Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards
(64 cards)
Cite the 7 levels of organization from atom to organism.
1) Atom
2) Molecule
3) Cell
4) Tissue
5) Organ
6) Organ system
7) Organism
Give a simple diagram for negative feedback including sensors, pathways, control, effector, and effect.
1) Sensory receptors
2) Afferent pathway
3) Control center
4) Efferent pathway
5) Effectors
6) Effect
What is the relationship between the amount of electrons in a neutral atom and the amount of protons?
Number of electrons = # of protons
What is the difference between an ionic and a covalent bond?
Ionic - valence electron(s) transferred from metal to nonmetal (i.e., electron donor to electron acceptor; differing electronegativity)
Covalent - valence electrons shared between atoms of the same/similar electronegativity
In what 2 ways does an enzyme speed up reaction rate?
1) By providing an active site for molecules to bind, increasing probability of molecular collision
2) Lowering the energy of activation, which allows the reaction to progress quicker (smaller hump to get over)
Acids have a pH { } than 7, while bases have a pH { } than 7
1) Lower
2) Higher
What is the relationship between [H+] and pH?
Greater [H+] = lower pH
Name the general monomers for each category: starch, protein, lipids, & nucleic acids
1) Starch = monosaccharides
2) Protein = amino acids
3) Lipids = glycerol & fatty acids
4) Nucleic acids = nucleotides
What is the specialized nucleotide that serves a chemical energy in cells, and how does it provide energy?
ATP - high energy covalent bonds between phosphorous groups break, releasing stored energy
Why is the cell membrane a phospholipid bilayer?
Two layers of hydrophilic, polar heads (phosphates/glycerols) face the water inside and outside of the cell, while the two sets of hydrophobic, nonpolar tails (fatty acids) face each other between the inside and outside of the cell (creating a fat sandwich)
Atoms/molecules (solutes) move from high to low concentration
What is simple diffusion?
Simple diffusion with a carrier or channel
What is facilitated diffusion?
Atoms/molecules move from low to high concentration, requiring a transport protein and ATP
What is active transport?
Water molecules move from high to low concentration through aquaporins (water channels)
What is osmosis?
Which organelle houses the DNA?
Nucleus
Ribosomes attached to the rough ER, which mostly make cell membrane proteins or are exported from the cell to be used elsewhere
What are attached ribosomes?
Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes?
Lysosomes
Which organelle is the cell powerhouse that makes ATP?
Mitochondria
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Receive transport vesicle with new proteins from rough ER
The { } face of the Golgi apparatus modified proteins while the { } face of the GA packages proteins in vesicles for exocytosis
1) Cis
2) Trans
Which type of RNA takes part in transcription?
mRNA
Which type of RNA carries amino acids in translation?
tRNA
Differentiate between Pacinian & Meissener’s dermal pressure receptors.
Pacinian - deep pressure
Meissener’s - superficial pressure
Which structure causes the hair follicle to straighten and create goosebumps?
Arrector pili
