Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards
(36 cards)
What is the antidote for acetaminophen overdose?
N-acetylcysteine
Administered early to prevent liver damage.
Which antidote is used to treat opioid overdose?
Naloxone (Narcan)
Rapidly reverses the effects of opioids.
What is the antidote for benzodiazepine overdose?
Flumazenil
Can reverse sedation but may induce seizures in some patients.
What does the acronym SLUDGE stand for in cholinergic toxidrome?
Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Defecation, Gastrointestinal upset, Emesis
Indicates symptoms of cholinergic toxicity.
Which toxidrome is characterized by dry mouth and hallucinations?
Anticholinergic Toxidrome
Caused by substances like atropine and antihistamines.
What are common symptoms of opioid toxidrome?
Respiratory depression, pinpoint pupils, hypotension, bradycardia, decreased reflexes
Indicates severe opioid intoxication.
What type of anxiety disorder involves excessive worry about various aspects of life?
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Characterized by persistent and excessive worry.
What is a hallmark symptom of a manic episode in bipolar disorder?
Elevated mood and increased energy
May also include decreased need for sleep and impulsive behavior.
What is the difference between DKA and HHNKS?
DKA: Typically younger, with Type 1 Diabetes; HHNKS: Usually elderly, with Type 2 Diabetes
DKA has ketoacidosis; HHNKS does not.
What are common risk factors for kidney stones?
- Dehydration
- Family history
- High sodium or calcium diet
- Obesity
These factors increase the likelihood of stone formation.
What signs indicate a stroke?
Sudden numbness/weakness, confusion, trouble speaking, trouble walking, severe headache
Recognizing these symptoms is critical for timely treatment.
Identify a characteristic of mechanical intestinal obstruction.
Physical blockages such as tumors or adhesions
Requires different management than functional obstruction.
What are hallmark symptoms of migraines?
Unilateral, throbbing pain, nausea, sensitivity to light/sound
May also include an aura.
What is the primary cause of HIV?
A virus that attacks the immune system, particularly CD4 cells (T cells)
Progresses to AIDS if untreated.
What are common signs of meningitis?
Fever, headache, stiff neck, photophobia, confusion
Early recognition is essential for treatment.
What is a common treatment for shingles?
Antiviral medications (e.g., acyclovir)
Pain relief is also crucial.
What defines status epilepticus?
Continuous or recurring seizures without recovery between them
Requires immediate medical intervention.
What is a symptom of tuberculosis (TB)?
Chronic cough, night sweats, weight loss
TB can lead to severe complications if untreated.
What is the primary treatment for diverticulitis?
Antibiotics; sometimes surgery if perforated
Management depends on severity.
What is the role of renin in the Renin-Angiotensin System?
Converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
Initiates a cascade that raises blood pressure.
What triggers vasovagal syncope?
Stress, pain, or standing
Results in a sudden drop in heart rate and blood pressure.
What is the hallmark sign of pericarditis?
Sharp, pleuritic chest pain relieved by sitting forward
Often associated with a friction rub.
What differentiates delirium from dementia?
Delirium has an acute onset and fluctuates; dementia is gradual and persistent
Understanding this distinction is vital for treatment.
What are common treatments for pancreatitis?
- IV fluids
- Pain management
- NPO (nothing by mouth)
Addressing the underlying cause is also important.
