Final- Past midterm Two Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
Nocturnal Birds (3)
A
- Owls
- Sea Birds
- Kiwi
2
Q
Owls vision (2)
A
- Great night vision
- Other senses not great
3
Q
Owl Families (2)
A
Tytonidae: Barn Owls
Strigidae: Typical Owls
4
Q
French take on owls (2)
A
Buboninae: Ear tufts
Striginae: No tufts
Same as families really
5
Q
Owl Characteristics (11)
A
- Biparental care (incubation by females, feed by both)
- Altricial species
- Monogamous
- Sexual dimorphism (females larger)
- Allopreening is common (groom eachother)
- Very vocal (can duet: male-male competition, male-female: sexual)
- Courtship is common (feed female, impress)
- Do not build nests (tress burrows, burrow)
- head bob a lot (how they judge distance)
- Regurgitate undigested food (pellets)
- Can camouflage really well (concealing postures)
6
Q
Largest Owls (2)
A
- Snowy Owls
- Great Horned Owl
7
Q
Two very similar looking owls (2)
A
Northern Hawk Owl
Barred Owl
8
Q
Northern Hawk Owl (2)
A
- Long tail
- In North Quebec mostly
9
Q
Barred Owl
A
His favourite
- In HRM
- Dark eyes
10
Q
Limited vocalization owls (2)
A
Long-Eared Owl
Short-Eared Owl
11
Q
Long-Eared Owl
A
- Very thin
12
Q
Small Owls (2)
A
- Boreal Owl
- Northern Saw-Whet Owl
13
Q
Personality in animals:
A
- More social the species more variation in behaviour/ personality
14
Q
Two dimensions of psychology and Neuroscience (2+ def’n)
A
Temperament: Fixed, innate, genetic, inherited, biological dimension of personality
(inherited personality)
-In animals only
Character: dimension of personality modulated by learning, experience, environment
- Not in animals (debatably)
15
Q
Dugatkins definition (2)
A
Focus on individual strategies
- at least the impact of individual difference on behavioural strategies
16
Q
Historical trends on personality in animals (3)
A
- Hints at intelligent, emotions
- Took awhile to catch on
- Started by Biologists
17
Q
Pavlov and personality in dogs (2)
A
- Discovered that in his conditioning not all dogs were not conditioning the same way
- Came up with typologies
18
Q
Pavlovs typology (7)
A
Weak nervous system (Melancholic - depressed, sad dogs)
Strong nervous system : Two subtypes
- Balanced (mobile- sanguine (easy to deal with, bold, etc..) and Slow- phlegmatic (lazy per-say) )
- Unbalanced (choleric) - angry
Balanced: Active
Unbalance: Reactive
19
Q
Personality psychologists (2)
A
Eysenck
Gray
20
Q
Reale personality factors (5)
A
Reactivity:
- Shyness/boldness: reaction to risky situations
- Exploration(approach)/ avoidance: Response to novel situations
- Activity (based on situation)
- Aggressiveness
- Sociability
Much overlap
21
Q
Gosling’s personality traits (5 + their def’n)
A
Based on Hyenas
- Assertiveness : Context-dependent confidence (how they approach a situation and show confidence)
- Excitability: How quickly they get excited (energy…)
- Agreeableness: (Human directed), if they will seek human interaction
- Sociability: Many connections to other Hyena vs. few relationships
- Curiosity: To novel situations
22
Q
Personality and Sociality: Canids studied by Michael Fox (4)
A
- Can hypothesize aggression based on complexity of sociality
- Monomorphic: low player, aggression among siblings (fox-like canids)
- Oligomorphic: Some play, less aggression towards siblings (Coyotes)
- Polymorphic: Large amounts of play, limited aggression towards siblings (Wolves)
23
Q
Is personality general traits or is it situational (1)
A
- Situational specificity theory: personality is not fixed, based on situations
24
Q
Shy- Bold Continuum (2)
A
- High predictability by Kagan studies
- If as a child, likely to stay as an adult
25
Boldness (6)
risk-taking, Sensation seeking, Highly sociable, Leader, Dominance, initiative
26
Shyness (5)
Tame behaviour, less social, conform, sub ordinance, follow
27
Fish personality (3)
- Fish catching techniques will catch you fish with different personalities
- With seine net you catch: shy fish
- With minnow traps you catch: bold fish (curiosity?)
28
Fast- Slow Birds (4)
Fast Birds:
- Aggressive
- Approach novel objects
- Form the foraging patterns
Slow Birds:
- Non aggressive
- Follow others
- Avoid novel objects
- Ie. Opposite
29
Application for personality in Conservation Biology (3)
Reintroduction programs:
- Release the bold ones first
- Shy ones after the bold ones colonize
30
Testing personality (4)
Many assumptions
- Need consistency (not everyday the same but need some) - contextual variations (but still need consistency in the contextual variations)
- Repeatability (will occur again in the same context again)
- Heritability of temperament (lab: easily tested with breeding)
(field: use of genealogies to see their parents, etc.. personality)
31
Mirror image test (4)
- See how they react
- Some aggressive
- Some playful
- Some fearful
- Aggressive, sociability approach
- Shyness-Boldness approach
32
Keepers Survey (2)
Traits on personality linked to breeding success
| - Assertiveness, boldness, etc.. can determine chance of mating
think hierarchies and personality
33
Behavioural Syndromes (4)
- Individual behaves in a consistent way through time and across contexts
- Same as personality or temperament
Made by biologists
It is context-independent personality
34
Behavioural type (3)
- Configuration of behaviours that an individual would express
- Property of the individual
- A trait for personality really
35
Studying Behavioural Syndromes (4)
- Puzzling behaviour approach
- Candidate behaviour approach
- Proximate approach
- Ecological approach
36
Puzzling Behaviour Approach (3)
Interest based on interesting behaviour
- Anecdotes collected
- Put all of the 'data points' to see if there is a pattern or not
37
Candidate Behaviour Approach (2)
- Compare behaviour between species
| - How two species have the same behaviour
38
Proximate Approach (2)
- Genes, hormones, etc..
| - How the genetics of an organism can shape their personality
39
Ecological Approach (2)
- How environment sets behaviour
| - How environment can set a context
40
Candidate behaviour approach: Examples of domain- specific individuals differences (5)
- Shy-Bold Axis: leader or non-leader personalities
- Proactive- Reactive axis: How they react to stuff
- Aggressiveness: differentiate individuals in a group
- Neophobia: Hate new things
- Exploratory Behaviour: curious, or sensation seeking
41
Fitness consequences to personality (3)
- Trade-off based on context (bold can be helpful, but dangerous; contextual)
- Bolder males have increased reproductive success (always a cost)
- Aggressive or bold = survive better when food is low
42
Play (2)
- Few adaptive or functional theories
| - No obvious function in behaviour
43
Play: Areas that look at it (2)
- Developmental ethology
| - Developmental animal Psychology
44
Researchers involved in Play (7)
```
Tim Caro (cheetahs) first
Marc Bekoff (canids)
Judy Loeven (canids)
Bernd Heinrich (Ravens)
Pellis (rats)
Biben/ Altmann (primates)
Panksepp/ Burghardt: Behavioural neuroscience of play (development of brain)
```
45
Play in Rats and Mice (2)
- Rats play, rats do not
| - Rats can be tickled
46
Play: Brain size
- bigger brain = more play
47
Play definition
Ethology: Motor patterns/ action sequences
48
Play dimensions
Cognitive (strategy, exploration)
Conative (stress reduction)
Affective (fun)
49
Elephant Nose Fish (6)
- Produce weak electric fields
- Largest brain of all vertebrates (based on body size)
- Huge Cerebellum (covers the brain);
- Likely used for communication (some social- cognitive control)
- Make clicks to communicate
- Conduct dyadic play
50
Cerebellum (6)
- Control fine motor movements
- Helps control Balance
- Birds that chase prey in forest (3D environ) have big
- Involved in language and speech
- Involved in learning
- Involved in innate tasks
51
Play in mammals (2)
- Limited play as adults (basically non)
| - Likely developmental
52
Types of play (4)
- Object play (not social)
- Social Play (with others)
- Locomotor play
- inter-specific play
53
Object Play (2)
- Instrumental
- Alone with an object
-
54
Social play (5)
- with others
- Most often young
Reasons:
- Fitting in a hierarchy (learning physical ability)
- Learning about others
- Developing cognitive skills (hunting skills, allocare, etc...)
- Form alliances / enemies
55
Locomotor play (5)
- Dependent on species
- Sudden craziness really (think goats going nuts randomly)
Reason:
- Side effect of development (may be to test physical abilities...)
- Developing motor skills
- In the Cerebellum
56
Inter-specific Play (4)
- Different category
- contextual
- Play is different with every species
- The scripts can be very different
57
Cerebellar synaptogenesis and play (3)
- Cerebellum synapses linked to play
- Synapses in cerebellum develop as they play
- More play = more cerebellum synapses development
58
Signalling intention to play (3)
- Rough-and-tumble play is similar to real fights (can fool to look real)
- minute differences between play and aggression
- Use intension movements to show play (stops miscommunication)
59
Intension movements in dogs (3)
- Play bow
- Lifted paw
- head down
- Submissive position
60
Differences between fight and play - Bekoff (3)
- frequency/ intensity of movements
- Play markers when it gets intense (to see if its still just play)
- Role reversals (bigger playmate will give advantage to others)
61
Play-Fighting - Biben (3)
- Behavioural flexibility ( learn about others, teach sociability)
- Gauging intentions of others
- Learning about social hierarchies
62
General Theory (of Play) - Spinka(4)
- Helps get experience with unexpected events
- immediate reward with dopamine
- Play has neuropharmacological impact
- Locomotor play occurs when species have variable environments
63
Proximate causes of play (2)
Dopamine: a primer for play
Endorphins: Play feels good
- Play can cope with stress (way to relax because of good neurotransmitters)
64
Panksepps view on play (2)
- Marker for good health
| - Play when healthy, healthy to play
65
Dopamine and play (2)
- Low dose of dopamine will help play
| - High dose suppresses play
66
Burghardt and play (4)
- parental care means play
- No parental care = no play
- recycled behaviours (like hunting) and voluntarily play
- Only when animal is relaxed and unstressed
67
Burghardts criteria of play (5)
- Not completely functional (no direct benefit)
- Endogenous component (spontaneous in someways)
- Structural/ temporal difference (exaggerated, etc..)
- Repeated (repetition of motor patterns, predictable)
- Relaxed field ( animal is well, no stress)
68
Play in the animal kingdom (5)
- Monotremes
- birds
- Some turtles
- Some lizards
- Some fish
69
Sutton-Smith Play Theory (3)
- Play is a random process generator
- Most behaviours are highly predictable
- Play is repetitive but so disorganized that it is a chaotic model with patterns
70
Direction of the study of play (4)
- Limbic system (& emotions)
- Cerebellum: Motor aspects
- Basal Ganglia:
- Neocortex level: sensorimotor/ cognitive aspect
71
Mollusc classes (4)
- Chitons
- Bivalves
- Gastropods (snails, slugs)
- Cephalopods
72
Cephalopod eye (3)
- Similar to eye of vertebrates
| - No common ancestry (ie. Convergent evolution)
73
Decapodiformes (3)
Squids
| Cuttlefish
74
Cuttlefish body
Cuttle bone is only hard part
75
Life span of cephalopod
Short life span
76
Cuttlefish camouflage (3)
Use chromatophores
- How conscious is the colour change is unknown
- processes in brain tells to camouflage
- Can even split colours across body (if male on one side, female on the other)
77
Cephalopod vision (2)
- Possible colour blind
| - see polarized light
78
Cephalopod sexual behaviour
- males compete for females
79
Domestication (4)
- Often studied using Behavioural Genetic
- Not Taming
- case of artificial selection (multiple generations)
- Assumes human control of breeding, feeding and general care
80
Hale's Facilitating factors for domestication (5)
- Gregarity (animals that are social/ herd organisms)
- Imprinting (imprint to humans at birth)
- Precocial species (often for simplicity)
- Omnivorous diet (many are not)
- Paternal care or at least permanent male presence (uncommon)
81
Neoteny/ Paedomorphosis (3)
- Domesticated organisms essentially act like the young of the wild counterparts
- Cats are equivalently stuck in a kitten stage
- Domesticated dogs the same of wolf pups
82
Belyaev studies (5)
- Select for tameness in fox
- Started seeing things that associated with domesticated dogs
- Saw white spots, floppy ears, etc...
- Pleiotropy may have caused changes in other genes that became dominant
- Took 20 generations to get solid docility
83
Gould on Neoteny (2)
- Humans unconsciously neotenized cats and dogs as they were domesticated
- Started to get baby-like proportions
84
Lorenz on Neoteny (3)
- Proportions of domesticated species often have juvenile proportions
- Instinct against being violent towards these organisms
- Features of juvenility act as IRMs for affection and nurturing in adult humans
85
Heterochrony by Kingenberg (4)
- Domestication changed the rate, time and order of developmental events
- Change in onset/ offset of developmental stages
- Changes in rate of development
- Change in # of developmental changes
86
Heterochrony: Change in # of developmental changes (3)
Paedomorphosis: Less/ slow development
Peramorphosis: More/ Fast development
- Domesticated animals follow a different path to maturity than there wild counterparts
87
Dogs and Heterochrony (3)
- Dogs are in peramorphosis
- More changes in the first year compared to wild counterparts
- Developmental rate does not slow in first year for domesticated dogs (think growth compared to wolves)
88
Dog domestication (3)
- Domestication happened multiple times over time
- Humans may have started following wolves for food (commensalism)
- Selective breeding may have happened later
89
Changes between Wolves to dogs (6)
- Estrous periods (got an extra with dogs, 1 to 2)
- Lost paternal care
- Selected to shorter head, shorter limb and smaller body size
- Wolves have complex communication
- Dogs have atrophied body language and vocal communication (bark is not a communication method in wolves)
- Listening/ training by humans is much different (wolves don't look at humans when trying to solve problems, dogs do)
90
Changes in dogs cont. (3)
- Increased submissiveness in dogs (especially females for mating purposes)
- Wolves were great problem solvers but poor learners (ie. not trainable)
- Dogs are the opposite
91
Socialization period of dogs (2)
- When domesticating wolves we extended the period of socialization
- What this means is you can still deal with them before they get a fear response to humans
92
Hormonal/ Neurochemical changes in fox/dog domestication (3)
Neurochemical:
- Big changes in serotonin
- Much more serotonin in domesticated foxes
Hormonal:
- But less dramatic stress responses
93
Reproduction (5)
- Includes all steps for survival of young
Includes:
- Courtship
- Mating
- Parental behaviour
- Alloparental behaviour
94
Modes of reproduction: How to look at it (3)
Production of gametes (egg/ sperm)
Method of fertilization
Method of production
95
Modes of reproduction: Production of gametes (3)
- Gonochorisitc: Male - female individuals
- Hermaphroditic: Both egg and sperm in one individual
- Parthenogenesis: All individuals have ovaries (like virgin birth)
96
Parthenogenesis (2)
- Sometimes dont need sperm to require development
| - Others need sperms but not genome from the sperm is in the young
97
Parental care/ Behaviour (4)
- Behaviour to help survival of young
- Maternal: Only mom does it
- Paternal: Father helps (often in monogamous relations)
- Alloparental: Kin care
98
Parental investment (3)
- Cost and benefits of giving care to young
- Reproductive effort: what do you get out of making young
- Gender differential (females have much more cost majority of the time)
99
Polyandry
- Female with multiple mates
100
Parental Experience Hypothesis (3)
- New mothers lose more of their babies
- new mom = primiparous
- Get better with more experience (noticeable)
101
parental Care: Main Theories (3)
Parental provision model
Conflict Model
Symbiosis model
102
Conflict Model (4)
- Parents are favoured with cost-benefits
- Parental fitness is priority
- Over time husbandry begins to decay (less care by parents with time)
- Even tension rises over time
103
Symbiosis Model (3)
- Mother gets from the young while providing help to the young (quid-pro-quo)
- Difficult to say its fully symbiotic (more metaphorical term)
- Rats: Mothers have to link anal-genital area to start the youngs release of waste (but mother gets urine as water)
104
Issues with Conflict Model (4)
- Mathematical models dont follow
- Measuring conflict is tricky
- Model only looks at maternal care/ on parent
- Competition between siblings
105
Male Vs. Female Care: Certainty of paternity hypthesis
-
106
Male Vs. Female Care: Certainty of paternity hypothesis (1)
- If male is sure he is the father then he is more likely to help with care
107
Male Vs. Female Care: Gamete order hypothesis (3)
- last parent to release gametes gives parental care
- Theory favours the desertion of offspring ASAP
- The fertilization mode is important (internal/ enternal)
108
Male Vs. Female Care: Association or proximity hypothesis (1)
- Proximity of adults and offspring determines the parental behaviour (if males and females live very close to each other)
109
Paternal Care: Who does it
More eggs = less likely to care
Amphibians and Reptiles: Most do not ( crocs 100% do)
110
Amphibian/ Reptile: Paternal Care (6)
- Nest creation/ attendance
- Nest/ egg guarding
- Egg, larval, hatchling transport
- Egg brooding
- Feeding young
- Guard/ attend to young
111
Biparental care (2)
Most often when:
- Polyandry (sometimes only the male does stuff too)
- Monogamy
112
Alloparental Care (5)
- Other than parents provide care
- Occurs with cooperative breeders
- Often when only a few breeding pairs
- Kin selection is huge here
- Can be associated with parental experience theory
113
Helpers
- help raise young
- Often only occurs when they cant leave and survive on their own
- Risks with finding mate, territory, risk of success when attempting to mate
- Can also be prior to 'full' sexual maturity (before they start having own young)
114
Helping in Canids (3 species)
- Happens in Red foxes (daughters from last year helps) - Facultative helping
- Wolves have a social system (pretty much obligatory)
- Coyotes (much more flexible system)
115
Patterns of parental care (4)
Only occurs in 3% of mammals
- Only 4% of mammals are monogamous (this is likely linked)
- 70% of birds
116
How males can help (in Canid species) (8)
```
Grooming
Transport
Feed
Defend (active)
Guard (passive)
Baby-sit
Play
Care to female (indirect)
```
- Variation in how many of these things they do between species
117
Breeding systems (5)
Monogamy - one on one
Polygamy - one to many
(polyandry female gets many)
(polygyny male gets many)
Polygynandry: preferred associations occur but often still mate with many
Promiscuity: many to many (free-for-all/ no pattern)
118
Polygyny (4)
- Often one male controls many females
- Often males control resources
- Or males can defend females
Male-dominance: females are still choosy
- Scramble: males search for females (no competition)
119
Polyandry (3)
- Sex reversals can occur
- Often a mix with male polygyny
- Can be an alternative to monogamy (if gene pool is unfavourable
120
Alternative Mating Strategies (3)
- This is when males are unsuccessful (ie. disadvantaged males)
- Forced matings
- Kleptogamy or Surreptitious(sneak mating)
121
Primate Kleptogamy
- When social structures do not allow for mating they sometimes sneak mating
- Hide and mate with some lower level male
122
Types of Monogamy (4)
- Genetic Monogamy: DNA confirms the pair bond
- Sexual or mating monogamy: exclusive relationship based on sexual interactions
- Social monogamy: Social living arrangement between pair (maybe don't actually have kids that are shared)
- This can be based on social system or mating system
123
Criteria of monogamy (7)
- Reduced sexual dimorphism
- Exclusivity of mating
- Pair bond
- Biparental Care (more common with monogamy)
- Exclusion of strangers from family (always kin)
- Reproductive suppression (large groups and with cooperative breeders, hierarchies)
- Incest avoidance (still does happen)
124
sexual dimorphism and mating system (4)
Based on body size, maturation rate and reproductive variance:
- Monogamy: All equal
- Polygyny: Males bigger, males mature slower, higher variance among males
- Polyandry: Females bigger, Females mature slower, Females most often have more variance
125
Monogamy: Exclusivity of Mating
- Most often serially (only for one breeding cycle)
126
Monogamy: Pair bond (4)
Nature of association and interactions
- Spatial proximity: share home, how close they stay with each other
- Frequency: Continuous or discreet (ie. How often they are together or interact)
- Duration: Length of the bond
127
Monogamy: Biparental Care (2)
- Male/ female investment/ involvement is high or often equal
- Can have alloparental too (in social systems)
128
Monogamy Vs. Polygamy in birds (4)
- Some think birds are highly monogamous
- But genetically speaking many females sneak off to mate with other males
- Sneak off to mate with males with more androgens
- Males that are at the nest have less androgens (better fathers)
129
Likelihood of monogamy (2)
- Occurs when resources are scattered or nest sites are scarce
- More oxytocin in organisms makes monogamy more likely (many exceptions too)
130
Taxonomies of monogamy: Brown (4)
Based on pairing duration:
- Perennial
- Seasonal
- Serial
131
Kleiman's Taxonomy of Monogamy (2)
- Facultative: Paternal investment low, loose association, occasional polygyny
- Obligate: More cohesive, paternal care, polygyny rare
132
Taxonomy of Monogamy: Wittenberger (7)
```
Dimension 1
Spatial:
- Territorial
- Female Defence
- Dominance- Based
```
Dimension 2
Temporal:
- Serial
- Permanent
133
Taxonomy of Monogamy: Wickler and Seibt (2)
Distinction 1: Like Facultative monogamy
| Distinction 2: Genetic back up
134
Taxonomy of Monogamy: Poole (3)
Grade I : Male and female defend territory but offspring disperse quick (fox)
Grade II: Adults paired permanently but dispersion of young is delayed (coyotes)
Grade III: Rank determined monogamy (wolves)
135
Raccoon Dog (2)
- Not social (association with female)
| - Least paternal care of all canids
136
African Wild Dogs
- Most paternal care of all canids
137
Bush Dogs (2)
- Relatively social
| - South American
138
Dholes (3)
- Indian Wild Dog
- They have clan units within family units
- Unique in Canids
139
Kleiman vs Poole: Taxonomies of monogamy (2)
Facultative = Grade I and II
Obligatory = Grade III
140
Social and reproductive systems in Canids (6)
- Monogamous
- Parental care
- Alloparental care can occur
- Family systems (occur in foxes, etc..)
- Extended family: hierarchical groups (wolvess)
- Dhole: clan systems too
141
Monogamy in mammals across orders (7)
- Marsupials: few
- Bats: only one
- Lagomorpha: few
- Rodents: based on sub orders (some do it)
- Cetaceans: some do (hard to tell)
- Ungulates: some do some do not
- Carnivora: Many more are monogamous here
142
Monogamy in Rodents (3)
- Squirrel-like: beaver
- Mouse-like: some voles, spiny mouse, Oldfield mouse, gerbils
- Porcupine-like: Do not know
143
Monogamy in Carnivores (3)
Canids: almost all
Viverridae: Dwarf Mongoose
Hyenidae: Some (few)
144
Invasive Mongoose in Jamaica (2)
- Introduced to attack venomous snakes
| - Removed all the snakes but then rats were too abundant
145
Monogamy in Primates (5)
Apes:
- Great Apes: humans (kind of)
- Lesser Apes: Gibbons only
Monkeys:
- Callitrichids: marmosets
- Titi Monkey
- Night or Owl Monkeys
146
Marmosets (3)
Biparental Care
- Heavily paternal
- Only goes to mom for milk
147
Population Regulation
- Based on stress on the population
148
Factors in demographic regulation (3)
- Behavioural mechanisms
- Physiological mechanisms
- Genetic Mechanisms
149
Density independent Factors (4)
- cyclical
- Unprovoked
- Even random
Messes with R-selected species most
150
Density- Dependent Factors (3)
- based on number of individuals in a pop
- Causes competition
- Messes with K-selected species most
151
Mechanism acting to control population (2)
- Can happen behaviourally or physiologically
| - Can occur pre-conception or post-conception
152
Mechanism acting to control population: Behavioural actions, pre-conception (5)
- Intrasexual aggression
- Reduced attractiveness
- Reduced sexual initiative
- Mate guarding
- Harassment of mating
153
Mechanism acting to control population: Behavioural actions, post-conception (4)
- Infanticide
- Maternal Neglect (stress inhibits oxytocin)
- Poor provisioning
- Inadequate alloparental resources
154
Mechanism acting to control population: Physiological actions, pre-conception (3)
- Puberty delay
- Ovulatory suppression
- Luteal insufficiency
155
Mechanism acting to control population: Physiological actions, post-conception (7)
- Block implantation
- Induced abortion
- Impaired fetal growth
- Reabsorption
- Induced premature birth
- Depressed lactation
Stress-induced
156
Population regulation: Behavioural mechanisms (4)
- Epideictic displays
- Territory Size
- Dominance hierarchies (regulated by the alpha)
- Overpopulation and social pathologies
157
Population regulation: Behavioural mechanisms, Epideictic Displays (3)
- Flocking in birds
- Allows to access population density
- Voluntary mechanism to inhibit reproduction (all the noise or such stress the birds and mating now cannot occur)
158
Population regulation: Behavioural mechanisms, overpopulation (2)
- behavioural sink (others act same as others, popcorn effect)
- Cultural effects
159
Population regulation: Physiological mechanisms (5)
- Dealing mainly with HPA axis
- Stress hormones build up and suppress reproductive system
- Antagonistic reactions causes stress hormones to rise and stop reproduction
- A lot of harassment from others
- Scent marking can also have pheromones that suppress reproduction (mice stopping pregnancy)
160
Population regulation: Physiological mechanisms, Pheromonal effects (4)
- Bruce effect: Male phermones blocks pregnancy
- Bronson showed urine of stressed mice will produce stress in mice that are naive to the stress
- Females close to one another release pheromones that delay the sexual maturation of other females
- Pheromones of a mature males can accelerate the sexual maturity of young females
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Problems with many of these population regulation studies (3)
- Many in lab
- In field its much harder to control the study
- Are these regulatory mechanisms or actually adapted to control populations
