Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards by Jordan Cole

Cite the 7 levels of organization from atom to organism.

1) Atom
2) Molecule
3) Cell
4) Tissue
5) Organ
6) Organ system
7) Organism

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Give a simple diagram for negative feedback including sensors, pathways, control, effector, and effect.

1) Sensory receptors
2) Afferent pathway
3) Control center
4) Efferent pathway
5) Effectors
6) Effect

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What is the relationship between the amount of electrons in a neutral atom and the amount of protons?

Number of electrons = # of protons

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What is the difference between an ionic and a covalent bond?

Ionic - valence electron(s) transferred from metal to nonmetal (i.e., electron donor to electron acceptor; differing electronegativity)

Covalent - valence electrons shared between atoms of the same/similar electronegativity

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In what 2 ways does an enzyme speed up reaction rate?

1) By providing an active site for molecules to bind, increasing probability of molecular collision

2) Lowering the energy of activation, which allows the reaction to progress quicker (smaller hump to get over)

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Acids have a pH { } than 7, while bases have a pH { } than 7

1) Lower
2) Higher

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What is the relationship between [H+] and pH?

Greater [H+] = lower pH

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Name the general monomers for each category: starch, protein, lipids, & nucleic acids

1) Starch = monosaccharides
2) Protein = amino acids
3) Lipids = glycerol & fatty acids
4) Nucleic acids = nucleotides

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What is the specialized nucleotide that serves a chemical energy in cells, and how does it provide energy?

ATP - high energy covalent bonds between phosphorous groups break, releasing stored energy

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Why is the cell membrane a phospholipid bilayer?

Two layers of hydrophilic, polar heads (phosphates/glycerols) face the water inside and outside of the cell, while the two sets of hydrophobic, nonpolar tails (fatty acids) face each other between the inside and outside of the cell (creating a fat sandwich)

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Atoms/molecules (solutes) move from high to low concentration

What is simple diffusion?

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Simple diffusion with a carrier or channel

What is facilitated diffusion?

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Atoms/molecules move from low to high concentration, requiring a transport protein and ATP

What is active transport?

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Water molecules move from high to low concentration through aquaporins (water channels)

What is osmosis?

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Which organelle houses the DNA?

Nucleus

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Ribosomes attached to the rough ER, which mostly make cell membrane proteins or are exported from the cell to be used elsewhere

What are attached ribosomes?

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Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes?

Lysosomes

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Which organelle is the cell powerhouse that makes ATP?

Mitochondria

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What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Receive transport vesicle with new proteins from rough ER

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The { } face of the Golgi apparatus modified proteins while the { } face of the GA packages proteins in vesicles for exocytosis

1) Cis
2) Trans

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Which type of RNA takes part in transcription?

mRNA

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Which type of RNA carries amino acids in translation?

tRNA

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Differentiate between Pacinian & Meissener’s dermal pressure receptors.

Pacinian - deep pressure

Meissener’s - superficial pressure

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Which structure causes the hair follicle to straighten and create goosebumps?

Arrector pili

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Which gland secretes sebum?

Sebaceous

Which gland secretes sweat directly to the skin across all body areas except the armpits and groin?

Sudoriferous eccrine

Which layer of the epidermis has stem cells that divide and replace the above layers?

Stratum basale

Which 3 organs work together to convert vitamin D to calcitriol?

1) Integumentary 2) Liver 3) Kidney

What is the type of cartilage found at the end of the epiphysis?

Hyaline cartilage

Which type of ossification forms long bones? What is the starting tissue?

1) Endochondral 2) Hyaline cartilage

The { } gland secretes { } hormone in response to low blood Ca levels.

1) Parathyroid 2) Parathyroid

Which tissue creates the initial soft callus in bone fracture repair?

Fibrocartilage

Which type of arthritis is due to normal wear and tear?

Osteoarthritis

Which type of arthritis is autoimmune?

Rheumatoid

What does acetylcholine do at the neuromuscular junction?

Diffuse from motor neuron to bind post-synaptic receptors, allowing depolarization (contraction) in the motor end plate and activating the muslce

What are the contractile proteins in skeletal muscle cells (myocytes) that form crossbridges?

Actin & myosin

What are the 2 inhibitory proteins that block depolarization in the motor end plate?

Troponin & tropomyosin

Which inhibitory protein binds Ca?

Troponin

Where is Ca stored when not needed for contraction?

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which cells filter air in the nose and along the trachea?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Which cartilage makes up most of the larynx and trachea?

Hyaline

Which cartilage forms the epiglottis?

Elastic

Differentiate types I and II pneumocytes.

1) Type I - gas diffusion 2) Type II - secretion of surfactant to reduce surface tension

Why does air enter the lungs?

Diaphragm contracts down to increase thoracic cavity volume, which reduces Palv; Patm > Palv, so air moves down the pressure gradient (into the alveoli)

Which part of the medulla drives diaphragm contraction and resting inspiration?

Dorsal respiratory group

What are the parts of hemoglobin?

4 proteins/globins with a Fe atom in the center

Which part of hemoglobin is O2 attached to?

Which part of hemoglobin is CO2 attached to?

Globin (carbaminohemoglobin)

Which organ makes erythropoietin (EPO), and what is EPO's function?

Kidneys - EPO stimulates red bone marrow to make RBCs

What clotting protein is activated by thrombin, Ca, and factor XIII?

Fibrin

Someone with type B blood has which antigens and antibodies?

B antigens; anti-A antibodies

Which structures clean/fliter lymph and are found along lymphatic vessels?

Lymph nodes

What 2 cells are phagocytes?

Neutrophils & macrophages

How do neutrophils escape circulation and find the target (HINT: 3 factors)?

1) Inflammation to increase vascular permeability 2) Diapedesis (squeezing out of capillaries) 3) Chemotaxis (breadcrumbs)

Which cells make antibodies?

B lymphocytes

Which cells are most responsible for improving secondary exposure?

Memory cells

Which 2 structures keep AV valves from opening back up?

1) Papillary muscles 2) Chordea tendineae

What are the only arteries to carry deoxygenated blood?

Pulmonary

Pacemaker of the heart.

What is the SA node?

Cardiac output (CO) =...

Stroke volume (SV) * Heart rate (HR)

Which nervous system increases SV, HR, and peripheral resistance (PR)

Sympathetic (fight or flight)

What is the smooth muscle layer of a blood vessel?

Tunica media

Which receptors monitor BP?

Baroreceptors

Which hormone increases Na+ and H2O reabsorption from the kidney to increase blood volume (HINT: acts as an antidiuretic)?

Aldosterone