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PSYO 2160 > Midterm Two > Flashcards

Midterm Two Flashcards

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1
Q

Urodela Class

A

Ampibia

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2
Q

Urodela (2)

A

Salamanders and Newts

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3
Q

NS Species (5)

A 
Red-backed Salamander
Yellow-spotted Salamander
Blue-Spotted Salamander
Four-Toed Salamander
Red-Spotted Newt
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4
Q

Urodela Genus (1)

A

Plethodon

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5
Q

Plethodon Common name

A

Woodland salamanders

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6
Q

Plethodon morphs: Types (3)

A 
Red back (striped)
Lead back (non-striped)
Erythristic (all red)
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7
Q

Red back Plethodon morph: habitat + Anti-predatory behaviour (3)

A

Decidious wood
Immobility when threat from predators
lower stress levels in this morph

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8
Q

Lead back Plethodon morph: habitat + Anti-predatory behaviour

A

Coniferous woods
Runs away from threat
High stress in this morph

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9
Q

Erythristic Plethodon morph: habitat + Anti-predatory behaviour

A 
Uncommon 
Deciduous woods (maples mostly
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10
Q

Urodela Development (2)

A

Direct development

Brooding

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11
Q

Urodela Direct Development (2)

A

no larval stage

Hatch into small salamanders

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12
Q

Urodela Brooding (2)

A

Mother protects eggs from others

Consume the dead eggs

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13
Q

Amphibian parental care: Modes (6)

A 
Egg attendance
Egg transport 
Tadpole attendance 
Tadpole transport 
Tadpole feeding 
Internal gestation in oviduct
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14
Q

Amphibian Reproduction (3)

A

4 - 17 eggs
Laid may to june
Hatch August or September

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15
Q

Urodela Territorial behaviour (2)

A

Scent mark with pheromones

Actively defend territories

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16
Q

Urodela Olfaction (2)

A

Nasolabial groove

Nose-tapping response

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17
Q

Testudines (3)

A

Turtles & tortoises
Aquatic lifestyle (mostly)
Only turtles in NS

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18
Q

Testudines features: Hibernation (4)

A

Hibernate under water
Stable temperature of 4C
October to April
Active: Mid-April - mid-October

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19
Q

Testudines features: sex determination (2)

A

Temperature dependent

Exception: Wood Turtle

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20
Q

Testudines features: Maturation (3)

A

extended for most turtles
Over a decade
Long living

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21
Q

NS Testudines species’ (4)

A

Painted
Snapping
Blanding’s
Wood

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22
Q

Eastern Painted Turtle: scientific name + size + status

A

Chrysemys picta picta
10 - 25 cm
Not Endangered

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23
Q

Painted Turtle: Canadian Sub-species (3)

A

Eastern: yellow plastron
Midland: Yellow with dark central pattern
Western: Yellow and red markings on plastron

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24
Q

Painted Turtle: Temperature

A

15C - 20C

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25
Painted Turtle: nesting (3)
5 - 20 egs may - july can have 2 clutches in one season
26
Painted Turtle: Sex (2)
30C incubation + = females | lower temps = males
27
Painted Turtle: maturity (2)
Males: 8 years Females: 12 - 15 years
28
Snapping Turtle: Scientific name + size (3)
Chelydra serpentina serpentina Males: 47cms Females 35 cm
29
Snapping Turtles: distribution
Maritimes to Saskatchewan
30
Snapping Turtles: maturity
15 years
31
Snapping Turtles: Nesting
25 - 50 eggs late spring lay Early fall hatch
32
Snapping Turtles: Sex determination
warm or cool: females | Intermediate: Males
33
Blandings Turtle: Name + Size + status
Emtdoidea Blandingii 18 - 26 cm Extremely endangered
34
Blandings Turtle: physical characteristics (2)
Yellow spots on shell | Yellow chin/ throat
35
Blandings Turtle: distribution
Quebed, Ontario, NS
36
Blandings Turtle: Maturity
15 - 25 years
37
Blandings Turtle: Nesting (2)
15 eggs | laid mid to late june
38
Blandings Turtle: Sexing
Temp dependent
39
Wood Turtle: Size + name
Glyptemys insculpta | 16 - 25 cm
40
Wood Turtle: Livng area + distribution
``` Riparian zone (very terrestrial) southern ontario and quebec, NB and NS ```
41
Wood Turtle: other characteristics (3)
Fast Diurnal but hunts at night Most terrestrial in NS, but still hibernates in water
42
Wood Turtle: Maturity
18 years
43
Wood Turtle: nesting (2)
Mate in last spring to fall | lay up to 20 eggs in June
44
Wood Turtle: Longevity (2)
40 years in wild | 58 in captivity
45
Wood Turtle: sexual dimorphism (4)
minor males have concave plastrons female plastron is flat Males have longer tails, longer claws, more colour
46
Wood Turtle: Worm Stomping (2)
make fake rain by stomping feet | Causing worms to go to surface
47
Wood Turtle: seasonal activity patterns (2)
based on sun and ground temperature because ectothermic
48
Wood Turtle: diet (6)
``` Mushroom Inverts berries moss grass carrion ```
49
Wood Turtle: Cause for decline (5)
``` illegal pet trade Road kill Agricultural deaths (blades low) Loss of habitat Habitat fragmentation ```
50
Atlantics Kemp's Ridley Turtle: Name + status + size
Lepidochelys kempi Endangered (most of all sea turtles) 35 - 75 cm
51
Atlanti logger head: Name + size
Caretta caretta caretta 85 cm to 1.2m
52
Atlantic Leatherback Turtle: name + size
Dermochelys coriacea coriacea 1.3 to 2.4 M
53
Aggression in Dogs: Reasons (4)
Fearful/ anxiety Protection of resources Frustration Pain
54
Aggression in Dogs: signs (4)
Perked up ears Tail up weight on front feet Waning eye (see the white portion of eye)
55
fear in Dogs: signs (9)
``` Tuck tail ears down head down sniffing ground weight on back legs Lift paw lick lips look away eyes closed Yawn ```
56
Sexual Selection: Use (2)
Establish best genes | Determine Quality of genes
57
Types sexual selection (2)
Inter-sexual | Intra-sexual
58
Intrasexual selection
Males or females compete with each other
59
Intersexual Selection (3)
Males or females choose their mates Males often compete Females often choose NOT ALWAYS TRUE
60
Sexual Selection from Darwin: reasons for choice (3)
Maternal Care: Limited number of ova Child bearing is costly Lactation is costly
61
Intrasexual Selection: territories and birds (2)
Larger territories = more fit But trade-off to get territory Leave early to get territory (but have to live in the cold)
62
Intrasexual Selection: Competition after mating (Examples) - 2
Lions: new pride leader = kill cubs Mice: Bruce Effect (pheromones of new males will block the effect of female pregnancy)
63
Intrasexual Selection: Male-Male Competition (4)
Androgen levels higher = aggression + Sex = often helps comes down to 3 things aggression sperm competition Kleptogamy (sneaking)
64
Intrasexual Selection: paternal care
Only when good chance/ guaranteed to be the father
65
Intrasexual Selection: Wood Frogs (4)
Northern Quebec first to vocalize in spring sexual dimorphism (females with bigger ear membranes) conduct kleptogamy/ sneak mating (hide next to singing males and steal females)
66
Sexual Selection: Independently of competition
- Males evaluate/ assess the competition (may not even compete if no chance) - Females evaluate/ assess competition too - Male and female evaluate each other to see what choices are
67
K-Selected Species: Characteristics + Example: ``` Environment Climate Body size Development speed Longevity Offspring quality/ type Reproduction strategy Offspring quality Parental care Parental investment in young Mortality Infraspecific competition Territory ```
``` Stable environment Constant/ predictable climate Large bodies Slow Development Long life span precocial Low number of offspring Extensive care High investment Low mortality High competition There is territory ``` Ex. Elephants
68
R-Selected species + example ``` Environment Climate Body size Development speed Longevity Offspring quality/ type Reproduction strategy Offspring quality Parental care Parental investment in young Mortality Infraspecific competition Territory ```
Opportunistic species ``` Unstable environs Variable climates Small bodies Rapid Development Short life span Often Altricial babies Reproduce alot minimal care low investment high mortality low competition rarely territorial ``` Ex. Rodents (often, some exceptions)
69
K - Selection: Parental care COnt. (2)
Long dependency when scarce or low food Primate have longest dependency
70
Reproductive success (3)
``` # born # weaned # available for mating ```
71
Sexual Selection : Sexual Priorities (Male vs. Female)
Males: How many females that they can inseminate Females: Limited by number of eggs you have (much larger constraint
72
Sexual Selection: assumptions (3)
Recognize your own species/ sub-species Avoidance of inbreeding (ie. recognition key) ID good genes based on phenotypes
73
Sexual Selection: Conflicts with this form of selection (2)
What each sex wants: Does it mean they are actually fit for survival Investment is not even between sexes (females often invest more)
74
Epigametic Sexual Characteristic
Secondary characteristics that influence mates choice
75
Epigametic Sexual Characteristic: reason (2)
- To advertise sex | - Shows health of endocrine system (better look = more healthy)
76
Epigametic Sexual Characteristic: Peacock (2)
Better tail = more healthy - Missing feathers = attacked (cant get away) - May be sick
77
Epigametic Sexual Characteristic: Mainland Moose (2)
- parasites are hurting the horns of the organisms | - Sexual selection is hurting reproduciton because they dont want the men with shit horns
78
Epigametic Sexual Characteristic: In all mating systems? (2)
- Often occurs when sexual dimorphism occurs | - Often in non-monogamous species (polygamous)
79
Dimorphism in Primates (2)
- Often strong (some do not have it) | - males have dramatic sexual characteristics
80
Sexual Selection: Direct Benefit Theory (5)
- Females are choosy because they have more to lose - Females want best genes to best have chance of having more success - Males must sell self using best phenotypes - Males are mostly average but it is a standard distribution (some better, some worse) - Males must bring direct benefits ( presents, etc...)
81
Direct Benefit Theory: Scorpion Flies
- extended phenotype used | - Build a shelter for the females
82
Good Gene Theory (2)
-good genes = better mate Indirect benefit theory -best genotypes are translated into the best phenotypes
83
Good Gene Theory: Assumptions (2)
- Females must be able to ID the best genes based on phenotypes - Females must ID cheaters
84
Good Gene Theory: Cheating to get mates (2)
-honest signals of healthy/ fit males is extremely costly -Therefore honest phenotypes are a handicap Handicap Hypothesis
85
Handicap Principle/ hypothesis (1 + example)
An honest phenotype would hinder survival to get a mate Ex. Peacocks tail -paradoxical (shouldnt be alive with the bulky tail but I am so I should be fit)
86
Good Gene Theory: How females detect good genes? (2 ways)
-better phenotypes = less parasites = better immune system -high parasite load makes them look less fit Hamilton-Zuk Hypothesis MHC pheromones: genetically determined smell (fingerprint smell) -Females likely pick up on the smell, may discriminate the males immune system
87
Good Gene Theory: Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis (2)
- Females choose the least parasitized males | - Means they have better immune system
88
Good Gene Theory: MHC Pheromones (2)
- genetic signature, therefore can smell how closely related organisms are - this helps dodge inbreeding - look for a mismatch
89
Good Gene Theory: Fluctuating asymmetry hypothesis (3)
- more symmetrical = more fit - humans find symmetrical faces most attractive - symmetry and odour may be correlated
90
Good Gene Theory: Fluctuating asymmetry hypothesis - Example (2)
-Birds may have excellent olfactory to judge mates, young in eggs, etc..
91
Runaway Selection Theory (5)
- two genes are involved (one expressed on each sexes side) - both genes in each sex but only one expressed based on their sex - The gene in females sets a preference to something - The gene in males has a gene that inherits the female preference - Better inheritance of the preferred gene and this causes a runaway to exaggerated this preferred trait
92
Runaway Selection Theory: genes used in this theory
Likely genes that express ornaments
93
Other factors in mate choice (3)
Learning Sexual Imprinting Cultural transmission
94
Other factors in mate choice: Learning (3 + example)
- Classical or instrumental conditioning - Young females choose mates based on how experienced females do - Could influence choice (not just innate) Harlow experiemnts: isolated baby monkey (they didnt learn about sex, etc..)
95
Other factors in mate choice: Sexual imprinting (4)
- chics imprint when born (follow that) -Mammals have something similar too (Filial imprinting) -closer to puberty sexual imprinting occurs (see what to 'like')
96
Other factors in mate choice: Cultural Transmission (5)
- Females may show to other females on what to pick - Genetic transmission of this knowledge is possible too - If this is true: many females will copy the matriarch - Then the males that mate will be fewer and some males will have even more success - Leads to more reproductive success variance
97
Other factors in mate choice: Cultural Transmission issues (2)
Copiers copying copiers is not helpful | Can be maladaptive
98
Sexual Selection: Good Gene Theory Example: Barn Sawllows
- Long tails handicap the birds survival - Long tails indicate parasitic resistance - But tail could even be advantageous (seen in wind tunnel)
99
Sensory Bias Theory: What kind of approach?
Proximate approach
100
Sensory Bias Theory (2)
- Choice in female driven by the intensity of the sensory simulation - respond to specific, predisposed sensory stimuli
101
Sensory Bias Theory: Swordtails (3)
- Xiphophorus genus: No all species have these swords - However, female in species without a sword are more interested in the opposite species with swords - These females responding to an ancestral gene for that preference
102
Sensory Bias Theory: Mallard Ducks + Others in NS (3)
- Mallard ducks are not from Canada (the males are very bright colours) - Female Black Ducks in NS are attracted to Mallards more than their own species - Male Black Ducks are not colourful
103
Hybridizing: Climate Change (2)
- Due to climate changes, species are beginning to overlap and hybridizing - Ex. Grizzly + Polar -Sensory Bias Theory may play a role in this in the future
104
Pinniped Sexual Dimorphism (2)
- Males much, much bigger than females | - Males can have ornaments too often
105
Ornaments: uses (3)
- Impress females - Assessment of other males - Intimidation of other males
106
Ornaments and Androgens: Connection (3)
- Ornaments could be linked to androgens - Ie. Bigger/better ornament = more androgens - Moose horns are linked to androgens 100%
107
When does testosterone / Androgens peak? (2)
- Right before mating season | - To deal with competition
108
Forced Mating (4)
- Happens in Elephant Seals, often - However, a lot of the time mating sounds forces (Cats, Dogs, etc...) - Females often do this on purpose (tease then resist) - Just part of the 'display'
109
Extended Phenotype: Sexual Selection (2)
- At times females look at the nest built, or the territory, etc.. - Look at an external resource a male secures
110
Extended Phenotype: Sexual Selection, How to be best phenotype (2)
- androgen correlated | - Get there first (this is a trade-off)
111
Extended Phenotype: Sexual Selection, Pied Flycatcher (1)
-Large territories held by males gives best chance to get females
112
Social Behaviour (def'n)
Interaction between 2 or more individuals of same species, in which 1 or more benefit from the behaviour
113
Social behaviour categories (4)
Sexual Parental/alloparental Agonistic (conflict) Affiliative (play)
114
Affiliative behaviour
Often done after Agonistic behaviour | Used to resolute conflict
115
Epimeletic (2)
- Car giving, altruistic behaviours | - By parents
116
Et-epimeletic (2)
- Care-soliciting behaviours | - Asking for help (baby
117
Allelomimetic (2)
- Social learning | - Doing same as others
118
Type of bonds (6)
``` Parent - offspring (persistent) Sibling- Sibling Female - Female Male - Male Male - Female ``` -After separation from mother sometimes they pair up
119
Sociogram = Ethogram (3)
Group interaction mapping dyad = 2 Triad = 3 Etc.... - # of relationships increases hugely with more individuals in the group
120
Dyads (3)
- Most common group interaction - Lower Vertebrates only do Dyads - Some higher order can handle more than dyads
121
Mammalian Social Organization: Mating Strategy (3)
degree of male or female choice Monagomous, etc. -Can often define the social system
122
Mammalian Social Organization: Gregariousness (5)
- Four Levels - Solitary - Aggregations - Group Permanence & Identity - Personal relationships within the group
123
Mammalian Social Organization: Gregariousness Solitary (2)
- Arguably cannot be 100% solitary due to mating and then parent - offspring - some lizards may be able to perform pathogenesis and therefore never mate
124
Mammalian Social Organization: Gregariousness Aggregations (4)
Herds (if not permanent) For protection, warmth, etc... - Often just to go to water to drink aggregate at a source - Ex. Giraffes
125
Mammalian Social Organization: Gregariousness Group Permanence & Identity (3)
- Herds that stay together really - They have some sort of ID -Ex. Rats: Have a specific scent for its group
126
Mammalian Social Organization: Gregariousness Personal relations within gorup (4)
- Not random - Can be political - Personality is a key - Often are leaders
127
Mammalian Social Organization: Intolerance (2)
- Intolerance to same/different sex | - Often not okay with other groups (think racism)
128
Mammalian Social Organization: Intolerance, Why? (1)
TO be competitive, to have better chances
129
Mammalian Social Organization: Affectional Bonds (2)
- Mostly mother-offspring | - Unless kin selection going on (nice to family really)
130
Mammalian Social Organization: Complexity of Communication (2)
- More social behaviour/ affectional bonds = more sophisticated behaviour - Ex. Bats, Whales
131
Mammalian Social Organization: Inbreeding Avoidance (2)
- Sex dispersion, have to spread out -Or Heirarchies Ex. Wolves: Family system, have an alpha and only those mate (stops inbreeding)
132
Mammalian Social Organization: Group Mobility (1)
- Movement can mess with social structure | - Precotial also essential
133
Mammalian Social Organization: Fecundity + Longevity (3)
- Can effect mobility too - # of young per female will slow em down - R vs. K Selected species
134
Mammalian Social Organization: Other Ecological Factors (5)
- Food - Space - Climate Stability factors essential (if there is stable factors or not) Ex. Wolves: bad weather = more social system
135
Poole 1985, Classification of mammalian social organization: (3)
Sociability Sexual strategies (mating systems can often determine social systems) Territoriality
136
Poole 1985, Classification of mammalian social organization: Eusocial sociality (4)
This is most often an insect thing that occurs: - Dedicated roles for individuals - Physiologies even vary between roles Ex. Naked Mole Rats
137
Poole 1985, Classification of mammalian social organization: Polygyny sociality (2)
- Male with Access to Females | - A harem
138
Poole 1985, Classification of mammalian social organization: Ephemeral sociality (2)
- Only aggregate when necessary (for water) | - Ex. Giraffes
139
Why live in different groups (6)
- Protection (heat, predatory) - Mate Location - Resource procurement - Division of labour - Culture/ learning - Population regulation
140
Advantages of group living: Protection (5)
-Physical Factors (warmth) Ex. Flying Squirrels and Dear Mice in Winter - Predation: - Safety in numbers - Ex. Musk Ox: protect young in middle
141
Advantages of group living: Division of labour (2)
- Eusocial, but can be otherwise | - Ranks or status (alloparental care)
142
Advantages of group living: Population Regulation (3)
- When in fixed groups the size can be regulated - Too big can lead to strains - Alphas kill other pups - Less competition
143
Disadvantages of group living (3)
- Increased competition for resources - Increased risk for disease, etc.. - Interference with reproduction
144
Social Carnivores: Advantages/ disadvantages of groups
-Cooperative hunting: Can tackle large prey, | hunt for long time (harassment) (Ex. Coyotes)
145
David Mech: Elismere Island Wolves
- Wolves on Elsmere Island have nuclear families | - Was pushing the idea of role, not a rank
146
Social Role Theory by Bernstein (2)
- Each individual has a social function (some division of labour) - Comes from observation that not all differences between individuals in a group are not determined by competition Not All are different due to competition (maybe roles instead)
147
Social Role Theory: Polyethism (2)
- multiple behaviours/ habits | - Animals will express different behaviours in a group
148
Social Role Theory: Roles (4)
Based on: - Age - Sex - Rank (where they are on the group) - Castes can also distribute roles
149
Social Role Theory: Role Profiles in Vervet Monkeys (7)
7 behaviours seen by the monkeys: - Jumping - Territorial chasing - Look out - Friendly approach - Social Focus - Leading group movements - Punishing
150
Social Role Theory: Group vs. Kin Selection (3)
Group Selection: works with social role theory Kin Selection: Does not work (this does not explain individual behaviours within groups_ - Kin works well with Role Theory
151
Agonism (4)
- A continuum of flight vs. fight - Attack to escape with in betweens - Threat: Loud, big - Appeasement: quiet, smaller -Exception: Bats (high vocalizations mean opposite)
152
Agonistic Behaviours (4)
- Hierarchy of behavioural patterns (aggression to submission) - Not always reciprocal - Species specific rules - Can be movement, vocalization, scent-marking
153
Aggression (def'n)
- Behaviour intended to inflict damage or fear on another | - Aggression is an act (noticeable)
154
Aggressiveness (4)
- A predisposition - Genetic - Hugely Nature Vs. Nurture - Not aggression
155
What causes aggressiveness (3)
- Fear/ Anxiety - Frustration - Overreaction to Threats
156
Submission (def'n)
behaviour intended to appease in order to avoid/escape aggression
157
Submissiveness (2)
Predisposition Genetic Like aggressiveness really
158
Submissiveness: Squat urination (3)
- If Alpha: Raised leg urination - If submissive: Squat urination - DOES NOT DETERMINE SEX OF DOG
159
Other Agonistic Behaviours (2)
Ignoring | Freezing: Not sure what to do (possibly very scared)
160
Dimensions of Agonistic Behaviour (4)
Form: what is the pattern/ looks like (Ethologist) Cause: what regulates (often Neuro-science) Function: Reasons (sociobiologists) Consequences: what effect (All groups)
161
Two dimensions of Agonistic behaviour (2)
Dispositional: individual factors (personality, genetic, etc..) that cause agonistic behaviours Situational: Contextual reactions
162
Two dimensions of Agonistic behaviour: Situational factors (6)
- Food - Mates - Progeny - Shelters - Territories - Competition for non- resources Rank/ Status *roles?*
163
Two dimensions of Agonistic behaviour: Situational factors, why? (2) De Waal (1)
- Extremely contextual - May try to take over if they can - Ex. Chimp with Canister: Could scare and have power over others by scaring them (the chimp was an omega)
164
Psychological processes in Agonistic behaviour (3)
Conative Affective COgnitive
165
Psychological processes in Agonistic behaviour: Conative (2)
Motivational factors | - Very Contextual
166
Psychological processes in Agonistic behaviour: Affective (2)
``` Social factors (emotions, etc...) - Other reasons (dislike) ```
167
Psychological processes in Agonistic behaviour: Cognitive (3)
- Perceptual and decisional factors - Social intelligence - Strategy, detect opportunities
168
Socio-cognitive Aspect of Dominance: Requirements (2)
Sorts of cognitive abilities needed: - Individual recognition and necessary social information processing (must recognize people) May not be necessary but definitely occurs if it can happen - Interactional learning: Learning from previous social experience
169
Where can Dominance Hierarchies occur?
Can occur in lower order species - Crayfish - Large brained organisms
170
Aggression: Types (2)
Overt: Trying to kill Covert: Threaten really
171
Barnett & Aggression (3)
Just wanted to talk about the behaviour (not put motive, likely animal does not know) Wanted to talk about how the behaviour effected the other
172
Treptic Behaviours (3)
characterized by approach or withdrawal Apotreptic Epitreptic
173
Treptic Behaviours: Apotreptic (1)
Causes conspecific to withdrawal (threaten) To avoid conflict via defending self, not run away
174
Treptic Behaviours: Epitrptic (1)
Causes conspecifics to approach (submit)
175
Intentions and Contexts for Agonistic behaviours: Berkowitz (2)
Hostile: anger, frustration Instrumental: strategy
176
Intentions and Contexts for Agonistic behaviours: Zillman (2)
Annoyance-motivated | Incentive-motivated: need something (food, etc...)
177
Intentions and Contexts for Agonistic behaviours: Dodge & Coie (2)
Reactive : anger, frustration | Proactive: Kill and eat (need food)
178
Offensive Vs. Defensive Aggression (2)
Offensive aggression: Initial aggression (to defend), to get something, it is unprovoked Defensive Aggression: Occurs out of fear , it is reciprocation
179
Redirected Aggression (2)
-Frustration comes out as aggression on someone else Ex. Rat in a Skinner Box: Teach it to get food, now stop it and they attack because of frustration
180
Predatory Behaviour (5)
Not considered aggression really It is very different - It is self stimulation - Often more calm - No effect on amphetamines - Librium increases All are opposite in other aggression
181
Aggression from a Neuroscience perspective (3)
- Intra Sexual Aggression: Often Male-Male - Fear-induced or aversion induced aggression - Irritable aggression or frustration-induced
182
Aggression from a Neuroscience perspective: Fear-induced or aversion induced aggression (2)
- In the Amygdala | - Fight or flight
183
Sociobiological models of Aggression/Dominance (4)
- Based on game theory - Hawk-Dove Game - War of Attrition game - Sequential Assessment Game
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Sociobiological models of Aggression/Dominance: Hawk-Dove Model (5)
Two styles of social interaction Hawk type: always the aggressor (risk taker) Dove- type: Retreat/ run away (often bluff) Bourgeois: If territorial act as the hawk Anti-Bourgeois: Act as dove when territorial
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Sociobiological models of Aggression/Dominance: Hawk-Dove Model (Bourgeois, anti-bourgeois) (2)
- Sub strategy | - Often used these based on competition
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Sociobiological models of Aggression/Dominance: War of Attrition Game (3)
-More flexible model - Assumes: The contest length is based on the value of what you are fighting for - Must also assume animals understand the risks
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Sociobiological models of Aggression/Dominance: Sequential Assessment game (3)
- Continual assessment during segments of interaction - Fight, pause, assess, continue - Start with least dangerous behaviour first and continue getting more aggressive (always re-assessing)
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Sociobiological models of Aggression/Dominance: Sequential Assessment game, the pros of the model (3)
- Scientist can predict outcome - Full fighting sequence looked at - Can ID give-up thresholds (when animals find its too much)
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Winner Effect (2)
Winning predicts more wins | - Pumps up androgens
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Loser Effect (3)
Losing predicts more losing - More gluccocordicoids - Could be cortisol or corticosterone (species specific)
191
Stress hormone route (2)
HPA axis to the APG axis | -HPA suppresses androgens, etc..
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Bystander effect (2)
Learning by observing future opponents | -Learn about who you may eventually fight with
193
Audience Effect
Individuals watching can change/ adjust their behaviours Behaviour changed by attendance of others
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Typologies of Aggression: How to look at Aggression really (2)
Causal: Aggression is a response to a stimulus Functional: Aggression is a solution to a problem
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Typologies of Aggression: Functional
Proximate: get more food, mates, etc... - Looks at the behaviours/ interactions Ultimate: Reproductive/ immune suppression - Looks more at the neuroscience, genes, etc...
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Typologies of Aggression: Archer 88
Based on Functional Aggression 3 types of aggression: - Protective (protect self) - Parental (protect young) - Competitive
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Typologies of Aggression: Moyer (8)
``` Predatory Intermale Fear-induced Irritable Sex-related: Similar to intermale Parental Instrumental (AKA proactive, non emotional aggression) Territorial: Under sex related now ```
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Typologies of Aggression: Ramirez (3)
Interspecific: Aggression between species (Defence) Intraspecific: Within species Indiscriminate: reactive
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Typologies of Aggression: Ramirez (new) (2)
Direct Aggression: Intent to hurt (offensive, defensive, irritable) Indirect: Intent to be aggressive - Displays
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Typologies of Aggression: Wilson (6)
``` Territorial Dominance Sexual Predatory Antipredatory Parent-Offspring ```
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Environmental variables on Aggression (2)
Developmental effects: Prenatal and perinatal influences (external stress can mess with this) Learning and experience: Essential to normal behaviour Nature first, second is nurture
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Characteristics of Dominance Hierarchies (3)
Frequency: amount of fights Duration Intensity
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Characteristics of Dominance Hierarchies: Structure and Dynamics (4)
Stability of group Size of group Individuals involved Availability of resources
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Characteristics of Dominance Hierarchies: Criteria for them (2)
- Must be asymmetrical (cannot be circular) - Can be same rank too
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Hierarchies in Mammals
9 / 19 groups have them
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Types of Hierarchies (3)
Species-specific: Some have huge hierarchies others you cannot tell Resource specific : very dependent on the resources Population specific : cultural (some pops do, others dont)
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Advantages of Hierarchies (2)
Simplicity | Stability

PSYO 2160 (4 decks)

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