Final Exam Review Flashcards
(49 cards)
Define Adolescent Egocentrism.
Imaginary Audience–attention getting behavior for example “on stage–the main actors” (ex: group could be talking about her but they could not be)
Personal fable: cognitive distortions; sense of disability, have these feelings that no one else is feeling which can result in:
Sense of uniqueness “They have no idea what i am feeling”
Sense invincibility “I won’t get pregnant” or have street friends who street street & tell them to be careful so they won’t get hurt
Identify when boys/girls reach puberty.
Puberty is time by sexual maturation.
Spermarch for boys, menarche for girls (menstrual period)
Bodily changes: Growth spurt
Males hit puberty Age 11
Testosterone: Voice change, height, development of genitals, muscle mass increase, underarm hair
Females hit puberty around Age 9
Estradiol (estrogen): enlarged breasts, uterine development, pubic hair, height, hips, skeletal development, underarm hair
Give explanations for secular trend in puberty.
Generational change of physical characteristics
Age of Menarche has declined over the years in industrialized nations
Boys have also reached puberty earlier
Puberty is related to body weight; those who are overweight typically start to age at younger age
Research on secular trend in puberty.
Poor growth is associated with poverty and deprivation.
Secular trend in height is associated with affluence
Overnutrition triggers puberty
Hormones (estrogen) increase body weight cause by diary products
Physical activity has declined, sedentary activities have increased (lazy activity)
Define primary/secondary sexual characteristics and when we reach sexual maturaton.
Primary sexual characteristics: body growth/changes in physical features involving the reproductive organs
Secondary sexual characteristics: visible body growth that serves as additional signs of sexual maturity
Puberty is time by sexual maturation. Boys 11 and girls 9
Define Marcia’s identity statuses.
Identity diffusion: adolescent doesn’t have a sense of having choices (he/she has not made, is not willing to make, or is not attempting to make a commitment.
Identity Foreclosure: seems willing to commit to some roles, values, or goals for the future/ have not yet expereinced an identity crisis/tend to conform to expectations of others/have not explored options
Identity Moratorium: identity is currently is crisis/ exploring various commitments/ ready to make choice but has not committed to choices yet
Identity Achievement: adolescent has gone through an identity crisis/ has made a commitment to a sense of identity (role, value, goal, etc.) that he or she has chosen
Describe why we may present our identity differently to parents than we would our friend.
Students did show different identities. Because they cannot settle for an even identity, once they are with family they would hold more maturity and calm while with friends they seem to be more fun and anxious and would like to the person that everyone likes.
Define Erikson vs. Marcias concepts of identity development.
Marcia believed:
Elaborated on/refined Erikson’s model
Suggests stage does not consist of identity resolution or identity diffusion
Better thought of as an extent of exploration and commitment to an identity within certain domains.
Focus on commitment.
Erikson believed:
Conflict in adolescence is within identity achievement and identity confusion.
Peer relationships considered important.
Identity vs. Identity Confusion
Definition vs. lack
Commitments vs. restricted exploration
Crisis resolution vs. no resolution
Identify markers of adulthood (markets of adulthood–traditional and research markers).
Traditional Markers Legal Age Graduation Full-time job Marriage
Research markers Financial independence (support yourself) Indpenence decision (making decisions for yourself) making Personal responsibility (take responsibility of your own actions)
Identify characteristics of emerging adults.
Identity Exploration (figuring out self especially in love and work situations)
Instability (many life changes happening)
Self-focused (not responsible for anyone else)
Feel in-between (not an adult but no longer an adolescent)
Possibilities (time of optimism)
Summarize development in early adulthood according to Freud and Erikson.
Erikson: Early Adults (ages 20-30) are in Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
—For healthy development, individuals’ must develop close relationships and one’s identity must be determined to have a healthy relationship.
BUT, still 20 years old are still in stage 5: (identity vs identity confusion)
Freud’s Genital Stage: Mature sexuality and establish adult romantic partners. Need to detach from parents and attach to partner.
Erikson’s Intimacy vs. Isolation Stage: Develop close relationships.
Healthy outcome = long-term relationships!!!
Identify cognitive perspectives of how one thinks in as an early/emerging adult.
Piaget formal operational thinking
Modern perspectives suggest that adults also develop:
Pragmatic Thinking: thinking in ways that accept imperfection and use compromise
Reflective Thinking: thinking that is evluative; compare all the illusions with each other
Relativistc Thinking: thinking in shades of grey; lot of middle ground depending on the situation is the relavistic thinking; absolute approaches
Describe the Clark and Hatfield study.
Demonstrated evidence to offers of casual sex. Confederate of both sexes asked:
Would you go out with me tonight?
Would you come over to my apartment tonight?
Would you go to bed with me tonight? (men and women would respond differently)
Women wanted to spend time together first where most men wanted to go straight to bed first.
Describe La Cerra (1994) study (long-term mating).
Had 240 women rate the attractiveness of a man pictured: standing alone, postively interacting with a child, ignoring a crying child, with a child facing forward, vacuuming a rug
Women have evolved preferences for partners who demonstrate kindness and postive interactions with children, and less attracted to men who ignore a crying child.
Identify women vs. men reproductive abilities and explain their purposes of mating on an evolutionary perspective.
Sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity, which increases potential health of offspring. –> links to what we find attractive to indicators of health and fertility
Good Genes thoery argues that women have evolved preferences for attractive men because attractiveness signals genetic fitness. = reproducitve success
Define dating across the lifespan.
Dating in adolescence: adolescents date to explore relationships, develop intimacy, and explore sexual behavior
Dating in early/emergin adulthood: should i get married or not?/Now, many people are choosing to cohabitat or stay single/for early adults, marriage remains the preferred method.
Dating and Marriage in middle adulthood: today there is more variation across relationship types/ single, chohabiting, married , or remarried with blended families/with marrige, this is where the peak of marital satisfaction starts to begin
Dating/marriage in late adulthood: again, there is variation across relationship types, at this point in life people report they are satisfied with their marriages
Define Baumrind’s 4 parenting styles/effects on children (what effects they have on child and parent).
Parenting Styles:
Authoritative Firm & strict Setting clear and consistent limits Loving & emotionally supportive Reason with children Communicate rational for punishment Encourage independence
Permissive
Lax
Inconsistent
Don’t hold themselves responsible for how their children turn out
Place little/no limits on their children’s behavior
Authoritarian Controlling Punitive Rigid Cold Strict Do not tolerate disagreement
Uninvolved Show little/no interest in their children Indifferent Rejecting behavior Emotionally detached Neglect
Parenting style effects on children (what effects they have on child and parent).
Authoritative Independent Likeable & friendly with peers Self-assertive & cooperative Strong motivation to achieve Successfu--don't want to get yelled at
Permissive Dependent Moody Low social skills Low self-control
Authoritarian Withdrawn Little sociability Not very friendly Behave uneasily (around peers)
Uninvolved Disrupts emotional development Feel unloved (BEAR WORST) Emotionally detached Impedes physical/cognitive development "parent thinking I fed them and provided a roof over their head, makes them a good parent"
What is reciprocal altruism?
Trivers (1971) offered an exception to altruism through reciprocity
1) costs must be small compared to benefits
2) the alturist and the recipient must exchange roles (you scratch my back i’ll scratch yours system)
Recipent gets the benefits.
What is social contract theory?
Evolution of cooperative exchange in humans
Pays special attention to how humans have solved the problem of cheating–loof for who cooperates to ensure for survival.
Identify and define Kubler-Ross’s 5 stages towards death
Developed in a process of death people go on in these 5 steps before death:
Denial—individual goes through the process of death (7 weeks to live)
Anger—realized the process of dying
Bargaining—just keep me alive long enough to see my child get married
Depression—realize death is inevitable; can’t deny their going to pass soon; lost their relationship with everyone
Acceptance—made peace that their going to pass away; going to be okay with what is going to happen
Explain how early biology study/research influenced evolutionary theory (remember they started that study with fossils—gradual change).
During the late 1700s-early/mid 1800s biology becomes recognized as a science and there became interest in exploring different species, which was done througgh interspecies comparison, fossil records embryological development
Life is not fixed.
Explain Darwin’s theories of natural and sexual selection
Natural selection=survival selection
Variation: characteristics differ witin and across species (wing length, defensive ability)
Inheritance: only some variations are passed down (deformities (wing deformities) are not passed down; only inherited variations are passed down
Selection: characteristics serve a purpose for survival or reproduction, in which inherited variations are advantageous (finches beaks)
Explain how evolutionary theory influenced Freud (Freud changed his theory death and life extinct—libido)
Freud theory corresponded closely Darwin’s concept of natural and sexual selection.
Initially, Freud’s initial theory proposed an instinctual system:
1) Life-preservative instincts: Ones need for air, water, shelter etc.
2) Sexual instincts: Breastfeeding, defecating, mature sexuality
Freud took these beliefs as inspiration to this theory about the develop of the individual personality.
Everyone’s personality contains an Id, Ego, and Superego