Final Exam (Last Lecture) Flashcards Preview

BIOM3000 > Final Exam (Last Lecture) > Flashcards

Flashcards in Final Exam (Last Lecture) Deck (38)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Where is the limbic system found?

A

Rim of cortex surrounding the corpus callosum and diencephalon

2
Q

What is the limbic system composed of?

A

The limbic cortex and related subcortical nuclei

3
Q

What are the two ‘subsystems’ of the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus and amygdala

4
Q

What are the components of the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus (entorhinal cortex), cingulate gyrus, septal region, and amygdala

5
Q

What is the parahippocampal gyrus?

A

Major junctional region between the cerebral neocortex and allocortex of the hippocampal formation

6
Q

What is the entorhinal cortex?

A

Brodmann Area 28

The anterior portion of the parahippocampal gyrus

7
Q

What does ‘neocortical’ mean?

A

Afferent and efferent connections with association cortex areas

8
Q

What does ‘allocortical’ mean?

A

Afferent and efferent connections with the hippocampal complex

9
Q

What are the three regions of the hippocampal complex?

A

Subiculum, hippocampus proper, and dentate gyrus

10
Q

What is the principle cell of the dentate gyrus?

A

Granule cells

11
Q

What is another name for the hippocampus proper?

A

Cornu ammonis

12
Q

How many subdivisions are there of the hippocampus proper?

A

4 subdivisions (CA1-4)

13
Q

What is the principle cell of the hippocampus proper?

A

Pyramidal

14
Q

What are the parts of the hippocampal cortex?

A

Subiculum and entorhinal cortex

15
Q

What is the principle cell of the hippocampal cortex?

A

Pyramidal

16
Q

Where do hippocampal afferents from the association cortex go?

A

Unimodal and multimodal association cortices -> Entorhinal cortex and subiculum -> Dentate gyrus

17
Q

Where do afferents from the amygdala go?

A

Hippocampus proper/subiculum

18
Q

Which hippocampal regions modulates emotion of memory?

A

Hippocampus proper/subiculum

19
Q

Where are the modulatory inputs to the hippocampus from? Which neurotransmitters do they utilize?

A

Septal nuclei (ACh) -> fornix

Locus coeruleus (NE)
Raphe nuclei (5-HT)
VTA (DA)
20
Q

Where do the hippocampal efferents from the subiculum go?

A

Subiculum -> Entorhinal cortex -> Association cortex

Subiculum -> Fimbria/fornix -> Septal nuclei, ventral striatum, thalamus, mammillary body

21
Q

What is the role of the mammillary body in memory?

A

Autonomic component of emotional memories

22
Q

What are the functions of the hippocampus?

A

Declarative long-term memory formation

  • Long-term potentiation
  • More calcium = stronger potentiation

Spatial memory and navigation
- Place cells

23
Q

What diseases are associated with hippocampal damage?

A

Aging (senile dementia), Alzheimer’s disease, and Temporal lobe epilepsy (treatment could be removing hippocampus)

24
Q

What was done to Patient HM? What was the result?

A

Bilateral medial temporal lobectomy for intractable epilepsy

Severe anterograde amnesia (inability to form new episodic memories)

25
Q

What is the amygdala? Where is it located?

A

Collection of about a dozen nuclei lying beneath the limbic lobe
Anterior end of hippocampus and inferior horn of lateral ventricle

26
Q

How is the amygdala divided?

A

Medial, central, and basolateral nuclear divisions

27
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

Emotional responses, primarily ones associated with fear

Roles in food seeking and sexual behaviours

28
Q

What are the three types of sensory info carried by amygdala afferents?

A
  1. Sights, sounds, touch, smell, and taste
  2. General sense of physical/emotional comfort/discomfort
  3. Visceral sensory inputs (i.e., cardiac)
29
Q

Where do the basolateral complex afferents of the amygdala come from? What type of afferents are they?

A

LGN (visual), MGN (auditory), and VPN/VPL (somatosensation)

Subcortical

30
Q

Where do the afferents of the amygdala central nucleus come from? What type of afferents are they?

A

Visceral sensory inputs, hypothalamus, brainstem nuclei

Subcortical

31
Q

Where do cortical inputs to the amygdala arrive?

A

Cortical inputs arrive at the basolateral complex before being distributed to other regions

32
Q

Which unimodal sensory association areas project to the amygdala?

A

V4: object/face recognition
V5: motion detection

33
Q

Which association cortices project to the amygdala?

A

Orbital cortex
Anterior cingulate cortex
Insula

34
Q

Where do amygdala efferents go to? Which function are these corresponding to?

A

PAG to medulla/raphespinal tract - Antinociception

PAG to medullary reticulospinal tract - Freezing (defense reaction)

Locus coeruleus - Arousal/attention

NE medullary neurons to lateral grey horn - Tachycardia/hypertension

Hypothalamus/dorsal nucleus of vagus to heart - Bradycardia/fainting (due to strong emotion)

Hypothalamus - release corticotropin releasing hormone (stress)

Parabrachial (dorsal pontine) nucleus to medullary respiratory nuclei - Hyperventilation

35
Q

Which functions are regulated by the amygdala?

A

Linking perception of objects and situations with appropriate emotional responses (esp. in danger)

Emotional aspects of learning (those associated with strong emotions are more likely to be remembered)

Phobias/anxiety

36
Q

What is the result of bilateral amygdala damage?

A

Decreased aggression

Impaired ability to learn or remember the appropriate emotional and autonomic responses to stimuli

37
Q

What is bilateral temporal lobe damage?

A

Removal of temporal lobes back to the level of the primary auditory cortex

Loss of amygdala, most of hippocampus, and parahippocampal gyrus

38
Q

Which disorder is associated with bilateral temporal lobe damage? What are the effects?

A

Klüver-Bucy syndrome

Fearless and placid, absence of emotional reactions
Hypersexuality
High degree of attention to sensory stimuli