Final: notes from Erica

Question 0

What is azotemia?

What is an indicator of this

Answer 0

Increased nitrogen waste in blood

Increased BUN and serum creatinine

Question 1

Why do we do chemical profiles?

Answer 1

Check organ function

Failure to normally clear waste
Or failure to regulate electrolytes or metabolites

Question 2

What is ALT?

Why is it important?

Answer 2

Alanine Aminotransferase

Indicates hepatocellular damage

Question 3

What is AST?

Why is it important?

Answer 3

Aspartate Aminotransferase

Indicates hepatocellular damage
AST and SDH (sorbitol dehydrogenase) used in cattle and horses
Can indicate muscle damage by CK levels

Question 4

What is ALP?

Why is it important?

Answer 4

Alkaline Phosphatase

Enzyme that increases with cholestasis
May increase with corticosteroids

Question 5

What is GGT?

Why is it important?

Answer 5

Gamma glutamyltransferase

Enzyme that increases with cholestasis

Question 6

What is bilirubin?

Why is it important?

Answer 6

produced in liver and a byproduct of hemoglobin metabolism

May increase with cholestatic disease
Usually accompanied by an increase in ALP and GGT

Question 7

What are the electrolytes?

Why is it important?

Answer 7

Sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, and phosphorus

Disturbances result from altered function of GI tract, kidney, skin, endocrine system

They regulate water balance and acid-base staus

Question 8

What is TSP?

Answer 8

Total serum protein

Question 9

What is ALB?

Why is it important?

Answer 9

Albumin

Hypoalbuminemia may developed through loss from kidney or GI tract, or decreased production due to liver failure

Question 10

What is GB?

Why is it important?

Answer 10

Globulin

Contain immunoglobulins and may increase with inflammation

Serum protein is detected by subtracting albumin from TSP

Question 11

Gross examination of urine includes

Answer 11

Smell, color, turbidity, volume, SG

Question 12

What animals is cloudy urine normal

Answer 12

Horses and rabbits

Question 13

What may happen to clear urine if it is sitting or refrigerated for too long?

Answer 13

Can become cloudy

SG is affected

Cellular components begin to breakdown

Crystals can form

Question 14

When hydrogen increases what happens to pH?

Answer 14

pH decreases

Question 15

What is the acid-base status of the following

Carnivores
Herbivores
Omnivores

Answer 15

Carnivores = acidic 
Herbivores = alkaline 
Omnivores = diet dependent

Question 16

What organ is responsible for maintaining blood pH

Answer 16

Kidneys

Question 17

Ammonia production from bacteria in the urinary tract or UTI will cause pH to do what

Answer 17

Increase

Question 18

What can cause proteinuria

Answer 18

Hemorrhage or inflammation in the urinary tract

Kidney/glomerular disease if accompanied by inactive urine sediment

Question 19

Should glucose be in urine?

What will cause to be seen in urine?

Answer 19

No

Blood glucose levels exceed renal threshold for glucose reabsorption

Question 20

What color does the following show under microscopic evaluation

Gram pos
Gram neg
Acid fast pos
Acid fast neg

Answer 20

G pos = purple
G neg = pink/red
Acid fast pos = bright pink/red
Acid fast neg = blue-green

Question 21

Where might we find gram pos cocci?

Answer 21

Skin, MMs (mouth, GI tract, etc…)

Question 22

Where might we find gram pos rods?

Answer 22

Everywhere, culture