Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYO 2160 > Midterm Two > Flashcards

Midterm Two Flashcards

1
Q

Urodela Class

A

Ampibia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Urodela (2)

A

Salamanders and Newts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

NS Species (5)

A 
Red-backed Salamander
Yellow-spotted Salamander
Blue-Spotted Salamander
Four-Toed Salamander
Red-Spotted Newt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Urodela Genus (1)

A

Plethodon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Plethodon Common name

A

Woodland salamanders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Plethodon morphs: Types (3)

A 
Red back (striped)
Lead back (non-striped)
Erythristic (all red)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Red back Plethodon morph: habitat + Anti-predatory behaviour (3)

A

Decidious wood
Immobility when threat from predators
lower stress levels in this morph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lead back Plethodon morph: habitat + Anti-predatory behaviour

A

Coniferous woods
Runs away from threat
High stress in this morph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Erythristic Plethodon morph: habitat + Anti-predatory behaviour

A 
Uncommon 
Deciduous woods (maples mostly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Urodela Development (2)

A

Direct development

Brooding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Urodela Direct Development (2)

A

no larval stage

Hatch into small salamanders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Urodela Brooding (2)

A

Mother protects eggs from others

Consume the dead eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Amphibian parental care: Modes (6)

A 
Egg attendance
Egg transport 
Tadpole attendance 
Tadpole transport 
Tadpole feeding 
Internal gestation in oviduct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Amphibian Reproduction (3)

A

4 - 17 eggs
Laid may to june
Hatch August or September

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Urodela Territorial behaviour (2)

A

Scent mark with pheromones

Actively defend territories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Urodela Olfaction (2)

A

Nasolabial groove

Nose-tapping response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Testudines (3)

A

Turtles & tortoises
Aquatic lifestyle (mostly)
Only turtles in NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Testudines features: Hibernation (4)

A

Hibernate under water
Stable temperature of 4C
October to April
Active: Mid-April - mid-October

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Testudines features: sex determination (2)

A

Temperature dependent

Exception: Wood Turtle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Testudines features: Maturation (3)

A

extended for most turtles
Over a decade
Long living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

NS Testudines species’ (4)

A

Painted
Snapping
Blanding’s
Wood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Eastern Painted Turtle: scientific name + size + status

A

Chrysemys picta picta
10 - 25 cm
Not Endangered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Painted Turtle: Canadian Sub-species (3)

A

Eastern: yellow plastron
Midland: Yellow with dark central pattern
Western: Yellow and red markings on plastron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Painted Turtle: Temperature

A

15C - 20C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Painted Turtle: nesting (3)

A

5 - 20 egs
may - july
can have 2 clutches in one season

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Painted Turtle: Sex (2)

A

30C incubation + = females

lower temps = males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Painted Turtle: maturity (2)

A

Males: 8 years
Females: 12 - 15 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Snapping Turtle: Scientific name + size (3)

A

Chelydra serpentina serpentina

Males: 47cms
Females 35 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Snapping Turtles: distribution

A

Maritimes to Saskatchewan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Snapping Turtles: maturity

A

15 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Snapping Turtles: Nesting

A

25 - 50 eggs
late spring lay
Early fall hatch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Snapping Turtles: Sex determination

A

warm or cool: females

Intermediate: Males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Blandings Turtle: Name + Size + status

A

Emtdoidea Blandingii

18 - 26 cm

Extremely endangered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Blandings Turtle: physical characteristics (2)

A

Yellow spots on shell

Yellow chin/ throat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Blandings Turtle: distribution

A

Quebed, Ontario, NS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Blandings Turtle: Maturity

A

15 - 25 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Blandings Turtle: Nesting (2)

A

15 eggs

laid mid to late june

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Blandings Turtle: Sexing

A

Temp dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Wood Turtle: Size + name

A

Glyptemys insculpta

16 - 25 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Wood Turtle: Livng area + distribution

A 
Riparian zone (very terrestrial) 
southern ontario and quebec, NB and NS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Wood Turtle: other characteristics (3)

A

Fast
Diurnal but hunts at night
Most terrestrial in NS, but still hibernates in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Wood Turtle: Maturity

A

18 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Wood Turtle: nesting (2)

A

Mate in last spring to fall

lay up to 20 eggs in June

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Wood Turtle: Longevity (2)

A

40 years in wild

58 in captivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Wood Turtle: sexual dimorphism (4)

A

minor
males have concave plastrons
female plastron is flat
Males have longer tails, longer claws, more colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Wood Turtle: Worm Stomping (2)

A

make fake rain by stomping feet

Causing worms to go to surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Wood Turtle: seasonal activity patterns (2)

A

based on sun and ground temperature because ectothermic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Wood Turtle: diet (6)

A 
Mushroom 
Inverts 
berries
moss
grass 
carrion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Wood Turtle: Cause for decline (5)

A 
illegal pet trade 
Road kill 
Agricultural deaths (blades low) 
Loss of habitat 
Habitat fragmentation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Atlantics Kemp’s Ridley Turtle: Name + status + size

A

Lepidochelys kempi
Endangered (most of all sea turtles)
35 - 75 cm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Atlanti logger head: Name + size

A

Caretta caretta caretta

85 cm to 1.2m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Atlantic Leatherback Turtle: name + size

A

Dermochelys coriacea coriacea

1.3 to 2.4 M

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Aggression in Dogs: Reasons (4)

A

Fearful/ anxiety
Protection of resources
Frustration
Pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Aggression in Dogs: signs (4)

A

Perked up ears
Tail up
weight on front feet
Waning eye (see the white portion of eye)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

fear in Dogs: signs (9)

A 
Tuck tail 
ears down 
head down 
sniffing ground 
weight on back legs
Lift paw
lick lips 
look away
eyes closed
Yawn
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Sexual Selection: Use (2)

A

Establish best genes

Determine Quality of genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Types sexual selection (2)

A

Inter-sexual

Intra-sexual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Males or females compete with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Intersexual Selection (3)

A

Males or females choose their mates

Males often compete
Females often choose
NOT ALWAYS TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Sexual Selection from Darwin: reasons for choice (3)

A

Maternal Care:
Limited number of ova
Child bearing is costly
Lactation is costly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Intrasexual Selection: territories and birds (2)

A

Larger territories = more fit

But trade-off to get territory
Leave early to get territory (but have to live in the cold)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Intrasexual Selection: Competition after mating (Examples) - 2

A

Lions: new pride leader = kill cubs

Mice: Bruce Effect (pheromones of new males will block the effect of female pregnancy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Intrasexual Selection: Male-Male Competition (4)

A

Androgen levels higher = aggression + Sex = often helps

comes down to 3 things
aggression
sperm competition
Kleptogamy (sneaking)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Intrasexual Selection: paternal care

A

Only when good chance/ guaranteed to be the father

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Intrasexual Selection: Wood Frogs (4)

A

Northern Quebec
first to vocalize in spring
sexual dimorphism (females with bigger ear membranes)
conduct kleptogamy/ sneak mating (hide next to singing males and steal females)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Sexual Selection: Independently of competition

A
  • Males evaluate/ assess the competition (may not even compete if no chance)
  • Females evaluate/ assess competition too
  • Male and female evaluate each other to see what choices are
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

K-Selected Species: Characteristics + Example:

Environment
Climate
Body size
Development speed
Longevity 
Offspring quality/ type
Reproduction strategy
Offspring quality 
Parental care
Parental investment in young
Mortality 
Infraspecific competition 
Territory
A 
Stable environment 
Constant/ predictable climate
Large bodies 
Slow Development 
Long life span 
precocial
Low number of offspring
Extensive care 
High investment 
Low mortality 
High competition 
There is territory

Ex. Elephants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

R-Selected species + example

Environment
Climate
Body size
Development speed
Longevity 
Offspring quality/ type
Reproduction strategy
Offspring quality 
Parental care
Parental investment in young
Mortality 
Infraspecific competition 
Territory
A

Opportunistic species

Unstable environs 
Variable climates 
Small bodies
Rapid Development 
Short life span 
Often Altricial babies
Reproduce alot 
minimal care 
low investment 
high mortality 
low competition 
rarely territorial

Ex. Rodents (often, some exceptions)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

K - Selection: Parental care COnt. (2)

A

Long dependency when scarce or low food

Primate have longest dependency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Reproductive success (3)

A 
# born
# weaned
# available for mating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Sexual Selection : Sexual Priorities (Male vs. Female)

A

Males: How many females that they can inseminate

Females: Limited by number of eggs you have (much larger constraint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Sexual Selection: assumptions (3)

A

Recognize your own species/ sub-species
Avoidance of inbreeding (ie. recognition key)
ID good genes based on phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Sexual Selection: Conflicts with this form of selection (2)

A

What each sex wants: Does it mean they are actually fit for survival

Investment is not even between sexes (females often invest more)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Epigametic Sexual Characteristic

A

Secondary characteristics that influence mates choice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Epigametic Sexual Characteristic: reason (2)

A
  • To advertise sex

- Shows health of endocrine system (better look = more healthy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Epigametic Sexual Characteristic: Peacock (2)

A

Better tail = more healthy

  • Missing feathers = attacked (cant get away)
  • May be sick
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

Epigametic Sexual Characteristic: Mainland Moose (2)

A
  • parasites are hurting the horns of the organisms

- Sexual selection is hurting reproduciton because they dont want the men with shit horns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Epigametic Sexual Characteristic: In all mating systems? (2)

A
  • Often occurs when sexual dimorphism occurs

- Often in non-monogamous species (polygamous)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

Dimorphism in Primates (2)

A
  • Often strong (some do not have it)

- males have dramatic sexual characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Sexual Selection: Direct Benefit Theory (5)

A
  • Females are choosy because they have more to lose
  • Females want best genes to best have chance of having more success
  • Males must sell self using best phenotypes
  • Males are mostly average but it is a standard distribution (some better, some worse)
  • Males must bring direct benefits ( presents, etc…)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Direct Benefit Theory: Scorpion Flies

A
  • extended phenotype used

- Build a shelter for the females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

Good Gene Theory (2)

A

-good genes = better mate
Indirect benefit theory
-best genotypes are translated into the best phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Good Gene Theory: Assumptions (2)

A
  • Females must be able to ID the best genes based on phenotypes
  • Females must ID cheaters
84
Q

Good Gene Theory: Cheating to get mates (2)

A

-honest signals of healthy/ fit males is extremely costly
-Therefore honest phenotypes are a handicap
Handicap Hypothesis

85
Q

Handicap Principle/ hypothesis (1 + example)

A

An honest phenotype would hinder survival to get a mate

Ex. Peacocks tail
-paradoxical (shouldnt be alive with the bulky tail but I am so I should be fit)

86
Q

Good Gene Theory: How females detect good genes? (2 ways)

A

-better phenotypes = less parasites = better immune system
-high parasite load makes them look less fit
Hamilton-Zuk Hypothesis

MHC pheromones: genetically determined smell (fingerprint smell)
-Females likely pick up on the smell, may discriminate the males immune system

87
Q

Good Gene Theory: Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis (2)

A
  • Females choose the least parasitized males

- Means they have better immune system

88
Q

Good Gene Theory: MHC Pheromones (2)

A
  • genetic signature, therefore can smell how closely related organisms are
  • this helps dodge inbreeding
  • look for a mismatch
89
Q

Good Gene Theory: Fluctuating asymmetry hypothesis (3)

A
  • more symmetrical = more fit
  • humans find symmetrical faces most attractive
  • symmetry and odour may be correlated
90
Q

Good Gene Theory: Fluctuating asymmetry hypothesis - Example (2)

A

-Birds may have excellent olfactory to judge mates, young in eggs, etc..

91
Q

Runaway Selection Theory (5)

A
  • two genes are involved (one expressed on each sexes side)
  • both genes in each sex but only one expressed based on their sex
  • The gene in females sets a preference to something
  • The gene in males has a gene that inherits the female preference
  • Better inheritance of the preferred gene and this causes a runaway to exaggerated this preferred trait
92
Q

Runaway Selection Theory: genes used in this theory

A

Likely genes that express ornaments

93
Q

Other factors in mate choice (3)

A

Learning
Sexual Imprinting
Cultural transmission

94
Q

Other factors in mate choice: Learning (3 + example)

A
  • Classical or instrumental conditioning
  • Young females choose mates based on how experienced females do
  • Could influence choice (not just innate)

Harlow experiemnts: isolated baby monkey (they didnt learn about sex, etc..)

95
Q

Other factors in mate choice: Sexual imprinting (4)

A
  • chics imprint when born (follow that)
    -Mammals have something similar too
    (Filial imprinting)
    -closer to puberty sexual imprinting occurs (see what to ‘like’)
96
Q

Other factors in mate choice: Cultural Transmission (5)

A
  • Females may show to other females on what to pick
  • Genetic transmission of this knowledge is possible too
  • If this is true: many females will copy the matriarch
  • Then the males that mate will be fewer and some males will have even more success
  • Leads to more reproductive success variance
97
Q

Other factors in mate choice: Cultural Transmission issues (2)

A

Copiers copying copiers is not helpful

Can be maladaptive

98
Q

Sexual Selection: Good Gene Theory Example: Barn Sawllows

A
  • Long tails handicap the birds survival
  • Long tails indicate parasitic resistance
  • But tail could even be advantageous (seen in wind tunnel)
99
Q

Sensory Bias Theory: What kind of approach?

A

Proximate approach

100
Q

Sensory Bias Theory (2)

A
  • Choice in female driven by the intensity of the sensory simulation
  • respond to specific, predisposed sensory stimuli
101
Q

Sensory Bias Theory: Swordtails (3)

A
  • Xiphophorus genus: No all species have these swords
  • However, female in species without a sword are more interested in the opposite species with swords
  • These females responding to an ancestral gene for that preference
102
Q

Sensory Bias Theory: Mallard Ducks + Others in NS (3)

A
  • Mallard ducks are not from Canada (the males are very bright colours)
  • Female Black Ducks in NS are attracted to Mallards more than their own species
  • Male Black Ducks are not colourful
103
Q

Hybridizing: Climate Change (2)

A
  • Due to climate changes, species are beginning to overlap and hybridizing
  • Ex. Grizzly + Polar

-Sensory Bias Theory may play a role in this in the future

104
Q

Pinniped Sexual Dimorphism (2)

A
  • Males much, much bigger than females

- Males can have ornaments too often

105
Q

Ornaments: uses (3)

A
  • Impress females
  • Assessment of other males
  • Intimidation of other males
106
Q

Ornaments and Androgens: Connection (3)

A
  • Ornaments could be linked to androgens
  • Ie. Bigger/better ornament = more androgens
  • Moose horns are linked to androgens 100%
107
Q

When does testosterone / Androgens peak? (2)

A
  • Right before mating season

- To deal with competition

108
Q

Forced Mating (4)

A
  • Happens in Elephant Seals, often
  • However, a lot of the time mating sounds forces (Cats, Dogs, etc…)
  • Females often do this on purpose (tease then resist)
  • Just part of the ‘display’
109
Q

Extended Phenotype: Sexual Selection (2)

A
  • At times females look at the nest built, or the territory, etc..
  • Look at an external resource a male secures
110
Q

Extended Phenotype: Sexual Selection, How to be best phenotype (2)

A
  • androgen correlated

- Get there first (this is a trade-off)

111
Q

Extended Phenotype: Sexual Selection, Pied Flycatcher (1)

A

-Large territories held by males gives best chance to get females

112
Q

Social Behaviour (def’n)

A

Interaction between 2 or more individuals of same species, in which 1 or more benefit from the behaviour

113
Q

Social behaviour categories (4)

A

Sexual
Parental/alloparental
Agonistic (conflict)
Affiliative (play)

114
Q

Affiliative behaviour

A

Often done after Agonistic behaviour

Used to resolute conflict

115
Q

Epimeletic (2)

A
  • Car giving, altruistic behaviours

- By parents

116
Q

Et-epimeletic (2)

A
  • Care-soliciting behaviours

- Asking for help (baby

117
Q

Allelomimetic (2)

A
  • Social learning

- Doing same as others

118
Q

Type of bonds (6)

A 
Parent - offspring (persistent)
Sibling- Sibling 
Female - Female
Male - Male
Male - Female

-After separation from mother sometimes they pair up

119
Q

Sociogram = Ethogram (3)

A

Group interaction mapping

dyad = 2
Triad = 3
Etc….

  • # of relationships increases hugely with more individuals in the group
120
Q

Dyads (3)

A
  • Most common group interaction
  • Lower Vertebrates only do Dyads
  • Some higher order can handle more than dyads
121
Q

Mammalian Social Organization: Mating Strategy (3)

A

degree of male or female choice

Monagomous, etc.

-Can often define the social system

122
Q

Mammalian Social Organization: Gregariousness (5)

A
  • Four Levels
  • Solitary
  • Aggregations
  • Group Permanence & Identity
  • Personal relationships within the group
123
Q

Mammalian Social Organization: Gregariousness

Solitary (2)

A
  • Arguably cannot be 100% solitary due to mating and then parent - offspring
  • some lizards may be able to perform pathogenesis and therefore never mate
124
Q

Mammalian Social Organization: Gregariousness

Aggregations (4)

A

Herds (if not permanent)

For protection, warmth, etc…

  • Often just to go to water to drink aggregate at a source
  • Ex. Giraffes
125
Q

Mammalian Social Organization: Gregariousness

Group Permanence & Identity (3)

A
  • Herds that stay together really
  • They have some sort of ID

-Ex. Rats: Have a specific scent for its group

126
Q

Mammalian Social Organization: Gregariousness

Personal relations within gorup (4)

A
  • Not random
  • Can be political
  • Personality is a key
  • Often are leaders
127
Q

Mammalian Social Organization: Intolerance (2)

A
  • Intolerance to same/different sex

- Often not okay with other groups (think racism)

128
Q

Mammalian Social Organization: Intolerance, Why? (1)

A

TO be competitive, to have better chances

129
Q

Mammalian Social Organization: Affectional Bonds (2)

A
  • Mostly mother-offspring

- Unless kin selection going on (nice to family really)

130
Q

Mammalian Social Organization: Complexity of Communication (2)

A
  • More social behaviour/ affectional bonds = more sophisticated behaviour
  • Ex. Bats, Whales
131
Q

Mammalian Social Organization: Inbreeding Avoidance (2)

A
  • Sex dispersion, have to spread out

-Or Heirarchies
Ex. Wolves: Family system, have an alpha and only those mate (stops inbreeding)

132
Q

Mammalian Social Organization: Group Mobility (1)

A
  • Movement can mess with social structure

- Precotial also essential

133
Q

Mammalian Social Organization: Fecundity + Longevity (3)

A
  • Can effect mobility too
  • # of young per female will slow em down
  • R vs. K Selected species
134
Q

Mammalian Social Organization: Other Ecological Factors (5)

A
  • Food
  • Space
  • Climate

Stability factors essential (if there is stable factors or not)

Ex. Wolves: bad weather = more social system

135
Q

Poole 1985, Classification of mammalian social organization: (3)

A

Sociability
Sexual strategies (mating systems can often determine social systems)
Territoriality

136
Q

Poole 1985, Classification of mammalian social organization: Eusocial sociality (4)

A

This is most often an insect thing that occurs:

  • Dedicated roles for individuals
  • Physiologies even vary between roles

Ex. Naked Mole Rats

137
Q

Poole 1985, Classification of mammalian social organization: Polygyny sociality (2)

A
  • Male with Access to Females

- A harem

138
Q

Poole 1985, Classification of mammalian social organization: Ephemeral sociality (2)

A
  • Only aggregate when necessary (for water)

- Ex. Giraffes

139
Q

Why live in different groups (6)

A
  • Protection (heat, predatory)
  • Mate Location
  • Resource procurement
  • Division of labour
  • Culture/ learning
  • Population regulation
140
Q

Advantages of group living: Protection (5)

A

-Physical Factors (warmth)
Ex. Flying Squirrels and Dear Mice in Winter

  • Predation:
  • Safety in numbers
  • Ex. Musk Ox: protect young in middle
141
Q

Advantages of group living: Division of labour (2)

A
  • Eusocial, but can be otherwise

- Ranks or status (alloparental care)

142
Q

Advantages of group living: Population Regulation (3)

A
  • When in fixed groups the size can be regulated
  • Too big can lead to strains
  • Alphas kill other pups
  • Less competition
143
Q

Disadvantages of group living (3)

A
  • Increased competition for resources
  • Increased risk for disease, etc..
  • Interference with reproduction
144
Q

Social Carnivores: Advantages/ disadvantages of groups

A

-Cooperative hunting: Can tackle large prey,

hunt for long time (harassment) (Ex. Coyotes)

145
Q

David Mech: Elismere Island Wolves

A
  • Wolves on Elsmere Island have nuclear families

- Was pushing the idea of role, not a rank

146
Q

Social Role Theory by Bernstein (2)

A
  • Each individual has a social function (some division of labour)
  • Comes from observation that not all differences between individuals in a group are not determined by competition
    Not All are different due to competition (maybe roles instead)
147
Q

Social Role Theory: Polyethism (2)

A
  • multiple behaviours/ habits

- Animals will express different behaviours in a group

148
Q

Social Role Theory: Roles (4)

A

Based on:

  • Age
  • Sex
  • Rank (where they are on the group)
  • Castes can also distribute roles
149
Q

Social Role Theory: Role Profiles in Vervet Monkeys (7)

A

7 behaviours seen by the monkeys:

  • Jumping
  • Territorial chasing
  • Look out
  • Friendly approach
  • Social Focus
  • Leading group movements
  • Punishing
150
Q

Social Role Theory: Group vs. Kin Selection (3)

A

Group Selection: works with social role theory
Kin Selection: Does not work (this does not explain individual behaviours within groups_
- Kin works well with Role Theory

151
Q

Agonism (4)

A
  • A continuum of flight vs. fight
  • Attack to escape with in betweens
  • Threat: Loud, big
  • Appeasement: quiet, smaller

-Exception: Bats (high vocalizations mean opposite)

152
Q

Agonistic Behaviours (4)

A
  • Hierarchy of behavioural patterns (aggression to submission)
  • Not always reciprocal
  • Species specific rules
  • Can be movement, vocalization, scent-marking
153
Q

Aggression (def’n)

A
  • Behaviour intended to inflict damage or fear on another

- Aggression is an act (noticeable)

154
Q

Aggressiveness (4)

A
  • A predisposition
  • Genetic
  • Hugely Nature Vs. Nurture
  • Not aggression
155
Q

What causes aggressiveness (3)

A
  • Fear/ Anxiety
  • Frustration
  • Overreaction to Threats
156
Q

Submission (def’n)

A

behaviour intended to appease in order to avoid/escape aggression

157
Q

Submissiveness (2)

A

Predisposition
Genetic
Like aggressiveness really

158
Q

Submissiveness: Squat urination (3)

A
  • If Alpha: Raised leg urination
  • If submissive: Squat urination
  • DOES NOT DETERMINE SEX OF DOG
159
Q

Other Agonistic Behaviours (2)

A

Ignoring

Freezing: Not sure what to do (possibly very scared)

160
Q

Dimensions of Agonistic Behaviour (4)

A

Form: what is the pattern/ looks like (Ethologist)
Cause: what regulates (often Neuro-science)
Function: Reasons (sociobiologists)
Consequences: what effect (All groups)

161
Q

Two dimensions of Agonistic behaviour (2)

A

Dispositional: individual factors (personality, genetic, etc..) that cause agonistic behaviours
Situational: Contextual reactions

162
Q

Two dimensions of Agonistic behaviour: Situational factors (6)

A
  • Food
  • Mates
  • Progeny
  • Shelters
  • Territories
  • Competition for non- resources
    Rank/ Status roles?
163
Q

Two dimensions of Agonistic behaviour: Situational factors, why? (2)

De Waal (1)

A
  • Extremely contextual
  • May try to take over if they can
  • Ex. Chimp with Canister: Could scare and have power over others by scaring them (the chimp was an omega)
164
Q

Psychological processes in Agonistic behaviour (3)

A

Conative
Affective
COgnitive

165
Q

Psychological processes in Agonistic behaviour: Conative (2)

A

Motivational factors

- Very Contextual

166
Q

Psychological processes in Agonistic behaviour: Affective (2)

A 
Social factors (emotions, etc...) 
- Other reasons (dislike)
167
Q

Psychological processes in Agonistic behaviour: Cognitive (3)

A
  • Perceptual and decisional factors
  • Social intelligence
  • Strategy, detect opportunities
168
Q

Socio-cognitive Aspect of Dominance: Requirements (2)

A

Sorts of cognitive abilities needed:

  • Individual recognition and necessary social information processing (must recognize people) May not be necessary but definitely occurs if it can happen
  • Interactional learning: Learning from previous social experience
169
Q

Where can Dominance Hierarchies occur?

A

Can occur in lower order species

  • Crayfish
  • Large brained organisms
170
Q

Aggression: Types (2)

A

Overt: Trying to kill
Covert: Threaten really

171
Q

Barnett & Aggression (3)

A

Just wanted to talk about the behaviour
(not put motive, likely animal does not know)

Wanted to talk about how the behaviour effected the other

172
Q

Treptic Behaviours (3)

A

characterized by approach or withdrawal
Apotreptic
Epitreptic

173
Q

Treptic Behaviours: Apotreptic (1)

A

Causes conspecific to withdrawal (threaten)

To avoid conflict via defending self, not run away

174
Q

Treptic Behaviours: Epitrptic (1)

A

Causes conspecifics to approach (submit)

175
Q

Intentions and Contexts for Agonistic behaviours: Berkowitz (2)

A

Hostile: anger, frustration
Instrumental: strategy

176
Q

Intentions and Contexts for Agonistic behaviours: Zillman (2)

A

Annoyance-motivated

Incentive-motivated: need something (food, etc…)

177
Q

Intentions and Contexts for Agonistic behaviours: Dodge & Coie (2)

A

Reactive : anger, frustration

Proactive: Kill and eat (need food)

178
Q

Offensive Vs. Defensive Aggression (2)

A

Offensive aggression: Initial aggression (to defend), to get something, it is unprovoked
Defensive Aggression: Occurs out of fear , it is reciprocation

179
Q

Redirected Aggression (2)

A

-Frustration comes out as aggression on someone else

Ex. Rat in a Skinner Box: Teach it to get food, now stop it and they attack because of frustration

180
Q

Predatory Behaviour (5)

A

Not considered aggression really
It is very different

  • It is self stimulation
  • Often more calm
  • No effect on amphetamines
  • Librium increases

All are opposite in other aggression

181
Q

Aggression from a Neuroscience perspective (3)

A
  • Intra Sexual Aggression: Often Male-Male
  • Fear-induced or aversion induced aggression
  • Irritable aggression or frustration-induced
182
Q

Aggression from a Neuroscience perspective: Fear-induced or aversion induced aggression (2)

A
  • In the Amygdala

- Fight or flight

183
Q

Sociobiological models of Aggression/Dominance (4)

A
  • Based on game theory
  • Hawk-Dove Game
  • War of Attrition game
  • Sequential Assessment Game
184
Q

Sociobiological models of Aggression/Dominance: Hawk-Dove Model (5)

A

Two styles of social interaction

Hawk type: always the aggressor (risk taker)
Dove- type: Retreat/ run away (often bluff)

Bourgeois: If territorial act as the hawk
Anti-Bourgeois: Act as dove when territorial

185
Q

Sociobiological models of Aggression/Dominance: Hawk-Dove Model (Bourgeois, anti-bourgeois) (2)

A
  • Sub strategy

- Often used these based on competition

186
Q

Sociobiological models of Aggression/Dominance: War of Attrition Game (3)

A

-More flexible model

  • Assumes: The contest length is based on the value of what you are fighting for
  • Must also assume animals understand the risks
187
Q

Sociobiological models of Aggression/Dominance: Sequential Assessment game (3)

A
  • Continual assessment during segments of interaction
  • Fight, pause, assess, continue
  • Start with least dangerous behaviour first and continue getting more aggressive (always re-assessing)
188
Q

Sociobiological models of Aggression/Dominance: Sequential Assessment game, the pros of the model (3)

A
  • Scientist can predict outcome
  • Full fighting sequence looked at
  • Can ID give-up thresholds (when animals find its too much)
189
Q

Winner Effect (2)

A

Winning predicts more wins

- Pumps up androgens

190
Q

Loser Effect (3)

A

Losing predicts more losing

  • More gluccocordicoids
  • Could be cortisol or corticosterone (species specific)
191
Q

Stress hormone route (2)

A

HPA axis to the APG axis

-HPA suppresses androgens, etc..

192
Q

Bystander effect (2)

A

Learning by observing future opponents

-Learn about who you may eventually fight with

193
Q

Audience Effect

A

Individuals watching can change/ adjust their behaviours

Behaviour changed by attendance of others

194
Q

Typologies of Aggression: How to look at Aggression really (2)

A

Causal: Aggression is a response to a stimulus
Functional: Aggression is a solution to a problem

195
Q

Typologies of Aggression: Functional

A

Proximate: get more food, mates, etc…
- Looks at the behaviours/ interactions
Ultimate: Reproductive/ immune suppression
- Looks more at the neuroscience, genes, etc…

196
Q

Typologies of Aggression: Archer 88

A

Based on Functional Aggression

3 types of aggression:

  • Protective (protect self)
  • Parental (protect young)
  • Competitive
197
Q

Typologies of Aggression: Moyer (8)

A 
Predatory 
Intermale 
Fear-induced
Irritable
Sex-related: Similar to intermale
Parental
Instrumental (AKA proactive, non emotional aggression)
Territorial: Under sex related now
198
Q

Typologies of Aggression: Ramirez (3)

A

Interspecific: Aggression between species (Defence)
Intraspecific: Within species
Indiscriminate: reactive

199
Q

Typologies of Aggression: Ramirez (new) (2)

A

Direct Aggression: Intent to hurt (offensive, defensive, irritable)
Indirect: Intent to be aggressive
- Displays

200
Q

Typologies of Aggression: Wilson (6)

A 
Territorial 
Dominance
Sexual 
Predatory 
Antipredatory 
Parent-Offspring
201
Q

Environmental variables on Aggression (2)

A

Developmental effects: Prenatal and perinatal influences (external stress can mess with this)

Learning and experience: Essential to normal behaviour

Nature first, second is nurture

202
Q

Characteristics of Dominance Hierarchies (3)

A

Frequency: amount of fights
Duration
Intensity

203
Q

Characteristics of Dominance Hierarchies: Structure and Dynamics (4)

A

Stability of group
Size of group
Individuals involved
Availability of resources

204
Q

Characteristics of Dominance Hierarchies: Criteria for them (2)

A
  • Must be asymmetrical
    (cannot be circular)
  • Can be same rank too
205
Q

Hierarchies in Mammals

A

9 / 19 groups have them

206
Q

Types of Hierarchies (3)

A

Species-specific: Some have huge hierarchies others you cannot tell
Resource specific : very dependent on the resources
Population specific : cultural (some pops do, others dont)

207
Q

Advantages of Hierarchies (2)

A

Simplicity

Stability

PSYO 2160 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions