Midterm One Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
Taxon
A
Taxonomical unit
2
Q
Taxonomy (3)
A
AKA Systematics,
theory/ technique of naming
describing
classifying organisms
3
Q
Taxonomic ‘classes’
A
Phylum, Class, Order, family, genus, species
4
Q
Vertebrate Taxonomy (3)
A
chordata, craniata, vertebrata
5
Q
list of Amniotic classes
A
Reptiles, birds, mammals
6
Q
Amniote def’n
A
Hard shell, or gestation sac
7
Q
Anamniotic classes
A
Amphibians, Osteichthyes, Chondrichthyes, Agnathans
8
Q
Anamniote Def’n
A
Soft shell (porous)
9
Q
Homeothermic organisms
A
Birds, Mammals
10
Q
Pilkiothermic Organisms
A
Reptiles, Amphibians, Osteichthyes, Chondrichthyes, Agnathans
11
Q
Sauropsida (+ the other name)
A
Diapsida, Birds + Reptiles
12
Q
Squamata
A
Snakes + Lizards
13
Q
Lepidosauria
A
Squamata + Sphenodontida
14
Q
Ancestral divergence of major classes
A
Fish to Amphibians to Ancestral Reptiles To split
One: Mammals diverged
Two: Modern Reptiles + Birds
15
Q
Amphibian Orders
A
Anoura: Frogs + Toads
Urodela: Salamander
Gymnophiona: Worm-like ‘caecilians’
16
Q
Amphibian Ancestry
A
Lungfish
17
Q
Reptilian orders
A
Chelonia: Turtles
Lepidosauria: Squamata + Rhynchocephalia (Tuataras)
Archosauria: Crocodiles, etc…
18
Q
Mammalian subclasses
A
Prototheria: Echidna + Platypus, egg-laying mammals
Metatheria: Marsupials
Eutheria: Placentals
19
Q
Mammalian Skull Type
A
Synapsid
20
Q
Eutheria perspectives: Primates
A
Former: Prosimii + Anthropoidea
Anthropoidea: Platyrhini (new world monkeys) + Caterhinii (old word monkeys
New Perspective: Strepsirhini (nocturnal) + Haplorhini (modern)
21
Q
Eutheria Perspectives: Carnivora
A
Former: Pinnipeds + Fissipeds
Modern: Dog-like + Cat-like
22
Q
Eutheria Prospective: Rodentia
A
Former: Mouse-like+ Squirrel-like + Porcupine-like
Modern: Mouse-like & squirrel-like + Porcupine-like
23
Q
Animal Behaviour: Study Interests (4)
A
- Interests in Taxon
- Interest in Patterns
- Interest in processes
- Interest in more broad questions (development)
24
Q
Animal Behaviour Approaches (3)
A
- Conceptual Approaches: how processes work
- Empirical Approaches: Experimental
- Theoretical Approaches: theory (mathematical)
25
Tinbergen legs of Animal Behaviour
Immediate causation, mechanisms
Evolution
Function
Development
26
Biological questions (2 approaches)
Proximal: Look at here and now (physiological, cognitive, social) (How)
Distal: Looks at how organisms got there (evolution, ancestral) (why)
27
Sub-categotes of biological questions (2)
Proximate: Causation and development (How)
Ultimate: Evolution and Function (why)
28
Dimensions of Analysis (12)
How things can interact:
| Ecosystem, inter-species, species, population, group, pair, individual, system, organ, tissue, cell, molecular
29
Dimension of Analysis: 4 ways to look at these
- control mechanisms/ immediate causation (sensory, motor, endocrine, cognition
- Development + Genetics
- Evolution/ Phylogeny (history)
- Function/ Development (shaping of behaviour)
30
Fields in Animal Behaviour (3+*)
Psychology
Biology
Anthropology (primatology)
Peripheral Interests (social science, neuroscience, computer science)
31
Animal Behaviour Applications
```
Animal training
aquaculture/ zootech
animal science
Veterinary
Pet therapy
conservation
pest control
```
32
Comparative Psychology
animal behaviour form a psychological perspective
33
Comparative Psychology: focus (5)
```
physiology
development
Social behaviour
animal learning
cognition
```
34
Comparative Psychology: How to study Animal Behaviour (3)
Experimental method
lab studies
hypothetico-deductive approach
35
Ethology Def'n
systematic, direct observation and description of animal behaviour in natural or semi-natural environments
36
Ethology: Focus (3)
Innate behaviours
species-specific behaviours
Patterns
37
Ethology: Criticisms (2)
Neglect covert processes (more complex) ie. it simplifies
| No experimental controls
38
Ethology: Approaches (2)
Inductive: Observation and theory making
Idiographic: Small research/ case studies, generalize based on few observations
39
Sociobiology Creator
EO Wilson
40
Sociobiology: Focus (3*)
Using evolutionary Biology:
Ecology
Genetics
Population biology
41
Sociobiology: Similarities (2)
Hybrid to Ethology
| Overlap with Behavioural Ecology ( sometimes a sub-category)
42
Behavioural ecology Def'n
Look at values of behaviours for survival
| huge focus on survival
43
Behavioural Ecology: Areas of Study (5)
```
Energy budget
Interaction between social behaviour and habitat
foraging strategies
Reproductive strategies
Game Theory model
```
44
Ethology Vs. Behavioural Ecology: differences in study
Behavioural: strategies and environment
Ethology: tactics, behaviour/actions (more mechanistic)
45
Fixed Action Patterns (FAPs) : Def'n, stimulation
Innate actions with a specific pattern that occur in a variety of organisms (each species with specific FAPs)
Stimulation can be internal or an external stimulus (a trigger and often specific), action never varies
All or nothing action: once commenced it cannot stop
46
Reflex vs. FAPs
Reflex: sensory input causes a motor output
FAP: Sensory input, combined with central input causes a pattern
47
FAPs: More advanced versions
MAPs + Action Sequences
| FAPs are more simplistic versions
48
Action Sequence (3)
complex
much less innate (can be stopped or paused)
Predictable (most of the time)
49
Hoarding & Caching (2 Types)
Larder: Hoarding close to home
Scatter: All over
This is an action dog-like carnivores do, will occur very predictably but often can be in strange cases (when there is no dirt)
50
Hoarding & Caching: Steps (3)
Carry + Site Inspection
Pawing + Digging
Tamping + Scooping
51
Vole FAPs
Cleaning is an FAP
| Will not stop even when predator stimulus is present
52
FAPs and Evolution
More FAPs does not indicate less evolution
53
FAPs: Pros + Cons
Advantages: Simple automated actions are simple
Disadvantages: can be wasteful (energy + time)
54
Issues with FAPs (3)
How innate/ instinctual are they?
Predictability: FAPs must adhere to rules due to predictability (known as syntax)
Context: occurs for specific reasons (Semantics)
55
Observational Research: Issues (2)
Bias or misinterpretation if guess behavioural action
| Bias when recording
56
Observational Research: Issues (3 fancy words)
Amphibologic: Behaviour/ categories ambiguous (context of an action is essential to come up with a theory, etc...
Autochthonous: Behaviour activated by own drive
Allochthonous: Not activated by drive (done but does not help survival, like play)
57
Observational Research: Issues (2 examples)
Differential observability: Individuals, groups, species, etc... not being observed equally (some are being seen more than others, maybe some hiding)
Identification of subjects: sometimes very hard (cant be sexed, etc...)
58
Field Vs. Lab Research: Pros/ Cons (5)
```
Field:
Ecological validity
Cannot control variables
Cannot control subjects
No environmental control
No control of daily actions (timing, access, schedules, etc..)
```
In the lab it is exactly opposite
59
Comparative Studies: Def'n
Focus on explicit trait comparisons (between two groups)
between species, genera, taxa, etc....
Often compare adaptive behaviours
60
Comparative Studies: Methods (4)
Correlational
Experimental
Observational
Hybrid
61
Comparative Studies: How to compare and contrast (2 terms)
Convergence: Homology (ancestral link)
Divergence: Homoplasy/analogy (no ancestral link)
62
Comparative Studies: Approaches (3)
Evolutionary: Assume ancestry and focus on homology (taxonomical tool)
Non-Evolutionary: Assume analogous and explore behaviour across species (study Reproductive isolating mechanisms)
August-Krogh Principle: Use an organism and an example (solve/ question common issue using model organisms)
(woodpecker + concussions or Sharks+ Cancer)
63
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms (5)
```
Chromosomal (wrong numbers)
Mechanical (size issues)
Bio-rhythmical (mating seasons off)
Ecological (different habitats)
Behavioural (cannot recognize specific mate-recognition systems)
```
64
Comparative Studies: Levels of comparison
Genetic: strains, sub-species, breeds
Specific: species, genus, family, super-family (best for homologous studies)
Phyletic: Class, Order, Phylum (best for analogous studies)
65
Evolution: Def'n
change in frequency of alleles in population over generations
66
Evolution in Animal Behaviour: Cincepts (3)
Natural Selection: Species-level adaptations
Individual Learning: individuals adapting (self-learning)
Cultural Transmission: Social Learning (it is trans-generational)
67
Evidence of Evolution (5)
```
Molecular Genetics
Anatomy/ Morphology
Embryology
Biogeography
Palaeontology
```
68
Size Levels of Evolution (2)
Macroevolution: Larger than species level
Microevolution: Gene frequencies
69
Evolutionary Forces: for behaviour (4)
```
Mutation/ Gene Flow (most often bad/neutral)
Gene flow (Migration of new alleles)
Genetic Drift (Stochastic Events)
Geographic Isolation (founder effect or bottlenecks)
```
70
Fitness Def'n
Likelihood of survival
71
Adaptation Def'n
Changes in a trait due to selection pressure
| Dependent on the environment
72
Trait Def'n
A characteristic that selection can act upon
Affects reproduction + survival
A non-neutral characteristic
73
Selective Agent Def'n
Cause of selective pressure on a trait
74
prerequisite of traits for Natural Selection (4)
Variation
Fitness Consequences
Limited Resources
Mode of Inheritance
75
Types of Fitness (3)
Direct Fitness
Indirect Fitness
Inclusive Fitness
76
Direct Fitness Def'n
Simple Darwinian fitness
| better fitness = more reproduction
77
Direct Fitness: Types (3)
- Traits improve survival
- Correlated traits: genes can help others (ie. pleiotropy, linkage, epistasis)
- Sexual Selection: Traits affect how mates are chosen (Non-random mating) (Intra-sexual)
78
Indirect Fitness Def'n
Conspecific helping behaviour (like ant colony or Naked Mole Rat)
79
Inclusive Fitness Def'n
Bit of both (direct and indirect fitness)
Kin Selection
Help with family
80
Species interactions (3)
Competition
Cooperation
Symbiosis
81
Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS)
Irreplaceable strategy (cannot be improved)
82
Evolutionary Stable Strategy
| 2 types
Pure ESS: One strategy for the entire population
| Mixed ESS: Multiple strategies for the entire population
83
Types of Selection (3)
Artificial Selection
Natural Selection
Group Selection
84
Artificial Selection Def'n
Selected by humans
85
Natural Selection Def'n
Kin or Sexual Selection
86
Group Selection Def'n
Survival via voluntary behaviour
87
Group Levels of Evolution (6)
```
Gene (selfish gene theory)
Gamete (sperm competition)
Individual (Individual Selection)
mate pairs (Sexual Selection)
Family (Kin Selection)
Group (Group Selection)
```
88
Products of Evolution (3)
- Adaptation
- Carried along traits/ by-products
- Noise/ Random Effects
89
Noise/Random Effects (A product of evolution) (3)
- Chance mutations
- Environmental Changes
- Chance Effects
90
Non-Adaptive Traits: How do they stay around? (3)
- Gene Flow
- Pleiotropy
- Linkage
- Epistasis
91
Progressivism Fallacy Def'n
- Most traits adapt over time but they all adapt at different rates
- Some are extremely slow
92
Purposeivism Fallacy Def'n
- Evolution does not mean complexity
- simplicity can be better
- derived not advanced
- Ancestral not primal
93
Challenges of Natural Selection (5)
- Adoption: Explained via kin selection or hormones)
- Non-Kin Altruism (reciprocal
- Homosexual Behaviour (just a fun time, like play)
- Symbiosis
- Risk-Taking Behaviour (dun/ shows dominance)
94
Weasel Family
Mustelids
95
Mustelid taxonomy
- Mammal
- Carnivora (Dog-like)
- Mustelid
96
Mustelid Genera (8)
- Lutra (River Otter)
- Enhydra (Sea Otter)
- Martes (Marten + Fisher)
- Mustela (Weasels + Black-footed Ferret)
- Neovision (Mink)
- Taxidea (Badger)
- Gulo (Wolverine)
- Mephitus, Conepatus, Spilogale (skunks)
97
Mustelid Characteristics (7)
- Musk Gland
- Solitary
- Sexually Dimorphic
- Delayed implantation
- Intelligent, aggressive
- Domesticated
- Big in Fur Industry
98
Corollary in Mustelids: Def'n
Seasonal fur changes
99
Mechanisms for Corollary
- Endocrine system mechanism
- Hormonal mechanism and related to time of day
- In spring, days are longer causing high melatonin suppression causing high MSH and gonadotropins to darken fur
100
Cat Family
Felids
101
Felid Taxonomy
Mammalia
| Carnivora (cat-like)
102
Felid Orders (4)
- Ailuroidea
- Feloidea
- Feliformia
- Ailuromorpha
103
Felid Genera (4)
Felis (Small cats)
Neofelis (clouded leopard)
Panthera (Big cats)
Acinonyx (Cheetah)
104
North America Felid Species
Mexico/USA (4)
Canada/USA (5)
```
Mexico/ US:
-Jaguar
-Ocelot
-Margay
-Jaguarundi
Canada/US:
-Cougar
-Puma
-Mountain Lion
-Lynx
-Bobcat
```
105
Felids: Specialist Vs. Generalist
Specialist: Lynx
Generalist: Bobcat
106
Cougar: Location, Habitat, Diet
- West Coast to down to S. America
- Habitat: Mountain, forest, swamp
- Diet: Deer, rodents, Hare, etc...
- Slow Reproduction
107
Canadian Lynx
Specialist
Eat Hare
Live in Boreal Forest
108
Bobcat
Generalist
| Prefer Wooded area + rabbit
