Week 2 - Plant Morphology Flashcards
(62 cards)
1
Q
Morphology
A
- The physical form or gross external structure of plants
2
Q
Taproot
A
- Large primary root that extends straight down and tapers gradually
- Example: carrot, Taraxacum officinale (dandelion), Arctium lappa (burdock)
3
Q
Fibrous Root
A
- Many roots extending down from the stem
- Example: Allium sativa (garlic), Epilobum sp. (willow herb plant)
4
Q
Adventitious Root
A
- Arises from non-root tissue (usually from a stem)
- Example: blackberry
5
Q
Stems
A
- Framework of a plant that supports leaves, flowers, and other structures
- A conduit for exchange of water, nutrients, and sap
- Can act as a place for storage of fuel
- Can be an area of photosynthesis in green stems
6
Q
Internal Stem Feature - Epidermis
A
- Outer layer of wax-coated cells
7
Q
Internal Stem Feature - Cortex
A
- Tissue between the epidermis and the phloem
8
Q
Internal Stem Feature - Vascular Tissues
A
- Carry water, nutrients, and photosynthates through the plant
9
Q
Internal Stem Feature - Vascular Tissue - Xylem
A
- Carries water and minerals from the roots upward through the plant
10
Q
Internal Stem Feature - Vascular Tissue - Cambium
A
- Single-celled layer of diving tissue that creates the xylem on one side and the phloem on the other
11
Q
Internal Stem Feature - Vascular Tissue - Phloem
A
- Carries sugars down through the plant
12
Q
Internal Stem Feature - Pith
A
- The center of the stem that can be woody and dense, chambered, or hollow
13
Q
Dicotyledon Stem
A
- Has two leaves when it sprouts
- Can be herbaceous or woody
14
Q
Monocotyledon Stem
A
- Has one leaf when it sprouts
- Example: grass
15
Q
External Stem Feature - Terminal Bud
A
- The bud at the tip of the stem
16
Q
External Stem Feature - Lateral Bud
A
- Bud that grows from leaf axils on the side of a stem
17
Q
External Stem Feature - Bud Scale
A
- Modified leaves that protect the bud
18
Q
External Stem Feature - Naked Bud
A
- A bud without scales
19
Q
External Stem Feature - Leaf Scar
A
- The mark left where a leaf was attached
20
Q
External Stem Feature - Bundle Scar
A
- The marks within the leaf scar where the vascular bundles passed through
21
Q
External Stem Feature - Terminal Bud Scale Scar
A
- The area where the previous year’s terminal bud scales were attached
- Shows the growth pattern from year to year
22
Q
Modified Stem - Bulb
A
- Underground storage leaves attached at a base
- Example: tulips, daffodils
23
Q
Modified Stem - Corm
A
- Short, thickened underground stem with scales that form a tunic
- Solid rather than having rings (like an onion) or cloves (like garlic)
- Example: crocus
24
Q
Modified Stem - Crown
A
- A compressed stem with leaves above and roots below
- Example: Taraxacum officinale (dandelion)
25
Modified Stem - Stolon
- Horizontal, above-ground runner that sets down roots or generates a plantlet at its nodes
- Example: strawberries, Potentilla anserina (silverweed)
26
Modified Stem - Rhizome
- Horizontally growing underground stems
| - Example: Mahonia spp. (Oregon grape), zingiber, Curcuma longa (turmeric), Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal)
27
Modified Stem - Twining Stems
- Used for climbing
- Some twist clockwise, some counter-clockwise
- Example: Lonicera sempervirens (honeysuckle)
28
Modified Stem - Tuber
- An enlarged rhizome containing stored food
- These structures have "eyes," or modified buds dotted around them
- Example: potato
29
Modified Stem - Tuberous Stem
- A storage stem with buds only on the "up" side
30
External Leaf Feature - Blade
- The flattened part of the leaf
31
External Leaf Feature - Petiole
- Stalk of the leaf
32
External Leaf Feature - Margin
- Leaf edge
| - May be lobed, toothed, smooth, etc.
33
External Leaf Feature - Stipule
- Leaf-like appendages at the base of the leaf
34
Arrangement of Leaves on the Stem - Opposite
- On opposite sides of the stem at the same level
| - Example: Mentha spicata (spearmint)
35
Arrangement of Leaves on the Stem - Alternate
- Leaves at alternating levels on the stem (staggered)
| - Example: Trifolium pratense (red clover)
36
Arrangement of Leaves on the Stem - Whorl
- Three or more leaves at the same level of the stem
| - Example: Gallium aparine (cleavers)
37
Arrangement of Leaves on the Stem - Rosette
- A spiral pattern of attachments around the stem
38
Arrangement of Leaves on the Petiole - Simple
- Blade is one continuous unit
| - Example: Acer sp. (maple)
39
Arrangement of Leaves on the Petiole - Palmately Compound
- Multiple leaflets radiating from a central point
| - Example: Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut)
40
Arrangement of Leaves on the Petioloe - Pinnately Compound
- Leaflets arranged on both sides of a common rachis (stalk)
| - Example: Fraxinus angustifolia (narrow-leafed ash)
41
Arrangement of Leaves on the Petiole - Double Pinnately Compound
- Common sub stalks and stalks
| - Example: Acacia sp.
42
Flowers - Pistil
- Female organ
| - Made up of stigma, style, and ovary
43
Flowers - Pistil - Stigma
- Often sticky projection that receives pollen
44
Flowers - Pistil - Style
- Tissue between the stigma and the ovary
45
Flowers - Pistil - Ovary
- Contains ovules (unfertilized immature seeds) and embryo sacs
46
Flowers - Stamen
- Male organ
| - Made up of anther and filament
47
Flowers - Stamen - Anther
- Pollen-producing organs
48
Flowers - Stamen - Filament
- Stalk supporting the anthers
49
Flowers - Petals
- Collectively form the corolla
50
Flowers - Corolla
- Made up of a collection of petals
51
Flowers - Sepals
- Protective, leaf-like coverings for the flower bud
| - Collectively form the calyx
52
Flowers - Calyx
- Made up of a collection of sepals
53
Flowers - Receptacle
- Base of the flower
54
Flowers - Pedicel
- The stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence
55
Inflorescence
- Arrangement of flowers on a stem
56
Inflorescence - Single
- Solitary
| - Example: Crocus vernus (crocus)
57
*Inflorescence - Spike
- Type of raceme with flowers that do not have a pedicel
| - Example: lavender
58
*Inflorescence - Raceme
- Unbranched, indeterminate with pedicellate flowers along the stalk
- Example: Actaea racemosa (black cohosh)
59
*Inflorescence - Corymb
- Unbranched, indeterminate
- Flat-topped or convex
- Outer pedicels are progressively longer than inner ones
- Example: Achillea millefolium (yarrow)
60
*Inflorescence - Umbel
- Raceme with short axis and multiple floral pedicels of equal length that appear to rise from a common point
- Example: dill
61
*Inflorescence - Cyme
- A determinate inflorescence
- Inner flowers opening first
- Example: Symphytum officinale (comfrey)
62
*Inflorescence - Composite
- Made up of bunches...
| - Example: Echinacea purpurea
