Midterm 1 Flashcards

Question

indulgences

Answer 1

"tickets to heaven" - remission of sins after payment of fine or donation - forgiveness by Church but not God - pope used $ as dues to finance administration

Answer 2

German Cath. monk - 95 theses - condemned indulgences and other acts differ from Bible (Especially indulgences) - -posts thesis and sets off worldwide questioning of what Christianity truly is - -encouraged elevation of original NT scripture over canon law and papal decisions - -priesthood to all - call German princes to begin church reform - translate bible to German - -Lutheranism - horrified by Peasants war - form or protestant reformation - -BEGINS WITH HIM - accuse Cath. priests of selling indulgences (abuse authority and live lavishly) other reforms - King Henry VIII in Eng. create Anglican church ML teaches - -salvation comes through faith alone - -divine knowledge comes from scriptures - -priesthood accessible to all (men) - -no celibacy of priests, monasticism, no saints, no pope - -end corruption in church he becomes excommunicated and Lutheran church develops

Answer 3

French King Francis I would not allow reform and exiled all who tried - -John Calvin was exiled to Geneva for Protestant reform - -PREDESTINATION - Before earth to heaven or hell - believers hope though faith to get a glimpse of faith - also enforced moral code - promoted wealth to "See fate" - - -France and Netherlands - -agrees with Luther that man is saved by grace alone - in Switzerland

Answer 4

also called counter-reformation - the reaffirmation of Cath. papal supremacy and doctrine of faith with works to prep. to salvation - -practices of absenteeism (bishops in Rome instead of bishoprics) and pluralism (bishops and abbots holding multiple appointments) were abolished - -supported by French and Spanish Kings --Jesuits - established Cath. schools and univ. - mission to Am. and Asia - self assurance of Cath. against protestants

Answer 5

the doctrine that baptism should only be administered to believing adults, held by a radical Protestant sect that emerged during the 1520s and 1530s - -Anabaptism is a Christian movement which traces its origins to the Radical Reformation. The movement is generally seen as an offshoot of Protestantism, although this view has been challenged by some Anabaptists - -adult baptism - -reborn and baptized again - wanted self-gov. community centered on book of acts - simple - several in holy Roman Empire were tortured and killed

Answer 6

1572 Civil war in France - growing Calvinism - Proc. called Huguenots - bc so many... could not all be exiled or executed - -6 days after marriage of King's sister to Huguenots leader, King Henry III of Navarre (later became King IV o f France) - St. Bartholomew's day massacre was Cath. slaughter of 1000s of Huguenots in response to assassination of a French admiral - -result: France became Cath. again

Answer 7

In Netherlands, Spanish wanted to keep Cath. lie French - Phillip II King of Spain and Neth. persecuted Calvinists - protestants war for liberation - reimpose Cath. - 1000s of rebels executed - --also called the 80 years war - -about Neth. independence from Spain

Answer 8

Medieval reformers --John Wycliff - helps translate bible to English (his follower Jan His is burned at stake) - want SIMPLE religion accessible to all --King Henry VIII in Eng. starts Anglican Church Prot. in England were calvinists - majority belonged to Anglican Church (eng. Cath. - minority) --stuart monarchs in Eng. throne - stuarts were head of Anglican state church bc rules of Eng...but they were Catholic --stuarts wanted to build a centralized state - collected taxes without Parliament's approval --many Parliament were Puritan - civil war conflict was among 3 kingdoms - Puritan Dominated Eng. Parliament vs. royals --end - monarchy replaced with republican theocracy after "glorious revolution" 1688 - Eng. became world dominating naval power

Answer 9

early 1600s - Puritan ruler of theocracy and new model army (Puritan army in civil war) --hand picked Parliament English military and political leader. He served as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1653 until his death

Answer 10

Jesuit Ferdinand II vs. Protestants - --end in agreement - religious freedom in Germany - territorial integrity - -France became strongest country in Europe German Peasants war in Holy Roman Empire --peasantry were in favor of Luther's reform - but Luther did not support them in war bc not acting Christian

Answer 11

France's longest reigning monarch - Versailles - -absolutism - emphasized unlimited power of King (under God's divine mandate) - -left many with inc. debts - -Versailles

Answer 12

- -landowning aristocracy - bc no large pop. of urban commoners to build centralized state = finance state by exploiting farmers - -Patriarch Nikon - lead Russian reformation and head of Russian Orthodox Church - church rituals have become corrupted and need to revert back to original - -sign of cross - old practice (fingers represent Godhead) new practice (fingers represent trinity) Peter the Great Tzar comes from "Caesar" for Russian rulers - sought to establish French centralized state in Russia --reorganize military - built Ports on Baltic Sea and establish capital in St. Petersburg - firearm - lifelong service - powerful centralized state

Answer 13

led methodism (breaking off Anglicanism) - make religion more simple and meaningul - -say Meth. has too many rituals - can feel god's love in intimate ways - -Calvinism was very serious..Meth. more joyful and uplifting

Answer 14

Am. conquered by Spain and Port. 16th century - use labor of native Am. and black slaves imported from Africa - -Am. were huge factor in Euro. changing position in world - Euro. acquire precious metals (2 largest competitor's China and India did not have) - and import agricultural commodities from Am. - -financed expansion with Am. gold and silver - -bc small pox wiped out native am. labor...imported black slaves from Africa

Answer 15

land grant by gov. to entrepreneur - entitling him to use forced indigenous or imported slave labor to exploit agriculture and mineral sources

Answer 16

Hispaniola - labor grants and rich - sent by Cuban governor to Mexico to find Aztec Empire's gold and silver - used steel weapons and defeated natives (Malinche - Aztec woman translator to Cores) --captured last Aztec emperor and ended Aztec empire

Answer 17

1513 - plan to conquer Andean Empire of Incas - -born in Spain - became mayor of Panama City - rumors of gold and silver in south - -arrived at Inca Empire (already slaughtered by small pox) - captured prince and killed many - then capture Incan capital, Cuzco - received lots of gold and silver - -founded Lima Port. interest in Brazil wood - sed to make red dye Incan empire - Peru --

Answer 18

Intended to make Am. a territorial expansion of European centralized state creoles - Am. born European immigrants (mostly Spanish) labor-assignment - obligation of villagers to send laborers to a contractor - use in mining and paid min. wages - bound by debt - -Brazil imported slaves from Africa - sugar plantations (sugar #1, gold #2) - -traded guns with native am. for fur (Iroquois - native am. group that attacked europeans and dominated fur trade) seven years war - -Fr. (Army) and Britain (navy) 1756 beg. - Britain wins but with much debt to finance war - -root cause of Am., French, and Haitian revolutions

Answer 19

Exchange plants, animals and diseases btwN Am. and old world - -mineral and agricultural exploitation - -before old world had no tomatoes, potatoes or chilies - new world had no apples - -disease killed native pop. by 90% - -Brazil wood and sugar --> tobacco, rice, sugar (Am.) - -Europe benefited the most - -made Euro. more similar to its Chinese and Indian comp. - bc minerals and cash crops - much of wealth acquired was wasted in warfare class - Port. introduce chili peppers to new world - tomatoes, potatoes - -chocolate, tobacco, rubber, Brazil wood old to new: -0horses, cows, rate, cats, honey, bees, flirts, bananas. rice

Answer 20

In book 1. CREOLES - estate owners - --heirs of Spanish conquistadors and estate owners - had intermarriage, property, gov. position - native am. forced labor 2. CREOLES - craftsman/traders - --worked with hands - textile manuf. - pottery and leather 3. MESTIZOS (euro. and native am. mix) and MULATTOES (Euro. and Af. mix) - -3rd largest pop. - supervisory positions in mines and estate - dominate in military 4. WOMEN 5. NATIVE AM. new world society 1. Peninsulars - born in Euro living in new world 2. creoles - born new world of euro. heritage 3. mestizos - mixed Euro. and nat. am. heritage 4. Mulattos - mixed Euro. and af. 5. zambos - mixed af. and native am.

Answer 21

Cath. - resist new science and enlightenment - strong belief driving was 2nd coming - -when Aztec and Inca empires fell - urgent to convert native am. to christianity - -nat. am. liked idea of good works as God-pleasing human efforts to gain salvation - also influenced growth in education - -prot. in New England - puritans with trial - 1600s, eng. colonies - ppl. accused, tried and confined of witch craft, 86% women - accused swim or float if guilty...sink and drowned innocent --began with nat. am. voodoo in salem

Answer 22

extension of centralizing state - state support for the export of manufacturers to Am. colonies (fr. and eng.) - with plantations - -Mercantilism is a national economic policy designed to maximize the trade of a nation and, historically, to maximize the accumulation of gold and silver - -belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism - -the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism - -wealth derived from mining of gold and silver and production of agriculture should be restricted to each country's market - as little as possible expended on imports from another country - wealth of state depends on having max. amt. of gold and silver - keep Econ. blocked from others - -IMPORTS DEC. and EXPORTS INC. - -create monopolies to ensure (ex. British goods only allowed travel on British ships) class - -transatlantic trade 0 global economy is sum gain - if it helps you, it harms me - pie cannot be shared - -1st way to achieve is by gold and silver (used to pay armies) 2. need to run trade surpluses, export more than import

Answer 23

1. acquire metals, which 2 big comp. (China and India) lacked 2. Access to warm weather and grew to be agrarian autonomy similar to Ch. and India - -small #s emigrated so pop. euro always less than nat. am. and af. slaves --> led to a privileged settler society with superior positions on social hierarchy - -cheap labor led to forced and racial prejudice 2 diff. ways of governing - 1) Spain and port. motivated centralized control, 2) Britain allowed self gov. to NE colonies

Answer 24

Af. had to adopt their religious heritage to challenge of Euro. Christianity - euro. came late 15th century Songhai Empire - -follow original (1st) Af. Empire (Mali empire) - eventually conquered and overcame Mali - -profit from trans-saharan trade and convert to Islam - -Islamic but religiously tolerant - no forced religion - -timbuktu manuscripts - wealth of learning - -Songhai emperors elevated by taxation of gold trade - trade salt and manuf. for gold and slaves - -quickly ended after little more than 1 century - invasion from Morocco -stop gold trade with Port.

Answer 25

Port. had large focus on Indian spice trade - ater Atlantic slave trade --reconquista and religious crusading - king searing for way to Ethiopia or India - vasco da Game circumnavigated southern tip of Africa and reached India - Port. develops Indian spice trad Ethiopia - -15th cent. - strong christian kingdom - arg., gold, ivory,, slaves - traditional Christian kingdom but faced pressure from expanding Muslim countries (Ottoman Empire) - -was supported by Port - became divided, weak kingdom (conflict of Euro. and Ottoman Empire) - -16th cent. 0 Holy War with Muslim Adal -Ethiopia would have been destroyed but Port. supported (Against Ottoman Muslim support from Yemen) - -some Port. stay in Ethiopia - many Jesuit missionaries but King expelled them

Answer 26

household - -Af. chiefs and Kings maintained large households - with admin., soldiers, farmers and craftsmen...many of whom were slaves acquired through rain and wars (or as punishment for breaking law) - -in Africa,# slaves inc. and wealth status inc. - -Port. made slave forts -- sold luxuries for luxuries (slaves)

Answer 27

trade relations with Port. - capital M'banza grew to be as large as London, Rome, Moscow, Amsterdam - large palace pop. and many slaves - -kings converted to Christianity by Port. missionaries - sent members of ruling family to Port. for education - learn to read and write in Portuguese and wear Port. clothes - -result = Af. creole culture - mixed rel. with Catholicism - -Kongo sell 1000 slaves to Port. each year - more war with Port. for slaves - -Dutch also attacked Kongo but Port. rec. Brazil's help and won - Port. compromised on slave issue class - -1400 - not muslim - extensive trading networks - -conversion by leites to Christianity in late 1400s - -Port. in Kongo - find active market for slaves - -sugarcane spreading - D for slaves inc. in Af. (based on an already established trade market that the Euro. find in Africa already)

Answer 28

Econ. system using slave labor (sugarcane, tobacco, cotton) to grow cash crops - -about 12.5 million A. shipped and 12% died during travel - -largest human migration in world history - -almost half sent to Brazil - "color line" - blackness rep. slavery - racism - -harder life than indoors - violence on both parts - escaped slaves called "maroons" - -bc hard labor - ave. plantation slave live only 5-6 more years - made it more profitable to work slaves to death than to invest in slave family chattel - an item of moveable personal property - slaves reduced from status of person to chattel, personal property to use and dispose of presentism --practice of looking at past through lens of present - bias - avoid in history

Answer 29

1. GB and Fr. join African slave trade 2. D for molasses inc. - sugar, slaves, molasses and rum form triangular trade of Atlantic economy privateers --Indian ships with permission to attack (pirates) - penance riches by attacking and cutting off comp. indentured laborers --poor workers in Euro. - contract to work 3-7 years and rec. free pass across Atlantic to America

Answer 30

worlds most lucrative Econ. triangle Atlantic system: --Euro. ships exchange goods for slaves in west Africa - then bring slaves to Am. to be exchanged for goods and taken back to Europe --Britain established monopoly with high D goods in Am. only travel British ships --common ex: eng. ship with rum sent to Af. and trade for slaves, slaves brought to Caribbean and trade for Molasses, Molasses brought back to Eng. and processed into rum Brazil - largest slaves state in world - 2/3 pop. af. am. --sugar empire - D sugar and slaves inc. Atlantic slave trade - foundation of mass production of cash crops and commodities - foundation of racism and belief of inferiority based on color

Answer 31

high profits, story to find way to pack MAX # slaves in ship - -mortality rate high so plan "tight packing" - deliberate over crowding with assumption that more captives survive with crowding that on a spacious ship of fewer captives but higher survival rate - -little food and highly unsanitary - dead and sic thrown overboard - -10-30% died

Answer 32

adopt Af. society to W. Christianity and Port. culture - af. creole cultures (hybrid rel. customs) --creole cultures - adapt music, lang., rel. and culture Music - roots of most pop. music in Am. are Af. VOODOO --Practiced by Af. French speakers in Caribbean, Louisiana and Brazil --mix Roman Cath. with Af. natural and ancestral spirit of Gods - see spiritual power in natural things and use images of objects to represent a person who's power want to control (voodoo dolls) --rituals where priests can tune into spirits of natural world - rel. of slaves and their form of freedom and control when they had none

Answer 33

1500-1800 rise of Ottomans - - (1453) led by Mehmet II "the conquerer" - one of the stirring events of world history - -Byzantines could not defend walls of city - Ottomans had superior strength and shot cannons at walls 0 went around the "Golden horn" (Weak area of city) and Ottoman solders assaulted walls with ladders - killed the last Byzantine emperor in Constantinople (means "Istanbul" in Turkish) - --in celebration ordered the construction of TOPKAPI PALACE - and appointed new patriarch at head of eastern christians Topkapi palace - -created after Ottoman defeated Constantinople - palace for sultans ("palace of the gun gate" - -Sultan lives and holy place for religion - build to show their success and power siege of Constantinople - soldiers pulled boats on rollers and wheels over hillside - Sultan Mehmet II circumvented chain (in front of entrance to golden horn) - to speed up conquest and conquer

Answer 34

drove out Spanish from North America...where Spanish had conquered in reconquista --big onion head in pictures - 10th and longest reigning sultan of Ottoman Empire from 1520 until death in 1566 finance major expansion of military and bureaucracy and farmed centralized state (to project power to subjects and Christian enemies) - -ranks 1. Muslims of Christian parentage, 2. Muslims of Islamic descent - -Janissaries

Answer 35

grew mid 1400s - NW Iran - believe Messiah would arrive and establish Muslim Apacalyptic realm before last judgment - realm would replace the "unjust" Sunni Ottoman Empire - -thought Messiah was a 14-year-old boy names Ismail - -practiced form of Islam called Shiism (diff. from Ottoman) dominant in Iran - -The Safavid dynasty was one of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran, often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history

Answer 36

sometimes called "Holy Roman Empire of German nation" - -ruled parts of Italy, Austria and Germany - -Iberian Peninsula - Christian V won title of emperor from Pope and oversaw western Christianity - counterpart of Sultan Suleyman in struggle for dominance in Christian/muslim Europe - -Charles V wanted to prevent Ottoman expansion in mediterranean - but distracted by Port. reformation in Germ., revolts in Iberia and war with France - -france formed alliance with Ottomans when trying to force Habsburgs out of italy

Answer 37

losses - -end of Charles V reign, only 2/8 Habsburg garrisons had survived ottoman - -struggle over Indian Ocean - after Vasco da game, Port. wanted to break into Muslim-dominated Indian Ocean trade - Ottoman blocked...both became weak and eventually neth. overtake both Port. and Ottoman Indian spice trade Moriscos - North Americans and muslims under Spanish rule - church worried of Morisco revolt - wanted their expulsion

Answer 38

create to finance military shift from firearms to cannons --land grant system - Ottoman lords rec. land for service --- money economy and collect Janissaries - -troops who rec. salary from central treasure - recruited from Christian pop. in Ottoman Empire - -practiced Devsirme - obligation of Christians to send boys (age 6-10) to soldier training - -come from Christian and Jewish community - forced to give up children, who convert to Islam and go to military training - these soldiers collect the taxes - -Meritocracy (smartest, strongest, get best jobs)

Answer 39

gov. auction of right to collect taxes in a district - -the tax farmer advanced these taxes to treasury and retained commission - -giving profits from mineral production to state minus their commission

Answer 40

west won war NOT bc of superiority of ideas/religion - but by its superiority in applying organized violence

Answer 41

spread risk to max profits - Big example of capitalism and MERCANTILISM - -trading monopoly - -dutch get nutmeg monopoly

Answer 42

dark skinned version of virgin mary - -represents a god being aware of nat. am. just as he is of europeans - -construct Basilica in Mexico - not originally accepted by Euro. Cath.

Answer 43

christ is prophet, not savior --evolved from Muhammad's original goal of creating a religion for Arab peoples ``` 5 pillars: (From Keran - book) testimony, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage --85% Sunni, 15% Shi'a --split after Muhammad's death 632 --its influence spread through trading ```

Answer 44

About mediation, brotherhood, non-vioelnece, learning Keran -- writing God's word on heart - spiritual side and personal connection btw self and law - -not sect of Islam but belief inside - -men wearing dresses and whirl around room - -Muslims seek to find truth of divine love and knowledge through direct personal experience with God

Answer 45

1. Ottoman Empire (greatest empire in Islam - established in Turkey) 2. Safavid Empire Mughal Empire

Answer 46

main events 1. Battle of Kosovo 1300s - Sultan of Ottoman dies and prince of Serbia dies (leaders of both sides die) - almost everyone died, but Ottoman won and this began streak of victory for Ottoman - expansion 2. Constantinople 1400s - Capital of Byzantine empire (who was successor of Holy Roman Empire - Christian) - -biggest win for Ottoman - -changed history - end of Byzantine empire (and leftover Roman Empire) - -also change Ottoman bc adopt a lot of Byzantine ruling practices (untouchable sultan - like emperor) - -Ottoman seen less as a conqueror more of empire - establish gov. after this win - -high religious tolerance (especially to Christians and jews) - -----While Jews were being expelled from Spain and Port. during reconquista - invited them to Ottoman with open arms...one 2 conditions - high taxes and provide in military

Answer 47

Hazburgs in Austria (Cath.) - saw growing Muslim empire (Ottoman) below them - fought not for conquer but religious control --walls strong - Ottoman's attacked, but failed - didn't gain and euro. saved 1683 - revivalism - Ottoman attacked Vienna AGAIN - failed again and give up on Vienna --Vienna marks end of expansion of Ottoman and begin contraction Ottoman was decentralized - provinces govern themselves

Answer 48

1. know Ming dynasty comes before Ching Dynasty 2. know Scientific revolution builds on Renaissance - -know chronological order but not dates par. - guess author, time period, context - know author's profession, continent, status

Answer 49

most innovative of Mughal rulers - -wanted to master all India by military means - strong warrier - -hated religious violence and wanted strong religious tolerance and unity among Mughal empire - -to make peace, married a Hindu princess - -one of his sons rebelled and attacked - made himself emperor his grandson Shah Jahon followed rein - he created the Taj Mahal (most recognized symbol of India in world) - built as burial tomb when wife died in child birth - devoted to study of Quran and rule according to Islamic precepts

Answer 50

Shah Jahon's son - became last powerful Mughal ruler - -wanted unified Islamic nation - opposite of Akbar - not rel. tolerant - -rewarded those who converted to Islam with gifts and positions - -isolate others and demolish Hindo temples

Answer 51

--Fr., Dutch and brush create monopolies over country's trade with certain region - act like independent states British - acquire Bombay (Mumbai) from Port. - build a trading station called Calcutta - Britain dominates Bengal and most of N India

Answer 52

autocratic centralism - power at center - diff. for mughal's centralized power bc nobles want to power themselves - favoritism...cannot advance politically without court's approval In India, majority Hindu - tensions btwn Hindu and Muslim gunpowder empires - so imp. they call Muslim empires Mughal, Ottoman and Safavid --Mosques imp.

Answer 53

Euro. intrusions give incentive to China and Japan to turn inward and stabilize and secure their country MING (1368-98) - 1st followed dynastic pattern - recovering from Mongol remnant - rebuild from war, Black Death --dec. price of land and inc. amt. of money in circulation --columbian exchange intro. new food crops - caused China's pop. to more than double when Ming began --rapid recovery - mercantilism - wanted to control imports and regulate exports - INC. demand for porcelain, tea, still, paper and cotton --China becomes world's dominant economic engine --Porcelain trade imp. and development of ceramics (blue and white color) --consider chin. porcelain, "world's most highly developed tech." - Chinese monopoly --weakened bc cont. need for Chin. forces in Kor. against Japanese forces marked by high pt. as world tech. innovator - military superpower - cannons and handguns (too costly to continue to develop during Qing) --centralized gov.

Answer 54

moral, ethical chin. Phil. influenced by traditional confucianism - big in Song and Ming dynasties - responds to Taoism and Buddhism

Answer 55

Chin. Phil. concept of only one ruler allowed to rule at time - good rulers rule with the mandate of heaven...unjust/bad rulers have mandate revoked

Answer 56

organizational system of Manchus for military and taxation purposes - -8 banners under which all military houses arranged and each divided into blocks of families to furnish units of 300 soldiers to Manchu gov. - -expanded under Qing Dynasty Manchu - -ethnic minority in China - Han were largest ethnic group - -Manchu "queue" hairstyle - all males req. on pain of death to adopt Manchu hairstyle of shaved forehead and long pigtail in back (called the "queue" - as sign of liberty - caused many revolts and bloody deaths by rebels during Qing

Answer 57

kept centralized imperial system of Ming, bug added Grand advisor council - inner advisory group to emperor Qianlong Emperor - -marked high point but also beg. of decline of Qing dynasty - -large army - stopped pushing ocean expeditions - -Port. cont. and entered Chin. waters for trade and sending Cath. missionaries - Ming at first refused entry of missionaries - but later, Jesuits earned respect by learning lang. and culture and holding math, science, astronomy and military expertise - -by end of his rule..china is most powerful nation in East Asia - -HUGE exports of porcelain from China - spend majority of silver from new world to acquire civil service exam --imperial China - Qing dynasty - recruit men based on merit, not family or political connection -- education very important

Answer 58

Atlantic trade with china inc. rapidly but euro. not fully included - -Canton system - all trade with euro. tightly controlled and conducted through single port of Canton - foreign merchants not allowed to reside within walled city - southern post - -import restrictions with foreigners - -only small #s allowed - -British cash India company dominated Canton trade factories

Answer 59

all households placed officially and designated villages for tax purposes - -10 households = one "Jia" - -100 households = one "Li" - -intended for efficient ax collection and record system - replaced by "Baejia system" - representatives

Answer 60

1. increasing pop. 2. economic stress 3. pressures on women lifestyle - educated for marriage and subordinate to men foot binding - bind feet to display wealthy status - did not need feet to work - symbol of beauty in Chin. culture - less independent and more controlled

Answer 61

4th emperor of Qing dynasty - 1st born on Chin. soil south of Shanghai near Beijing - -long lasting Qing dynasty - -1st IMPORTANT Qing ruler - longest reigning emperor in Chinese history - -sacred edict of Kangxi - obedience, hierarchy - -Qing dynasty run by small group of Manchu's (hairstyle)

Answer 62

luxury goods - Euro. willing to pay high to purchase - -trading is least respectable profession (believed for Barbarians or heathens) - -China is afraid of North (Mongol) - threat to Ming - -rebuild Great Wall - large deficits due to military spending - -16th cent. - fan of Ming - culture of decadence (aloof from common people) - downside of untouchable/invincible ideology

Answer 63

Years after Japan cont. to struggle to achieve unification - civil war for a century - -Tokugawa - began with warfare and social disorder from Hideyoshi era - also worse bc intrusion of European missionaries - -formed Bakafu gov. - -passed down to his son - 1st hereditary succession in Japan since 12th century

Answer 64

also called Shogunate - last feudal Jap. military gov. - head of gov. was shogun and part of Tokugawa clan - -was responsible only for warfare and policing - subordinate to imperial court - -began process of centralization and stabilization "tent" gov. --headquarters in capital (Tokyo) to ensure lyalyu - all daimyo would live in capital in alternate years and return home during off years - their families were permanent hostages to capital

Answer 65

opposite of China where low position given to military - in Japan...daimyo and samurai had absolute power of life and death over commoners - -"gave up gun" - gov. took away weapons from people - -NO civil service exam (diff. than China) - more decentralized than China, no large bureacracy samurai - -position evolved with rate of official and neo-confucianist - not prosperous (almost poverty) - -military soldiers in Japan Daimyo --in feudal Japan - one of the Great Lords of the shot gun

Answer 66

Tokugawa - ordered all missionaries to leave --only Dutch, Koreans and China allowed to stay - Japanese subjects also forbidden to leave Christianity - -Jap. Christian converts rebelled - killed rebels in ring of fire...crucified missionaries...forced to "trample the crucifix" - -1000s practiced in secret - -Virgin Mary disguised as the Buddhist Bodnisattva Kannon - worship like Virgin Mary (worship Buddhist Mary in hiding or executed)

Answer 67

dutch forced to lived on tiny island - made yearly reports on world events to Jap. - found small readership among educated Japanese - dutch (Also Kor. and Chin.) formed Japanese view of outside world for 2 centuries (bc seclusion laws) --specifically in tech. and medicine of western world Kokugaku - national learning - -17/18th century - emphasized Jap. classical studies - influenced by neo-confucianism - dressed importance of Chinese classical culture - -also attempted to purge of all foreign influences (Buddhism and Confucianism)

Answer 68

18th century - pop. continue to increase and rural impoverishment - -inflation - -efforts to keep families small clads to infanticide - famines erupt and make problems worse

Answer 69

- -Monochrome - single color painting - -bunraku - pupper theater - big facial expressions - most popular was kabuki - lots of makeup - -haiku - poetry - Basho was famous poet merchant class becomes most wealthy - thinks Japan should become like Europe - especially ENGLAND - hate China

Answer 70

launches invasion of Korea to weaken Ming dynasty in 1500s - focus on unification but struggle with civil war - -his son Tokugawa Leyasu takes power (sometimes called Edo era - period of peace) - -moves capital from Kyoto to today's Tokyo` - -presnets himself as emperor's mobile deputy - -adopts Confucianism (more luxurious - China is not as simple) - also Buddhism (elegant simplicity - even for elite'' - -religious pluralism - see Buddhist and Confucianist temples

Answer 71

- -the past - -its open to interpretation - -its interpretive, but not all interpretations are equal "history is the never ending process whereby people seek to understand the past and its many meanings...we all interpret and narrate the past...which is to say we all participate in making history"

Answer 72

- -tech. - -fierce competition - -geography - Jared Diamond's thesis - -God's plan

Answer 73

- -depopulation - -gender imbalance - polygama reinforced - -political and social destabilization - -warfare - -very little actual conquest

Midterm 1 Flashcards

(97 cards)