FINAL EXAM Flashcards
(133 cards)
- The Great War - causes
the 1st great crisis in modern scientific-industrial society was WWI
- -Imperialist competition in the Balkans triggered the war
- -the Austrio-Hungarian Empire was huge and lined Germany, Russia, Swiss, and Italy (Ottoman Empire was where Turkey is)
RESULT: Capitalism , democracy, socialism-communism, and supremacist nationalism emerged - open trade ended
- Capitalist democracy
- -U.S. Britain, France, Latin Am.) - freedom, capitalism, and international institutions for maintaining peace - Communism-socialism (Soviet Union) - equality > freedom and command economy controlled from the top
- supremacist nationalism (Germany, Italy, Japan) - both democracy and communism - racial supremacy and dictatorial/authoritarian rule - state controlled economy and territorial expansion through military conquest
WWII and rise of new nations - planned by supremacist nationalists - WWI ended global free trade of 19th century
Cold War (1st - will be later)
1st “hot” phase - U.S. and Soviet surround with allies from Europe and Asia - fought each other through “proxies – smarter allied states - climaxed with cuban missile crisis
2nd “cooling phase” - reduced tensions and decreased nuclear arsenals…proxy fighting continues
3rd industrial revolution
–computer revolution put U.S. on course to defeat USSR - US became unrivaled superpower - adv. computer tech., powerful financial services and unmatched military strength
Russia, Italy and Germany gov.
Russia - communism, Italy - racism, Germany - Nazism
- -spreading principles of modernity
- -supremacist nationalism was destroyed by the alliance of communism and capitalist democracy
The Great War
July 27, 1914 - Diff. representations on way to modernity
–scientific-industrial society (BRIT., US. FR. Germ) and industrialization (Japan, Russia, Ottoman, Austria-Hungary)
Allies = France, Russia, Britain
Central Powers = Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire
- -Europe dominated by imperial competition and need for balance of power (following Napoleonic wars)
- -two trends: constitutionalism and ethnic nationalism vs. industrialization
- -Ottoman decrease and Russian empire expanding
- -fight over Bosnia-Herzegovina - Austria Hungary claimed - later a Bosnian Serb nationalist group assassinated the Austrian heir to the throne, Franz Ferdinand and his wife — assassination Began to drive Europe into WW1
Total War
warfare in which all resources of the nation (included population) are marshaled for the war effort - all segments of society seen as targets
–rely on precise timing and speedy mobilization of forces
by 1918 - N France and Belgium resembled moonscapes from 4 years of destruction and carnage - unluckiest city was Ypres, Belgium - suffered 3 battles and was all but obliterated by wars end
Schlieffen Plan
a massive assault on N Franz through Belgium by Germany
- -trap and isolated French armies (needed to defeat France before Russia’s army was mobilized)
- -failed plan - after French and British victory in 1st battle of the Marne - Russia rapidly mobilized - 2 sides forced into TRENCH WARFARE
- -failed bc they were trying to quickly get to France before Russia mobilized…which they did more quickly than expected and attacked Germany on the other side - they add to abandon the western front and defend the east from Russia
- -this war also introduced the machine gun
Armenian Genocide
germans were able to halt Russian advances and inflict heavy losses
–Ottoman Empire helped and suffered heavy losses - which prompted it to massacre 1 million Armenians
Italy, Greece and Romania joined the Allies - also recruited China 1917 and US - WW1 now involved every major state in the world
–Bulgaria joined the central powers
Turning point of the war 1917
war caused Tsar Nicolas II to create new social-democratic gov. - committed to carrying on the war (grew unpopular)
Rise of COMMUNIST BOLSHEVIK PARTY - of Vladamir Lenin
- -campaigned against cont. war - 1917 Nov. Lenin took over gov. with soldiers in St. Petersburg - after seizing power…began discussions with Germany and signed treaty to give about 1/3 of Russian population territory and resources to Germany so Russia could withdraw from war
- -Germans closer to achieving goals: LEBENSRAUM (living space) in industrialized Europe part of Russia
US joining WWI
US originally declared neutral at the start – but during switched to the allied side - German sinking of the British ship, LUSITANIA (1915), Which killed 100+ Americans brought US to war
- -entrance of US provided resources for ALLIES to win war
- -ALLIES: Called for freedom of seas, natural powers, self-determination for all people and peace
- -US sent troops to France and defeated German adv.
Results of the war
- TREATY OF VERSAILLES (June 1919)
- -5 years after assassination of Franz Ferdinand
- -Germany lost overseas colonies - allies declared Germany responsibile for war and put military restrictions and reparation pmts. - debt - LEAGUE OF NATIONS
- -body of 58 global states as part of treaty of Versailles that would ensure world peace
Complex underlain causes of the Great War (class notes)
Great War (1914-1918) 1. Ascendency of Germany
- Entangling Alliances
- -triple Entente (later Allied powers) - Britain, France, and Russia
- -Central Powers: Germany and Austria-Hungary (eventually Ottoman Empire) - Cult of the Offensive
- Decline of the Ottoman Empire
- The rise of nationalism in the empires of Central and Eastern Europe
Battle of the Somme
Somme offensive - one of the largest battles of WWI - July 1 thought November 1 1916 near Somme river in France
- -one of the bloodiest military battles in history
- -first day: British suffered 57,000 casualties - both allies and central powers lost more than 1.5 million men in the end
- -this battle was first great offensive for the British - Britain changed military tactics - Brit. and Fr. vs. Germany
- -meant to be a joint French and British operation
- -this changed from 2 years of trench warfare to the allies trying to break through German lines on the western front (Fr. and Brit. changing tactics to attack Germany)
brought in the RIFLE, FLAMETHROWER, MACHINE GUN, HAND GRENADE, TANK, ARTILLERY
–U-boats, airplanes, chemical weapons
also Propoganda!!
Lieutenant John McCrae
Canadian surgeon who fought in WWI
- -fought in Flanders, Belgium
- -wrote, “In Flanders Fields” - famous WWI poem - we often remember this poem on Memorial Day in the US
Wildred Owen is another famous poet - he died a week before WWI ended by a British Assault on Germany
Earl Haig, Edinburgh castle,
Aberdeen memorial,
American doughboys
Outcomes of the Great War
nearly 70 million men fought in the war
- -8 million dead, 20 million wounded
- -civilians suffered from aerial bombardment, food shortages, and disease
- -around 800,000 die in the Armenian genocide
- -at least 20 million civilians die worldwide from influenza outbreak
- -psychological damage and the “lost generation”
- The interwar in Europe
after WWI, France and Britain struggled - huge DEBT
–league of nations had mandate system - colonies were to be prepared for future independence
Britain - shift from state control to market capitalism
- -also dependent on world trade (which decreased dramatically after war)
- -Britain also owed war debt $4.3 billion to US - Britain’s ability to repay depended on Germany repaying…so entire European Econ. system fragile in 1920s
Interwar period: unemployment HIGH and investments low
Autarky and mandates
Autarky - condition of economic independence and self-sufficiency as state policy
- -Britain created by decreasing tariffs and world trade
- -to get out of depression - defect gov. spending - decreased tariffs, devalue currency - return to gold standard
- -Brit. also grew from 2 mil. sq. miles to 14 million - empire - imperial expansion to Middle East - rec. Arab provinces of Ottoman Empire (Fr. and Brit)
FRANCE
- -huge human and property loss during war
- -war had been fought with material borrowed from US and Britain - had to be paid
- -$ to repair came from increasing taxes, German reparations and German taxes
- -returned to the gold standard
- -supremacist nationalism
MANDATES
–Quasi-colonies created by league of nations - mandated key territories of Ottoman Empire to Britain and France - eventually to turn into independent colonies
Great Depression
global economic crisis that followed the crash of the NY stock exchange on Oct. 29, 2929 - resulted in massive unemployment and economic misery worldwide
–sever in England
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 pts.
(it was a reading assignment) - go READ IT
The 14 Points was a stmt. of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end WWI
- -principles were outlined in a January 8, 1918 speech on war aims and peace terms to the United States Congress by Pres.Woodrow Wilson
- -failed bc did not call for harsh reparations of punishment against the Central Powers
- -the final point of the Fourteen Points called for a “general association of nations” that would prevent future conflict
part of the points was the creation of the league of nations
–designed to prevent future destructive wars - arms control and mutual defense guarantees
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
army officer who founded an independent Republic of Turkey out of the ruins of the Ottoman Empire
- -born in the former Ottoman Empire
- -he was involved with the Young Turks, a revolutionary group that deposed the sultan in 1909
- -led the Turkish war for independence
- -signed the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, which made Turkey a republic
- -served as Turkey’s first president from 1923 until his death in 1938
- -implemented reforms that rapidly secularized and westernized the country
made sure Turkish parliament was open to pluralism - adopted the French model of separation of state and religion
- -European family law, Latin alphabet, western calendar, metric weights, modern clothing and women’s suffrage
- -launched statism during Great Depression - Turkeys version of deficit spending
1920s culture
Model T assembly line
- -Radio
- -Jazz and cabaret
- -1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix
- -1930 World Cup, Uruguay
- -Flappers in Paris (French flappers were big)
20s and 30s - lots of advertising
Jarrow Crusade 1936
an organised protest against the unemployment and poverty suffered in the English Tyneside town of Jarrow during the 1930s
- -200 men to march in protest from Jarrow to London
- -petition
John Maynard Keynes
English economist, journalist, and financier, best known for his economic theories (Keynesian economics) on the causes of prolonged unemployment
- -during the 1930s in an attempt to understand the Great Depression..Keynes advocated inc. government expenditures and lower taxes to stimulate demand and pull the global economy out of the depression
- -capitalism is good - work for money, businesses hire and pay - they buy what they want to
Outcome of great war leading into interwar period
OUTCOMES
- -war destroyed the German, Ottoman, Austio-Hungarian, and Russian empires
- -many new nation-states emerged in eastern and central Europe
- -spread of democracy and woman’s suffrage
- -Treaty of Versailles, 1919 - war guilty clause/punishment of Germany
Germany experienced HYPERINFLATION - banknotes were used as waste paper…used to light the stove
Paris peace conference (Versailles peace conference)
the meeting of the victorious Allied Powers following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers
- -British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, President Woodrow Wilson of the United States, French Premier Georges Clemenceau, and Premier Vittorio Orlando of Italy became the leaders of the conference
- -called the Big Four
in Treaty of Versailles - forced Germany to accept responsibility for loss and damage to which Allied and associated gov. had been subjected to by war imposed upon them by aggression of Germany and her allies
the WILSONIAN MOMENT - book about Paris Peace conference when allies debated about a bunch of smaller nations who waited to see what their fate would be
- -India, Egypt, China and Korea
- -this led to third world liberation movements - influence and sparked wave of nationalism that is still resonating globally today