Ch. 5 The Integumentary System (E2)

Question 1

Protein hormones that stimulate growth and repair.

Answer 1

What is the epidermal growth factor?

Question 2

These cells synthesize the waterproofing protein, keratin.

Answer 2

What are keratinocytes?

Question 3

These cells make melanin.

Answer 3

What are melanocytes?

Question 4

Also called dendritic cells, these migrate from the bone marrow and are considered immune activators.

Answer 4

What are Langerhans cells?

Question 5

These cells are located in the deep epidermis and are used for touch & light pressure.

Answer 5

What are Merkel cells?

Question 6

Name 2 types of Merkel cells.

Answer 6

1) Mechanoreceptors
2) Cutaneous receptors

Question 7

Name the 5 strata of the epidermis from top to bottom.

Answer 7

1) Stratum corneum
2) Stratum lucidum
3) Stratum granulosum
4) Stratum spinosum
5) Stratum basale

Question 8

Why do blisters and calluses form in the stratum lucidum?

Answer 8

As a means of extra protection

Question 9

The keratinocytes located in the stratum spinosum are connected by…

Answer 9

Desmosomes

Question 10

What is the purpose of the desmosome?

Answer 10

Mediating cell-cell adhesion

Question 11

The stratum basale is composed of a single layer of { } cells.

Answer 11

Stem

Question 12

What 2 types of cells does the stratum basale generate?

Answer 12

1) Keratinocytes
2) Melanocytes

Question 13

In which layer of the epidermis is mitosis actively occurring?

Answer 13

Stratum basale

Question 14

What 3 types of cells comprise the dermis, and what are their functions?

Answer 14

1) Fibroblasts - make protein fibers
2) Macrophages - immune
3) Adipocytes - fat cells

Question 15

Meissner’s corpuscles are located in the { } layer of the dermis.

Answer 15

Papillary

Question 16

What is the function of Meissner’s corpuscles?

Answer 16

Sensory receptor for light touch/pressure

Question 17

Pacinian corpuscles are located in the { } layer of the dermis.

Answer 17

Reticular

Question 18

What is the function of the Pacinian corpuscles?

Answer 18

Sensory receptor for deep pressure

Question 19

The subcutaneous layer binds the { } layer to the underlying { }.

Answer 19

1) Reticular
2) Organs

Question 20

Which amino acid is responsible for melanin?

Answer 20

Tyrosine

Question 21

What is the protective factor of melanin?

Answer 21

It decreases UV ray absorption

Question 22

This skin disorder is characterized by a lack of melanin, making the afflicted more sensitive to UV light.

Answer 22

What is albinism?

Question 23

A yellow-orange pigment found in plants.

Answer 23

What is carotene?

Question 24

Carotene is the precursor to…

Answer 24

Vitamin A

Question 25

This blood "pigment" makes Caucasian people look pink.

Answer 25

What is hemoglobin?

Question 26

Why does hemoglobin make Caucasian people look pink?

Answer 26

Dermal capillaries

Question 27

Condition of hemoglobin depleted of oxygen, causing a bluish tint.

Answer 27

What is cyanosis?

Question 28

Liver disorder that turns the skin yellow.

Answer 28

What is jaundice?

Question 29

What is the mechanism behind jaundice turning the skin yellow?

Answer 29

An increase in bile derivatives from heme recycling

Question 30

Hair helps decrease { } loss.

Answer 30

Heat

Question 31

In which portion of the hair will you find stem cells?

Answer 31

In the bulb

Question 32

What tissue comprises the hair follicle papillae?

Answer 32

Areolar connective tissue

Question 33

What is the function of follicle papillae?

Answer 33

To provide nourishment via blood vessels

Question 34

What is the function of the hair root plexus?

Answer 34

To house nerve endings for sensation

Question 35

What are the 2 biochemical components behind male pattern baldness?

Answer 35

1) Genetics 2) Increased DHT

Question 36

How does Rogaine correct male pattern baldness?

Answer 36

It is a vasodilator that increases blood flow to the follicle, thus, nourishing the follicle

Question 37

This type of melanin is responsible for brown and black hair.

Answer 37

What is eumelanin?

Question 38

This type of melanin is responsible for blonde and red hair.

Answer 38

What is pheomelanin?

Question 39

Which form of melanin does not protect from UV light? Eumelanin or pheomelanin?

Answer 39

Pheomelanin

Question 40

Grey hair is caused by a { } of melanin.

Answer 40

Decrease

Question 41

White hair is caused by { } melanin that is replaced with { }.

Answer 41

1) Missing 2) Air bubbles

Question 42

In which two locations will you not find sebaceous glands?

Answer 42

Palms and soles

Question 43

What are the 4 functions of sebaceous glands?

Answer 43

1) Moistens hair 2) Decrease water loss 3) Keep skin pliable/flexible 4) Decrease most bacterial growth

Question 44

Why is apocrine sweat more viscous than eccrine/merocrine?

Answer 44

Apocrine glands have more fat and protein

Question 45

This sweat gland responds to stress and sexual excitement.

Answer 45

What is apocrine?

Question 46

Mammary glands secrete...

Answer 46

Milk

Question 47

Ceruminous glands are modified { } glands that make { }.

Answer 47

1) Sudoriferous/sweat 2) Cerumen/earwax

Question 48

Cerumen/earwax prevents...

Answer 48

Microbe penetration

Question 49

This burn affects the surface epithelium, resulting in pain e.g. sunburn.

Answer 49

What is 1st degree?

Question 50

This burn extends through to the dermis, resulting in edema, pain, and blisters.

Answer 50

What is 2nd degree?

Question 51

This burn extends through to the hypodermis, resulting in numbness.

Answer 51

What is 3rd degree?

Question 52

Why do 3rd-degree burns result in numbness?

Answer 52

Sensory receptors have been destroyed

Question 53

Why could 3rd-degree burns be fatal?

Answer 53

Intense dehydration

Question 54

This skin cancer originates in the stratum basale, is the most common type, and is fairly non-invasive.

Answer 54

What is basal cell carcinoma?

Question 55

This skin cancer originates in the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum and could potentially metastasize.

Answer 55

What is squamous cell carcinoma?

Question 56

This skin cancer is the most aggressive and most likely to metastasize.

Answer 56

What is melanoma?

Question 57

Why is melanoma most likely to metastasize?

Answer 57

Increased melanocyte migration

Question 58

Mitotic wound healing only occurs in the...

Answer 58

Epidermis

Question 59

Inflammation and clotting occur in the...

Answer 59

Dermis

Question 60

What causes inflammation and clotting in the dermis?

Answer 60

Fibroblast protein secretions repairing the matrix

Question 61

Thermoregulation occurs via { } feedback.

Answer 61

Negative

Question 62

How does sensation occur?

Answer 62

All sensory receptors send input to the brain

Question 63

The vitamin D precursor is...

Answer 63

7-dehydrocholesterol

Question 64

7-dehydrocholesterol exposed to sunlight forms...

Answer 64

Cholecalciferol

Question 65

The { } and { } convert cholecalciferol to { }.

Answer 65

1) Kidneys 2) Liver 3) Calcitriol/Vitamin D3