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PSYO 2160 > Final- Past midterm Two > Flashcards

Final- Past midterm Two Flashcards

1
Q

Nocturnal Birds (3)

A
  • Owls
  • Sea Birds
  • Kiwi
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2
Q

Owls vision (2)

A
  • Great night vision

- Other senses not great

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3
Q

Owl Families (2)

A

Tytonidae: Barn Owls
Strigidae: Typical Owls

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4
Q

French take on owls (2)

A

Buboninae: Ear tufts
Striginae: No tufts

Same as families really

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5
Q

Owl Characteristics (11)

A
  • Biparental care (incubation by females, feed by both)
  • Altricial species
  • Monogamous
  • Sexual dimorphism (females larger)
  • Allopreening is common (groom eachother)
  • Very vocal (can duet: male-male competition, male-female: sexual)
  • Courtship is common (feed female, impress)
  • Do not build nests (tress burrows, burrow)
  • head bob a lot (how they judge distance)
  • Regurgitate undigested food (pellets)
  • Can camouflage really well (concealing postures)
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6
Q

Largest Owls (2)

A
  • Snowy Owls

- Great Horned Owl

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7
Q

Two very similar looking owls (2)

A

Northern Hawk Owl

Barred Owl

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8
Q

Northern Hawk Owl (2)

A
  • Long tail

- In North Quebec mostly

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9
Q

Barred Owl

A

His favourite

  • In HRM
  • Dark eyes
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10
Q

Limited vocalization owls (2)

A

Long-Eared Owl

Short-Eared Owl

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11
Q

Long-Eared Owl

A
  • Very thin
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12
Q

Small Owls (2)

A
  • Boreal Owl

- Northern Saw-Whet Owl

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13
Q

Personality in animals:

A
  • More social the species more variation in behaviour/ personality
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14
Q

Two dimensions of psychology and Neuroscience (2+ def’n)

A

Temperament: Fixed, innate, genetic, inherited, biological dimension of personality
(inherited personality)
-In animals only

Character: dimension of personality modulated by learning, experience, environment
- Not in animals (debatably)

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15
Q

Dugatkins definition (2)

A

Focus on individual strategies

- at least the impact of individual difference on behavioural strategies

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16
Q

Historical trends on personality in animals (3)

A
  • Hints at intelligent, emotions
  • Took awhile to catch on
  • Started by Biologists
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17
Q

Pavlov and personality in dogs (2)

A
  • Discovered that in his conditioning not all dogs were not conditioning the same way
  • Came up with typologies
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18
Q

Pavlovs typology (7)

A

Weak nervous system (Melancholic - depressed, sad dogs)
Strong nervous system : Two subtypes
- Balanced (mobile- sanguine (easy to deal with, bold, etc..) and Slow- phlegmatic (lazy per-say) )
- Unbalanced (choleric) - angry

Balanced: Active
Unbalance: Reactive

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19
Q

Personality psychologists (2)

A

Eysenck

Gray

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20
Q

Reale personality factors (5)

A

Reactivity:

  • Shyness/boldness: reaction to risky situations
  • Exploration(approach)/ avoidance: Response to novel situations
  • Activity (based on situation)
  • Aggressiveness
  • Sociability

Much overlap

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21
Q

Gosling’s personality traits (5 + their def’n)

A

Based on Hyenas

  • Assertiveness : Context-dependent confidence (how they approach a situation and show confidence)
  • Excitability: How quickly they get excited (energy…)
  • Agreeableness: (Human directed), if they will seek human interaction
  • Sociability: Many connections to other Hyena vs. few relationships
  • Curiosity: To novel situations
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22
Q

Personality and Sociality: Canids studied by Michael Fox (4)

A
  • Can hypothesize aggression based on complexity of sociality
  • Monomorphic: low player, aggression among siblings (fox-like canids)
  • Oligomorphic: Some play, less aggression towards siblings (Coyotes)
  • Polymorphic: Large amounts of play, limited aggression towards siblings (Wolves)
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23
Q

Is personality general traits or is it situational (1)

A
  • Situational specificity theory: personality is not fixed, based on situations
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24
Q

Shy- Bold Continuum (2)

A
  • High predictability by Kagan studies

- If as a child, likely to stay as an adult

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25
Q

Boldness (6)

A

risk-taking, Sensation seeking, Highly sociable, Leader, Dominance, initiative

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26
Q

Shyness (5)

A

Tame behaviour, less social, conform, sub ordinance, follow

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27
Q

Fish personality (3)

A
  • Fish catching techniques will catch you fish with different personalities
  • With seine net you catch: shy fish
  • With minnow traps you catch: bold fish (curiosity?)
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28
Q

Fast- Slow Birds (4)

A

Fast Birds:

  • Aggressive
  • Approach novel objects
  • Form the foraging patterns

Slow Birds:

  • Non aggressive
  • Follow others
  • Avoid novel objects
  • Ie. Opposite
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29
Q

Application for personality in Conservation Biology (3)

A

Reintroduction programs:

  • Release the bold ones first
  • Shy ones after the bold ones colonize
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30
Q

Testing personality (4)

A

Many assumptions

  • Need consistency (not everyday the same but need some) - contextual variations (but still need consistency in the contextual variations)
  • Repeatability (will occur again in the same context again)
  • Heritability of temperament (lab: easily tested with breeding)
    (field: use of genealogies to see their parents, etc.. personality)
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31
Q

Mirror image test (4)

A
  • See how they react
  • Some aggressive
  • Some playful
  • Some fearful
  • Aggressive, sociability approach
  • Shyness-Boldness approach
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32
Q

Keepers Survey (2)

A

Traits on personality linked to breeding success

- Assertiveness, boldness, etc.. can determine chance of mating
think hierarchies and personality

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33
Q

Behavioural Syndromes (4)

A
  • Individual behaves in a consistent way through time and across contexts
  • Same as personality or temperament

Made by biologists

It is context-independent personality

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34
Q

Behavioural type (3)

A
  • Configuration of behaviours that an individual would express
  • Property of the individual
  • A trait for personality really
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35
Q

Studying Behavioural Syndromes (4)

A
  • Puzzling behaviour approach
  • Candidate behaviour approach
  • Proximate approach
  • Ecological approach
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36
Q

Puzzling Behaviour Approach (3)

A

Interest based on interesting behaviour

  • Anecdotes collected
  • Put all of the ‘data points’ to see if there is a pattern or not
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37
Q

Candidate Behaviour Approach (2)

A
  • Compare behaviour between species

- How two species have the same behaviour

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38
Q

Proximate Approach (2)

A
  • Genes, hormones, etc..

- How the genetics of an organism can shape their personality

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39
Q

Ecological Approach (2)

A
  • How environment sets behaviour

- How environment can set a context

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40
Q

Candidate behaviour approach: Examples of domain- specific individuals differences (5)

A
  • Shy-Bold Axis: leader or non-leader personalities
  • Proactive- Reactive axis: How they react to stuff
  • Aggressiveness: differentiate individuals in a group
  • Neophobia: Hate new things
  • Exploratory Behaviour: curious, or sensation seeking
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41
Q

Fitness consequences to personality (3)

A
  • Trade-off based on context (bold can be helpful, but dangerous; contextual)
  • Bolder males have increased reproductive success (always a cost)
  • Aggressive or bold = survive better when food is low
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42
Q

Play (2)

A
  • Few adaptive or functional theories

- No obvious function in behaviour

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43
Q

Play: Areas that look at it (2)

A
  • Developmental ethology

- Developmental animal Psychology

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44
Q

Researchers involved in Play (7)

A 
Tim Caro (cheetahs) first 
Marc Bekoff (canids) 
Judy Loeven (canids) 
Bernd Heinrich (Ravens) 
Pellis (rats)
Biben/ Altmann (primates) 
Panksepp/ Burghardt: Behavioural neuroscience of play (development of brain)
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45
Q

Play in Rats and Mice (2)

A
  • Rats play, rats do not

- Rats can be tickled

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46
Q

Play: Brain size

A
  • bigger brain = more play
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47
Q

Play definition

A

Ethology: Motor patterns/ action sequences

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48
Q

Play dimensions

A

Cognitive (strategy, exploration)
Conative (stress reduction)
Affective (fun)

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49
Q

Elephant Nose Fish (6)

A
  • Produce weak electric fields
  • Largest brain of all vertebrates (based on body size)
  • Huge Cerebellum (covers the brain);
  • Likely used for communication (some social- cognitive control)
  • Make clicks to communicate
  • Conduct dyadic play
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50
Q

Cerebellum (6)

A
  • Control fine motor movements
  • Helps control Balance
  • Birds that chase prey in forest (3D environ) have big
  • Involved in language and speech
  • Involved in learning
  • Involved in innate tasks
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51
Q

Play in mammals (2)

A
  • Limited play as adults (basically non)

- Likely developmental

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52
Q

Types of play (4)

A
  • Object play (not social)
  • Social Play (with others)
  • Locomotor play
  • inter-specific play
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53
Q

Object Play (2)

A
  • Instrumental
  • ## Alone with an object
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54
Q

Social play (5)

A
  • with others
  • Most often young

Reasons:

  • Fitting in a hierarchy (learning physical ability)
  • Learning about others
  • Developing cognitive skills (hunting skills, allocare, etc…)
  • Form alliances / enemies
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55
Q

Locomotor play (5)

A
  • Dependent on species
  • Sudden craziness really (think goats going nuts randomly)

Reason:

  • Side effect of development (may be to test physical abilities…)
  • Developing motor skills
  • In the Cerebellum
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56
Q

Inter-specific Play (4)

A
  • Different category
  • contextual
  • Play is different with every species
  • The scripts can be very different
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57
Q

Cerebellar synaptogenesis and play (3)

A
  • Cerebellum synapses linked to play
  • Synapses in cerebellum develop as they play
  • More play = more cerebellum synapses development
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58
Q

Signalling intention to play (3)

A
  • Rough-and-tumble play is similar to real fights (can fool to look real)
  • minute differences between play and aggression
  • Use intension movements to show play (stops miscommunication)
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59
Q

Intension movements in dogs (3)

A
  • Play bow
  • Lifted paw
  • head down
  • Submissive position
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60
Q

Differences between fight and play - Bekoff (3)

A
  • frequency/ intensity of movements
  • Play markers when it gets intense (to see if its still just play)
  • Role reversals (bigger playmate will give advantage to others)
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61
Q

Play-Fighting - Biben (3)

A
  • Behavioural flexibility ( learn about others, teach sociability)
  • Gauging intentions of others
  • Learning about social hierarchies
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62
Q

General Theory (of Play) - Spinka(4)

A
  • Helps get experience with unexpected events
  • immediate reward with dopamine
  • Play has neuropharmacological impact
  • Locomotor play occurs when species have variable environments
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63
Q

Proximate causes of play (2)

A

Dopamine: a primer for play
Endorphins: Play feels good

  • Play can cope with stress (way to relax because of good neurotransmitters)
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64
Q

Panksepps view on play (2)

A
  • Marker for good health

- Play when healthy, healthy to play

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65
Q

Dopamine and play (2)

A
  • Low dose of dopamine will help play

- High dose suppresses play

66
Q

Burghardt and play (4)

A
  • parental care means play
  • No parental care = no play
  • recycled behaviours (like hunting) and voluntarily play
  • Only when animal is relaxed and unstressed
67
Q

Burghardts criteria of play (5)

A
  • Not completely functional (no direct benefit)
  • Endogenous component (spontaneous in someways)
  • Structural/ temporal difference (exaggerated, etc..)
  • Repeated (repetition of motor patterns, predictable)
  • Relaxed field ( animal is well, no stress)
68
Q

Play in the animal kingdom (5)

A
  • Monotremes
  • birds
  • Some turtles
  • Some lizards
  • Some fish
69
Q

Sutton-Smith Play Theory (3)

A
  • Play is a random process generator
  • Most behaviours are highly predictable
  • Play is repetitive but so disorganized that it is a chaotic model with patterns
70
Q

Direction of the study of play (4)

A
  • Limbic system (& emotions)
  • Cerebellum: Motor aspects
  • Basal Ganglia:
  • Neocortex level: sensorimotor/ cognitive aspect
71
Q

Mollusc classes (4)

A
  • Chitons
  • Bivalves
  • Gastropods (snails, slugs)
  • Cephalopods
72
Q

Cephalopod eye (3)

A
  • Similar to eye of vertebrates

- No common ancestry (ie. Convergent evolution)

73
Q

Decapodiformes (3)

A

Squids

Cuttlefish

74
Q

Cuttlefish body

A

Cuttle bone is only hard part

75
Q

Life span of cephalopod

A

Short life span

76
Q

Cuttlefish camouflage (3)

A

Use chromatophores

  • How conscious is the colour change is unknown
  • processes in brain tells to camouflage
  • Can even split colours across body (if male on one side, female on the other)
77
Q

Cephalopod vision (2)

A
  • Possible colour blind

- see polarized light

78
Q

Cephalopod sexual behaviour

A
  • males compete for females
79
Q

Domestication (4)

A
  • Often studied using Behavioural Genetic
  • Not Taming
  • case of artificial selection (multiple generations)
  • Assumes human control of breeding, feeding and general care
80
Q

Hale’s Facilitating factors for domestication (5)

A
  • Gregarity (animals that are social/ herd organisms)
  • Imprinting (imprint to humans at birth)
  • Precocial species (often for simplicity)
  • Omnivorous diet (many are not)
  • Paternal care or at least permanent male presence (uncommon)
81
Q

Neoteny/ Paedomorphosis (3)

A
  • Domesticated organisms essentially act like the young of the wild counterparts
  • Cats are equivalently stuck in a kitten stage
  • Domesticated dogs the same of wolf pups
82
Q

Belyaev studies (5)

A
  • Select for tameness in fox
  • Started seeing things that associated with domesticated dogs
  • Saw white spots, floppy ears, etc…
  • Pleiotropy may have caused changes in other genes that became dominant
  • Took 20 generations to get solid docility
83
Q

Gould on Neoteny (2)

A
  • Humans unconsciously neotenized cats and dogs as they were domesticated
  • Started to get baby-like proportions
84
Q

Lorenz on Neoteny (3)

A
  • Proportions of domesticated species often have juvenile proportions
  • Instinct against being violent towards these organisms
  • Features of juvenility act as IRMs for affection and nurturing in adult humans
85
Q

Heterochrony by Kingenberg (4)

A
  • Domestication changed the rate, time and order of developmental events
  • Change in onset/ offset of developmental stages
  • Changes in rate of development
  • Change in # of developmental changes
86
Q

Heterochrony: Change in # of developmental changes (3)

A

Paedomorphosis: Less/ slow development

Peramorphosis: More/ Fast development

  • Domesticated animals follow a different path to maturity than there wild counterparts
87
Q

Dogs and Heterochrony (3)

A
  • Dogs are in peramorphosis
  • More changes in the first year compared to wild counterparts
  • Developmental rate does not slow in first year for domesticated dogs (think growth compared to wolves)
88
Q

Dog domestication (3)

A
  • Domestication happened multiple times over time
  • Humans may have started following wolves for food (commensalism)
  • Selective breeding may have happened later
89
Q

Changes between Wolves to dogs (6)

A
  • Estrous periods (got an extra with dogs, 1 to 2)
  • Lost paternal care
  • Selected to shorter head, shorter limb and smaller body size
  • Wolves have complex communication
  • Dogs have atrophied body language and vocal communication (bark is not a communication method in wolves)
  • Listening/ training by humans is much different (wolves don’t look at humans when trying to solve problems, dogs do)
90
Q

Changes in dogs cont. (3)

A
  • Increased submissiveness in dogs (especially females for mating purposes)
  • Wolves were great problem solvers but poor learners (ie. not trainable)
  • Dogs are the opposite
91
Q

Socialization period of dogs (2)

A
  • When domesticating wolves we extended the period of socialization
  • What this means is you can still deal with them before they get a fear response to humans
92
Q

Hormonal/ Neurochemical changes in fox/dog domestication (3)

A

Neurochemical:

  • Big changes in serotonin
  • Much more serotonin in domesticated foxes

Hormonal:
- But less dramatic stress responses

93
Q

Reproduction (5)

A
  • Includes all steps for survival of young

Includes:

  • Courtship
  • Mating
  • Parental behaviour
  • Alloparental behaviour
94
Q

Modes of reproduction: How to look at it (3)

A

Production of gametes (egg/ sperm)
Method of fertilization
Method of production

95
Q

Modes of reproduction: Production of gametes (3)

A
  • Gonochorisitc: Male - female individuals
  • Hermaphroditic: Both egg and sperm in one individual
  • Parthenogenesis: All individuals have ovaries (like virgin birth)
96
Q

Parthenogenesis (2)

A
  • Sometimes dont need sperm to require development

- Others need sperms but not genome from the sperm is in the young

97
Q

Parental care/ Behaviour (4)

A
  • Behaviour to help survival of young
  • Maternal: Only mom does it
  • Paternal: Father helps (often in monogamous relations)
  • Alloparental: Kin care
98
Q

Parental investment (3)

A
  • Cost and benefits of giving care to young
  • Reproductive effort: what do you get out of making young
  • Gender differential (females have much more cost majority of the time)
99
Q

Polyandry

A
  • Female with multiple mates
100
Q

Parental Experience Hypothesis (3)

A
  • New mothers lose more of their babies
  • new mom = primiparous
  • Get better with more experience (noticeable)
101
Q

parental Care: Main Theories (3)

A

Parental provision model
Conflict Model
Symbiosis model

102
Q

Conflict Model (4)

A
  • Parents are favoured with cost-benefits
  • Parental fitness is priority
  • Over time husbandry begins to decay (less care by parents with time)
  • Even tension rises over time
103
Q

Symbiosis Model (3)

A
  • Mother gets from the young while providing help to the young (quid-pro-quo)
  • Difficult to say its fully symbiotic (more metaphorical term)
  • Rats: Mothers have to link anal-genital area to start the youngs release of waste (but mother gets urine as water)
104
Q

Issues with Conflict Model (4)

A
  • Mathematical models dont follow
  • Measuring conflict is tricky
  • Model only looks at maternal care/ on parent
  • Competition between siblings
105
Q

Male Vs. Female Care: Certainty of paternity hypthesis

A

-

106
Q

Male Vs. Female Care: Certainty of paternity hypothesis (1)

A
  • If male is sure he is the father then he is more likely to help with care
107
Q

Male Vs. Female Care: Gamete order hypothesis (3)

A
  • last parent to release gametes gives parental care
  • Theory favours the desertion of offspring ASAP
  • The fertilization mode is important (internal/ enternal)
108
Q

Male Vs. Female Care: Association or proximity hypothesis (1)

A
  • Proximity of adults and offspring determines the parental behaviour (if males and females live very close to each other)
109
Q

Paternal Care: Who does it

A

More eggs = less likely to care

Amphibians and Reptiles: Most do not ( crocs 100% do)

110
Q

Amphibian/ Reptile: Paternal Care (6)

A
  • Nest creation/ attendance
  • Nest/ egg guarding
  • Egg, larval, hatchling transport
  • Egg brooding
  • Feeding young
  • Guard/ attend to young
111
Q

Biparental care (2)

A

Most often when:

  • Polyandry (sometimes only the male does stuff too)
  • Monogamy
112
Q

Alloparental Care (5)

A
  • Other than parents provide care
  • Occurs with cooperative breeders
  • Often when only a few breeding pairs
  • Kin selection is huge here
  • Can be associated with parental experience theory
113
Q

Helpers

A
  • help raise young
  • Often only occurs when they cant leave and survive on their own
  • Risks with finding mate, territory, risk of success when attempting to mate
  • Can also be prior to ‘full’ sexual maturity (before they start having own young)
114
Q

Helping in Canids (3 species)

A
  • Happens in Red foxes (daughters from last year helps) - Facultative helping
  • Wolves have a social system (pretty much obligatory)
  • Coyotes (much more flexible system)
115
Q

Patterns of parental care (4)

A

Only occurs in 3% of mammals

  • Only 4% of mammals are monogamous (this is likely linked)
  • 70% of birds
116
Q

How males can help (in Canid species) (8)

A 
Grooming 
Transport 
Feed
Defend (active)
Guard (passive)
Baby-sit
Play
Care to female (indirect)
  • Variation in how many of these things they do between species
117
Q

Breeding systems (5)

A

Monogamy - one on one
Polygamy - one to many
(polyandry female gets many)
(polygyny male gets many)
Polygynandry: preferred associations occur but often still mate with many
Promiscuity: many to many (free-for-all/ no pattern)

118
Q

Polygyny (4)

A
  • Often one male controls many females
  • Often males control resources
  • Or males can defend females
    Male-dominance: females are still choosy
  • Scramble: males search for females (no competition)
119
Q

Polyandry (3)

A
  • Sex reversals can occur
  • Often a mix with male polygyny
  • Can be an alternative to monogamy (if gene pool is unfavourable
120
Q

Alternative Mating Strategies (3)

A
  • This is when males are unsuccessful (ie. disadvantaged males)
  • Forced matings
  • Kleptogamy or Surreptitious(sneak mating)
121
Q

Primate Kleptogamy

A
  • When social structures do not allow for mating they sometimes sneak mating
  • Hide and mate with some lower level male
122
Q

Types of Monogamy (4)

A
  • Genetic Monogamy: DNA confirms the pair bond
  • Sexual or mating monogamy: exclusive relationship based on sexual interactions
  • Social monogamy: Social living arrangement between pair (maybe don’t actually have kids that are shared)
  • This can be based on social system or mating system
123
Q

Criteria of monogamy (7)

A
  • Reduced sexual dimorphism
  • Exclusivity of mating
  • Pair bond
  • Biparental Care (more common with monogamy)
  • Exclusion of strangers from family (always kin)
  • Reproductive suppression (large groups and with cooperative breeders, hierarchies)
  • Incest avoidance (still does happen)
124
Q

sexual dimorphism and mating system (4)

A

Based on body size, maturation rate and reproductive variance:

  • Monogamy: All equal
  • Polygyny: Males bigger, males mature slower, higher variance among males
  • Polyandry: Females bigger, Females mature slower, Females most often have more variance
125
Q

Monogamy: Exclusivity of Mating

A
  • Most often serially (only for one breeding cycle)
126
Q

Monogamy: Pair bond (4)

A

Nature of association and interactions

  • Spatial proximity: share home, how close they stay with each other
  • Frequency: Continuous or discreet (ie. How often they are together or interact)
  • Duration: Length of the bond
127
Q

Monogamy: Biparental Care (2)

A
  • Male/ female investment/ involvement is high or often equal
  • Can have alloparental too (in social systems)
128
Q

Monogamy Vs. Polygamy in birds (4)

A
  • Some think birds are highly monogamous
  • But genetically speaking many females sneak off to mate with other males
  • Sneak off to mate with males with more androgens
  • Males that are at the nest have less androgens (better fathers)
129
Q

Likelihood of monogamy (2)

A
  • Occurs when resources are scattered or nest sites are scarce
  • More oxytocin in organisms makes monogamy more likely (many exceptions too)
130
Q

Taxonomies of monogamy: Brown (4)

A

Based on pairing duration:

  • Perennial
  • Seasonal
  • Serial
131
Q

Kleiman’s Taxonomy of Monogamy (2)

A
  • Facultative: Paternal investment low, loose association, occasional polygyny
  • Obligate: More cohesive, paternal care, polygyny rare
132
Q

Taxonomy of Monogamy: Wittenberger (7)

A 
Dimension 1
Spatial: 
- Territorial 
- Female Defence
- Dominance- Based

Dimension 2
Temporal:
- Serial
- Permanent

133
Q

Taxonomy of Monogamy: Wickler and Seibt (2)

A

Distinction 1: Like Facultative monogamy

Distinction 2: Genetic back up

134
Q

Taxonomy of Monogamy: Poole (3)

A

Grade I : Male and female defend territory but offspring disperse quick (fox)
Grade II: Adults paired permanently but dispersion of young is delayed (coyotes)
Grade III: Rank determined monogamy (wolves)

135
Q

Raccoon Dog (2)

A
  • Not social (association with female)

- Least paternal care of all canids

136
Q

African Wild Dogs

A
  • Most paternal care of all canids
137
Q

Bush Dogs (2)

A
  • Relatively social

- South American

138
Q

Dholes (3)

A
  • Indian Wild Dog
  • They have clan units within family units
  • Unique in Canids
139
Q

Kleiman vs Poole: Taxonomies of monogamy (2)

A

Facultative = Grade I and II

Obligatory = Grade III

140
Q

Social and reproductive systems in Canids (6)

A
  • Monogamous
  • Parental care
  • Alloparental care can occur
  • Family systems (occur in foxes, etc..)
  • Extended family: hierarchical groups (wolvess)
  • Dhole: clan systems too
141
Q

Monogamy in mammals across orders (7)

A
  • Marsupials: few
  • Bats: only one
  • Lagomorpha: few
  • Rodents: based on sub orders (some do it)
  • Cetaceans: some do (hard to tell)
  • Ungulates: some do some do not
  • Carnivora: Many more are monogamous here
142
Q

Monogamy in Rodents (3)

A
  • Squirrel-like: beaver
  • Mouse-like: some voles, spiny mouse, Oldfield mouse, gerbils
  • Porcupine-like: Do not know
143
Q

Monogamy in Carnivores (3)

A

Canids: almost all
Viverridae: Dwarf Mongoose
Hyenidae: Some (few)

144
Q

Invasive Mongoose in Jamaica (2)

A
  • Introduced to attack venomous snakes

- Removed all the snakes but then rats were too abundant

145
Q

Monogamy in Primates (5)

A

Apes:

  • Great Apes: humans (kind of)
  • Lesser Apes: Gibbons only

Monkeys:

  • Callitrichids: marmosets
  • Titi Monkey
  • Night or Owl Monkeys
146
Q

Marmosets (3)

A

Biparental Care

  • Heavily paternal
  • Only goes to mom for milk
147
Q

Population Regulation

A
  • Based on stress on the population
148
Q

Factors in demographic regulation (3)

A
  • Behavioural mechanisms
  • Physiological mechanisms
  • Genetic Mechanisms
149
Q

Density independent Factors (4)

A
  • cyclical
  • Unprovoked
  • Even random

Messes with R-selected species most

150
Q

Density- Dependent Factors (3)

A
  • based on number of individuals in a pop
  • Causes competition
  • Messes with K-selected species most
151
Q

Mechanism acting to control population (2)

A
  • Can happen behaviourally or physiologically

- Can occur pre-conception or post-conception

152
Q

Mechanism acting to control population: Behavioural actions, pre-conception (5)

A
  • Intrasexual aggression
  • Reduced attractiveness
  • Reduced sexual initiative
  • Mate guarding
  • Harassment of mating
153
Q

Mechanism acting to control population: Behavioural actions, post-conception (4)

A
  • Infanticide
  • Maternal Neglect (stress inhibits oxytocin)
  • Poor provisioning
  • Inadequate alloparental resources
154
Q

Mechanism acting to control population: Physiological actions, pre-conception (3)

A
  • Puberty delay
  • Ovulatory suppression
  • Luteal insufficiency
155
Q

Mechanism acting to control population: Physiological actions, post-conception (7)

A
  • Block implantation
  • Induced abortion
  • Impaired fetal growth
  • Reabsorption
  • Induced premature birth
  • Depressed lactation

Stress-induced

156
Q

Population regulation: Behavioural mechanisms (4)

A
  • Epideictic displays
  • Territory Size
  • Dominance hierarchies (regulated by the alpha)
  • Overpopulation and social pathologies
157
Q

Population regulation: Behavioural mechanisms, Epideictic Displays (3)

A
  • Flocking in birds
  • Allows to access population density
  • Voluntary mechanism to inhibit reproduction (all the noise or such stress the birds and mating now cannot occur)
158
Q

Population regulation: Behavioural mechanisms, overpopulation (2)

A
  • behavioural sink (others act same as others, popcorn effect)
  • Cultural effects
159
Q

Population regulation: Physiological mechanisms (5)

A
  • Dealing mainly with HPA axis
  • Stress hormones build up and suppress reproductive system
  • Antagonistic reactions causes stress hormones to rise and stop reproduction
  • A lot of harassment from others
  • Scent marking can also have pheromones that suppress reproduction (mice stopping pregnancy)
160
Q

Population regulation: Physiological mechanisms, Pheromonal effects (4)

A
  • Bruce effect: Male phermones blocks pregnancy
  • Bronson showed urine of stressed mice will produce stress in mice that are naive to the stress
  • Females close to one another release pheromones that delay the sexual maturation of other females
  • Pheromones of a mature males can accelerate the sexual maturity of young females
161
Q

Problems with many of these population regulation studies (3)

A
  • Many in lab
  • In field its much harder to control the study
  • Are these regulatory mechanisms or actually adapted to control populations

PSYO 2160 (4 decks)

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