used for depression and anxiety
> In Deproloft
- For neurasthenia
- Research done on night-shift workers found that they were more functional at the end of their shifts when taking rhodiola
- On stimulating end
- Astringent
- Ergogenic
- Synergistic effect with TCAs
- Effective for GAD and mild-moderate depression
54
Adaptogen - Schisandra chinensis
- Five-Flavor Berry
- Depression, irritability, stress, forgetfulness, hepatitis
- Energetic centering
- Nourishing
- Tonifying
- Reserves qi
- Stops diarrhea
- Quiets spirit, calms heart
- Insomnia
- In the middle of calming/stimulating spectrum
- C/I in pregnancy
- May occasionally cause heartburn
- Tissue protective
> Cardio
> Neuro
> Hepato
55
Adaptogen - Ocimum tenuiflorum
- Holy Basil, Tulsi
- Good for everything
- Nutritive
- Nootropic
- Rats swam the longest
- Caution with blood thinners, diabetics, hypoglycemia
- Makes things taste good
- High in volatiles and antimicrobials
56
Adaptogen - Glycyrrhiza glabra/uralensis
- Licorice root
- Increases production of adrenal hormones non-specifically
- Keeps cortisol around longer
- Can get HTN if you take a lot for a long time
- Use DGL if worried about HTN
- In middle of stimulating/calming spectrum
- Moistening and very sweet
C/I in HTN, hypokalemia, pregnancy (lg doses), kidney failure, and potentiates the action of cardiac glycosides
- Hormone modulating
- Increases mucus production throughout whole GI tract
- Lower glycyrrhizin content in NA sp - Glycyrrhiza lepidota
> Cheyenne used for diarrhea, ulcers, and digestive issues
> Montana and Black Foot used it primarily for coughs, sore throats, and chest pains
> Lakota used it for general illnesses
57
Adaptogen - Cordyceps sinensis
- Caterpillar fungus
- Mitochonidrial adaptogen
- Increases energy
- Aphrodisiac
- Improves respiratory function
- Excellent in kidney and degenerative diseases
- Reduces fatigue, improves stamina
- Fungus that infects the brains of caterpillars and then kills them and grows out of their heads
- Lot of adulteration in the market
- Expensive
- Tonic
- Can be taken long-term
- On stimulating side
- Increases cellular energy
- Used in cancer
58
What is a nervine?
- Herbs that act on nervous system
59
What is a nerve tonic?
- Substance that improves the tone and vigor or function of the nervous system
- Nervine tonics help nervous system act without sedative action
60
What is a sedative?
- Also called relaxants
- Decrease stimulation to nervous system
- Overall effect is calming
61
What is a hypnotic?
- Stronger sedatives that cause drowsiness, may alter mental status, and often have anodyne effects
62
Nervine - Avena sativa
- Milky Oat Seed
- Nerve tonic
- Trophorestorative of nervous
- Indicated for opiate/nicotine withdrawal
- Indicated for nervous exhaustion/depression/headache
- May diminish effect of opiates
- Moderately dosed
- Mild stimulant
63
Nervine - Scutellaria lateriflora
- Skullcap
- Indicated for fidgety hyperactivity
- Good for kids
- Very safe
- May potentiate the effects of other sedative medications
- Somewhat bitter
- Some consider it trophorestorative for nervous system
- Antispasmodic
64
Nervine - Humulus lupulus
- Hops
- Help induce sleep
- Synergistic with valerian
- Bitter
- C/I in depression and pregnancy
- Increases lactation
- Can put it in a pillow for sleep
- Indicated for nerve irritation, wakefulness, hysteria, acute local inflammation, neuralgia, and delirium tremens
- Non-alcoholic beer study on sleep quality
65
Nervine - Valeriana officinalis
- Valerian
- Sedative
- Antispasmodic
- Helps induce sleep and then stay asleep
- Doesn’t cause sleep hangover
- Can induce dependence, but much less likely than pharmaceuticals
- Acts on benzodiazepine receptors; can help wean off of benzos
- Safe to use frequently
- 10-15% of population has opposite reaction
- May potentiate the effects of other sleep agents
- Increases GABA
- Specifically indicated in mental depression with nervousness
- Has synergistic effects with cimicifuga
- More studied than many other nervines
- OCD study
- Post-op cognitive dysfunction study
- Neuroprotective properties
66
Nervine - Piper methysticum
- Kava Kava
- Effects are brief
- Anxiety
- Not recommended for daily anxiety, but good for acute flairs/attacks
- Fast-acting
- Not tonifying/rehabilitating
- Can make people a little dopey/recreational drug
- Can be toxic
- C/I in pregnancy, lactation, liver disease, with benzos, and can potentiate the effects of alcohol
- Native to Pacific Islands - ceremonial drink
67
Nervine - Melissa officinalis
- Lemon Balm
- Gladdening herb
- Good to blend with Eschscholtzia or Hypericum
- Uplifting and cooling
- C/I for hypothyroidism and pregnancy
- Indicated for anxiety, depression, hyperthyroidism, migraines, insomnia, herpes simplex
- Inhibits TSH binding to TSH receptors
- Inhibits GABA transaminase
- Improved mental performance in Alzheimer's
- Study on effects on oxidative stress after radiation
- Neuroprotective study
- Gentle, effective
68
Nervine - Leonurus cardiaca
- Motherwort
- Post-partum depression
- Depression with anxiety (centered around heart (loved ones, palpitations))
- Sedating
- Excellent uterine tonic
- C/I in pregnancy, caution with hypothyroidism
- Doses over 3g may cause diarrhea, uterine bleeding, and GI upset
- Tonic and laxative, diaphoretic like ascelpias, emmenagogue like cimicifuga, and nervine like scutellaria
69
Nervine - Hypericum perforatum
- St John's Wort
- Nervine tonic
- Neuralgia
- Depression/anxiety
- Anti-viral properties
- Good for pain formulas
- Lots of drug interactions
- Mildly warming and enlightening ("bears the symbol of the sun")
- Induces CYP 3A4 and can cause clearance of pharmaceutical drugs
- Very low toxicity
70
Nervine - Passiflora incarnata
- Passion Flower
- Anxiolytic
- Compared to benzo
- Better for long-term use
> GAD
- Sleep formulas
- Antispasmodic (not as strong as valerian)
- C/I in pregnancy, potentiates sedative drugs
71
Nervine - Matricaria recutita
- Chamomile
- Best used in small doses
> Large doses stimulate GI and cause hypermotility and diarrhea d/t bitterness
- Good for crossover of anxiety and GI upset
- Combines well with mint
- Good for kids/babies
- Can add it as an activator in formulas
72
Nervine - Eshscholtzia californica
- California Poppy
- Happy
- No opiates
- Great for central pain
- Soporific
- Non-toxic and safe for kids
- Indicated for anxiety, overexcitement, ADHD, insomnia
- C/I in pregnancy
- Can be in post-surgery pain formulas
73
Develop a basic understanding of the complex actions of bitters, and how bitter herbs can be used therapeutically.
- Get secretions going, order digestion
| - Stimulate and get things moving
74
Define carminative, and understand how carminatives are used therapeutically.
- Help ease spasm and dispel gas
- Ease digestion
- Fennel, anise, mints, ginger, chamomile, angelica (most bitter)
- Help gas move through cell walls
- Prevents formation of or relieves gas
- Mild antispasmodic effects due to volatile oils
75
Define demulcent, and understand how demulcents are used therapeutically.
- Marshmallow root, slippery elm, aloe, fenugreek
| - Coat and soothe irritated mucus membranes
76
Bitter - Gentiana lutea
- Gentian
- Queen of bitters
- Quintessential digestive bitter (has some of most-bitter constituents known)
77
Bitter - Citrus sinensis/aurantium
- Sweet and Bitter Orange Peel
- Zest contains volatile oils
- Pith contains bitter flavanoids
- Drying and uplifting
- Aromatic bitter
- Bitter, carminative, and corrigent
- Dyspepsia and loss of appetite
- Some constituents are photosensitizing
- Furanocoumarins are disruptive to CYP (slows drug clearance - why no grapefruit with some drugs)
- D-limonene is used for gallstones
78
Bitter - Artemisia vulgaris
- Mugwort
- Bitter, carminative
- Can help prevent IBD flare-ups
79
Bitter - Artemisia absinthum
- Wormwood
- More aromatic and volatile than Mugwort
- Can be toxic in high doses d/t thujone (volatile oil)
> Don't use the essential oil internally
- Bitter, carminative
80
Bitter - Mahonia spp.
- Oregon Grape
- Bitter, mild laxative
- Contains berberine
- Indicated for skin conditions, poor gallbladder function, and infections
- C/I for pregnancy
- Alterative bitter
81
Carminatives - Mentha piperita
- Peppermint
- Liberally dosed (as much as you need of infusions)
- Cephalic - orients its actions upwards to the head
> Often used for headaches
- Some people get an instant headache from the menthol, so spearmint is a good alternative
82
Carminative - Foeniculum vulgare
- Fennel
- Specificity of seat is hollow tubes
- In inhaler replacement formula
- Grateful aromatic
- Used as bitter, carminative, and corrigent
- Enema in infants for expulsion of flatus
83
Carminative - Matricaria recutita
- Chamomile
- Bitter carminative
- Sweet apple-y flavor
- Particularly good for children and teething
- High doses cause vomiting and diarrhea
- Can have as much as desire of tea, to tolerance
84
Carminative - Zingiber officinale
- Ginger
- Aromatic bitter
- Specificity of seat is in circulatory, digestive, and respiratory
- Thins mucus
- Warming
- Draws energy to the center
- Antiemetic
- Loss of appetite, borborygmus, painful menstruation, cold extremities
85
Carminative - Angelica archangelica
- Angelica
- Bitter carminative
- More bitter than fennel or chamomile
- Indicated for inflamed mucus membranes, especially of GI tract
- In Iberoghast formula
86
Demulcent - Althea officinalis
- Marshmallow
- Can make a gruel
- Very mucilaginous
87
Demulcent - Ulmus spp.
- Slippery Elm
| - Astringent
88
Demulcent - Glycyrrhiza glabra/uralensis
- Licorice Root
- Stimulates mucous-secreting glands to secrete more mucous
- C/I in HTN, hypokalemia, pregnancy, kidney failure, potentiates the actions of cardiac glycosides
- DGL mouthwash for aphthous ulcers
89
Demulcent - Trigonella foenum-graecum
- Fenugreek
- Develops mucilage better in water (most do)
- Soak seeds to make a mucilaginous mush
90
Demulcent - Aloe vera/barbadensis
- Aloe gel
- Soothing and healing to mucous membranes
- Yellow latex is very cathartic and bitter
91
What is a cholegogue?
- Increases the flow of bile into the intestines (makes gallbladder squeeze)
92
What is a choleretic?
- Choleretic increases the production of bile in the liver
93
Hepatic - Cynara scolymus
- Artichoke
- C/I with bile duct obstruction
- Indicated for hyperlipidemia, dyspepsia, kidney disease
- Antimicrobial study
- Study showed reduces plasma cholesterol
- Study on prevention of taurolithocholate-induced hepatic bile canalicular distortions
- Increases cholesterol secretion in bile
94
Hepatic - Silybum marianum
- Milk Thistle
- Hepatic trophorestorative
- Protects from toxins
- Supports mitochondrial action
- Helps regenerate liver cells
- Scavenge free radicals
- Very safe, very powerful
- Can protect against Amanita mushrooms (antidote of choice)
- Galactagogue
- Antioxidant
95
Hepatic - Chionanthus virginicus
- Fringe Tree
- C/I in bile duct obstruction, septic GB inflammation, acute or severe liver disease, GB or pancreatic cancers
- Indicated for constipation, wounds, and inflammation (topically)
- Cathartic
- For acute congestion of the liver or catarrh of the common bile duct
- Most positive remedy for simple jaundice
96
Hepatic - Taraxicum officinale
- Dandelion
- Leaf as food - very nutritive; edema
- C/I for bile duct obstruction
- Antioxidant effects protective against hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in mice
- Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects on cholesterol-fed rabbits
- Reduction of adipogenesis and lipid accumulation
97
Hepatic - Chichorium intybus
- Chickory
- Coffee substitute
- Has inulin and sugar
- Hepatoprotective against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats
98
Hepatic - Mahonia spp.
- Oregon Grape
- Contains berberine
- C/I in pregnancy
- Poor gallbladder function, skin issues, infections
99
Hepatic - Arctium lappa
- Burdock, Gobo Root
| - Skin conditions
100
Hepatic - Curcuma longa
- Turmeric
- C/I in lg doses in pregnancy, bile duct obstruction
- Specificity of seat in liver and circulatory system
- Study on activation of AMPK for LPS-induced acute lung injury
101
Hepatic - Chelidonium majus
- Greater Celandine
- Strong choleretic activity
- Decreases pain and spasm of gb
- Poppy family
- Has greater choleretic activity than cholegogue activity
- May cause liver toxicity
- C/I in pregnancy and long-term use
- Contains berberine
102
What are the factors that effect the safety of botanical medicines?
- Relative toxicity and concentration
- Solubility of a toxic compound in a particular preparation (e.g. Castor oil v. castor bean)
- Rout of administration
- Absorbability
- Will metabolism break it down safely? Or form more toxic things?
- Potential for accumulation
- Rate & efficacy of excretion
103
What is the mechanism that is common to most herb/drug interactions?
- Cytochrome P-450 Isoenzyme
104
What is an herbal adjunct to pharmaceutical treatment?
- Beneficial combination of herb & drug
105
What are vulneraries, and how do they work?
- Speed healing
- Decrease inflammation
- Help with remodeling
- Increase fibrin deposition
106
Vulnerary - Calendula officinalis
- Calendula
- Major vulnerary
- Anti-inflammatory
- C/I internally in pregnancy
- Wounds, ulcers (intestinal, bed, interstitial cystitis)
- Local or internal
- Used for old wounds w/ chronic inflammation
- Study on venous leg ulcers (topical)
- Good for beauty products
107
Vulnerary - Echinacea spp.
- Echinacea
- Lymphagogue
- Caution with inflammatory AI conditions
- Infection, sepsis, snake bites, ulcers, pharyngitis
- Topical antiseptic
- Internal or external
- Vitality stimulant
- E. pallida reverses stress-delayed wound healing in mice
- E. pallida preferred species for wound healing (by some)
108
Vulnerary - Centella asiatica
- Gotu Kola
- Nootropic
- Chronic venous insufficiency
- Tightens CT - helps wound closure
- Old scar tissue healing
- Elevates antioxidant levels
109
Vulnerary - Hypericum perforatum
- St John's Wort
- Trophorestorative to nervous system
- C/I with many drugs because of CYP 3A4 induction
- Particularly indicated for burns
110
Vulnerary - Stellaria media
- Chickweed
- Cooling, vulnerary, demulcent
- Edible nutritive
- Good for poultices
- Antifungal
111
Vulnerary - Plantago spp.
- Plantain
- Used to soothe insect bites and bee/wasp stings
- Good for drawing out things
112
Vulnerary - Matricaria recutita
- Chamomile
- Caution in high doses because can cause vomiting and diarrhea
- Good for kids
113
Vulnerary - Aloe vera/barbadensis
- Aloe gel
- Cool and moist
- Split leaf open and use inner gel
- Good for mucous membranes and ulcers
114
Vulnerary - Arnica spp.
- Arnica
- Increases immune response around area of need
> Tells body to clean up mess (increases macrophages)
> Long-term use may exacerbate an immune reaction, esp for AI conditions
- Use fresh plant
- Good for old scars (because they aren't immunologically active)
- Low-dose herb internally and externally
- Caution with exacerbating rheumatoid arthritis
- Do not apply to broken skin
- Indicated for tissue trauma
- Osteoarthritis study
115
Vulnerary - Symphytum officinale
- Comfrey
- "Bone net"
- Indicated for sprains and fractures
- C/I in internal use due to pyrrolizidine alkaloid
- Good for topical use
116
Circulatory Stimulants
- Movers
- Warming
> Capsicum
> Ginger
> Black Pepper
- Cooling
> Ginkgo
> Zanthoxylum
- Can have rubefacient effect
- Can increase heart rate and cardiac output
- Magic carpet to load rest of formula on and carries it forth
117
Circulatory Stimulant - Capsicum annuum/frutescens
- Cayenne
- Hot
- Contains essential oils
- Depletes substance P
- Dries out mucous membranes
- Do not inhale vapors
- Avoid direct contact with eyes or mucous membranes
- Throws heat to the extremities
- Pure stimulant
118
Circulatory Stimulant - Ginkgo biloba
- Ginkgo
- Tightening, moving
- Not hot
- C/I with pregnancy, hemophilia, and blood thinners
- Specificity of seat in microvasculature
119
Circulatory Stimulant - Piper nigraum
- Black Pepper
- Enhances absorption of nutrients (6-100x)
- C/I in lg doses in pregnancy, may interact with drugs d/t GI absorption increase
- Indicated for indigestion and poor nutrient absorption
120
Circulatory Stimulant - Rosmarinus officinalis
- Rosemary
- For remembrance
- Aromatic
- C/I in pregnancy
- Indicated for hypotension following stress or illness and poor memory
- Raises BP
121
Circulatory Stimulant - Zanthoxylum americanum
- Prickly Ash
- Added to adaptogen formulas to kick start them
- Potentially toxic, but not low-dose
- C/I in pregnancy, acute GI inflammation
- Indicated for uterine cramps and dysmenorrhea
- Mild cardiac stimulant
- As if a mild current of electricity was being administered
122
Circulatory Stimulant - Zingiber officinale
- Ginger
- Draws heat in
- C/I with blood thinners
- Safe in pregnancy
- Action much more immediate if given in hot water
- Powder causes emesis, tincture does not
123
What is a trophorestorative?
- Has tissue specificity and nourishes and heals that tissue
124
Trophorestorative - Avena sativa
- Nervous system
| - Stroop Color-Word test study
125
Trophorestorative - Withania somnifera
- Endocrine or Neuroendocrine
- Confers the stamina of a horse
- Modulates cortisol
- Aphrodisiac
- C/I in pregnancy
126
Trophorestorative - Urtica dioica seed
- Kidney
| - Nettle SEED case studies
127
Trophorestorative - Silybum marianum
- Liver
| - Hepatoprotective and hepatoregenerative
128
Trophorestorative - Crataegus spp.
- Hawthorn
| - The heart
129
Trophorestorative - Arctium lappa
- Burdock
| - The skin
130
Trophorestorative - Centella asiatica
- The connective tissue
- Modulates scar tissue
- Vulnerary, nutritive
131
Trophorestorative - Equisetum arvense
- The connective tissue
| - Caution with thiamine depletion
132
Trophorestorative - Glycyrrhiza spp.
- The adrenals
- Non-specific effect on adrenals
- Support low BP, low cortisol, hormone balance related to PCOS
- Anti-androgen stimulant
- C/I in many things
133
Trophorestorative - Bacopa monniera
- The brain
- Keeps acetyl choline around longer
- Neuroprotective
- Very safe and effective
134
Trophorestorative - Vaccinum myrtillus
- Bilberry
- The eyes
- Improve vision in fighter pilots in WWII
- May help prevent neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy
- Rich in anthocyanins
135
Trophorestorative - Lungs
- Crataegus
- Verbascum thapsus
- Glycyrrhiza spp.
136
Trophorestorative - The Mucous Membranes
- Hydrastis canadensis
- Anemopsis californica
- Bidens pilosa
137
Trophorestorative - The Immune System
- Trametes versicolor
| - Astragalus membranaceus
138
Trophorestorative - The Female Reproductive Tract
- Rubus ideaus (raspberry leaf)
139
Trophorestorative - The Male Reproductive Tract
- Serenoa rapens
