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PSYO 2160 > Midterm One - Rewritten > Flashcards

Midterm One - Rewritten Flashcards

1
Q

Mustelid species (12)

A
  • Marten
  • Fisher
  • Wolverine
  • Sea Otter (not in NS)
  • River Otter
  • Least Weasel (not is NS)
  • Shorttail Weasel (white in Winter)
  • Longtail Weasel (not in NS)
  • Black-footed ferret (not in NS)
  • Mink
  • Badger
  • Skunk
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2
Q

Marker of Mink domestication (2)

A
  • White patches

- Mark of domestication

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3
Q

Largest Mustelid (1)

A

Wolverine

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4
Q

Badgers mutualism (2)

A
  • Mutualistic with Coyotes

- Hunt for rabbits with them

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5
Q

Fisher: Prey they eat (2)

A

Porcupines

- Only ones that will risk going after a porcupine

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6
Q

Skunks compared to other Mustelids (4)

A
  • Less aggressive
  • Less cognition
  • Much more bulky
  • Possibly a different family
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7
Q

Mustelids main characteristics (8)

A
  • Musk glands
  • Solitary
  • Delayed implantation
  • Sexually dimorphic (size)
  • Intelligent
  • Aggressive hunters
  • Important in fur industry
  • Domestication possible
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8
Q

Sea Mink (2)

A
  • Used to be in NS
  • Now extinct
  • Otters had same fate on East Coast
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9
Q

Mustelid hunting patterns (3)

A
  • Follow sleeping patterns of preys
  • Often hunt then sleep (in hour intervals)
  • Just like Voles (follow their sleeping patterns)
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10
Q

Mustelid sleeping habits(4)

A
  • Diurnal
  • Nocturnal
  • Precostual (dawn and dusk)
  • Dependent on species
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11
Q

Short-tailed Weasel: Seasonal colour change (2)

A
  • Turns white in winter

- Changes due to hormonal changes due day length/daylight

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12
Q

Mechanisms for Corollary change (5)

A
  • Hormonal
  • When days shorten more melatonin produced from pineal gland
  • MSH and gonadotropins lower
  • Allows for white coats
  • More light causes melatonin suppression allowing coloured coats
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13
Q

Taxa levels (6)

A 
Phylum 
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
(sub-species)
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14
Q

Taxon

A

Taxonomical unit

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15
Q

Taxonomy (3)

A

AKA Systematics,
theory/ technique of naming
describing
classifying organisms

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16
Q

Vertebrate Taxonomy (3)

A

chordata, craniata, vertebrata

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17
Q

list of Amniotic classes (3)

A

Reptiles, birds, mammals

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18
Q

Amniote def’n (2)

A

Hard shell, or gestation sac

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19
Q

Anamniotic classes (4)

A

Amphibians, Osteichthyes, Chondrichthyes, Agnathans

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20
Q

Anamniote Def’n

A

Soft shell (porous)

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21
Q

Homeothermic organisms (2)

A

Birds, Mammals

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22
Q

Pilkiothermic Organisms (5)

A

Reptiles, Amphibians, Osteichthyes, Chondrichthyes, Agnathans

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23
Q

Sauropsida (+ the other name) (3)

A

Diapsida, Birds + Reptiles

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24
Q

Squamata (2)

A

Snakes + Lizards

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25
Q

Lepidosauria (2)

A

Squamata + Sphenodontida

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26
Q

Ancestral divergence of major classes (3)

A

Fish to Amphibians to Ancestral Reptiles To split
One: Mammals diverged
Two: Modern Reptiles + Birds

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27
Q

Amphibian Orders(3)

A

Anoura: Frogs + Toads
Urodela: Salamander
Gymnophiona: Worm-like ‘caecilians’

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28
Q

Amphibian Ancestry (3)

A

Chelonia: Turtles
Lepidosauria: Squamata + Rhynchocephalia (Tuataras)
Archosauria: Crocodiles, etc…

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29
Q

Mammalian subclasses(3)

A

Prototheria: Echidna + Platypus, egg-laying mammals
Metatheria: Marsupials
Eutheria: Placentals

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30
Q

Birds distinguishing characteristics (2)

A
  • Hard shell eggs

- Homeothermic

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31
Q

Mammals Evolved from?

A
  • Reptiles
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32
Q

North American Marsupial

A

Opossum

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33
Q

Amount of orders in Placentals

A

18

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34
Q

Ungulates orders(2)

A
  • Perissodactyla

- Artiodactyla

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35
Q

Closest mammals to primates (2)

A
  • Rodents

- Lagomorpha (rabbits/ hares)

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36
Q

Classification of primates (historical perspective) (4)

A

Divide in 2 groups:

  • Prosimii (noctural primates, not similar to humans)
  • Anthropoidea (Platyrhinii - new world- and Catarhinii - old world)
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37
Q

Classification of Primates (new perspective) (2)

A
  • Strepsirhini (nocturnal)

- Haplorhini (diurnal - just combine catarhinii and platyrhinii)

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38
Q

Carnivora historical perspective (2)

A

2 groups

  • Pinnipeds (sea carnivores)
  • Fissipeds (land larnivores)
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39
Q

Carnivora new perspecive (4)

A

2 groups

  • Dog-like (early offshoot = mustelids)
  • Cat-like (hyena is more cat)
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40
Q

Rodent Historical respective (3)

A

Three groups

  • Mouse-like
  • Squirrel-like (beavers too)
  • Porcupine- like (many contridictions)
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41
Q

Rodent new Perspective (4)

A

2 Groups

  • Squirrel-like and Mouse-like (altricial young)
  • Porcupine-like (precocial young)
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42
Q

Rodent order size compared to all mammals (1)

A

-more than 50% of the mammalia class

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43
Q

Marsupial young: Altricial or Precocial?

A
  • Precocial
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44
Q

Human young Vs. Chimp young (precocial vs. Altricial) (4)

A
  • Humans Altricial
  • Chimps much closer to precocial
  • Evolved into altricial (likely allowed more brain development)
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45
Q

Why get into animal behaviour (4)

A
  • Interest in species/ taxon
  • Interest in process (theory of mind in chimps)
  • Interest in a pattern (behaviour that you are interested in)
  • Interest in broad questions (often other fields in animal behaviour)
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46
Q

Approaches in Animal Behaviour (3 + explanation)

A
  • Conceptual: How you think of biological processes
  • Empirical: experimental/ observational
  • Theoretical: go out and test (models, theories, hypotheses)

Empirical and theoretical can be the same

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47
Q

Four Legs of Animal Behaviour (Tinbergen) (5)

A
  • Used Mayers approach
  • Ultimate approach: evolution and function
  • Proximal Approach: Development and Causation
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48
Q

Mayers approach (3)

A
  • 2 approaches to biological study
  • Proximal: Here and now (physiology, processes, etc…)
  • Distal: More evolutionary in perspective
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49
Q

Tinbergen: Proximate Approach (4)

A

In the moment (how it works

  • Immediate Causation
  • Mechanisms
  • development/ Ontology
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50
Q

Tinbergen: Ultimate Approach (3)

A
  • In the past, what we get too
  • Evolution (behaviour based on the structure) - hugely inferred
  • Function: Heavily on adaptation to current conditions
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51
Q

EO Wilson

A

Created Social Biology

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52
Q

What can Phenotypes Show (4)

A
  • Morphology
  • Biochemistry
  • Behaviour
  • Anatomy
53
Q

Tinbergen and his dimension of analysis (2)

A
  • To know everything about an organism you need to know everything about each dimension (12 interactions)
  • Also need to know about each leg of animal behaviour at each dimension (make 48 levels)
54
Q

Fields of Animal Behaviour (3)

A
  • Psychology
  • Biology : 3 subtypes
  • Anthropology (often just focus on primates)
55
Q

Fields of Animal Behaviour: Biology sub-types (3)

A
  • Ethology
  • Sociobiology
  • Behavioural ecology
56
Q

Fields of Animal Behaviour: Anthropology (3)

A
  • Anthrozoology: human-animal relationship
  • Cultural
  • Biological
57
Q

Other fields attached to Animal Behaviour (7)

A
  • Computer science: AI by looking at evolution
  • Neuroscience
  • Social Sciences
  • Service animals
  • Animals Sciences
  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Conservation
58
Q

Skinners Missile Piloting Pigeons (2)

A
  • Pigeons trained to peck at moving target (that looks like a boat)
  • Harness on the pigeon and it guides the missile
59
Q

Comparative Psychology (4)

A
  • Lab based
  • First to study animal behaviour
  • Behaviourist (classical and operant behaviour can explain all behaviour)
  • Very much nurture based too
60
Q

Ethology (7)

A
  • Observational, in the field
  • Develop theories from in the field
  • Study overt behaviours (noticeable behaviours)
  • Limited control of what is being studied
  • No control
  • Idiographic: looks at one individual at a time
  • Generalize from few observations
61
Q

Criticisms of Ethology (2)

A
  • Observations may only be anecdotes

- Single cases doesn’t mean all populations do this

62
Q

Sociobiology (2)

A
  • brought genetics (population genetics) into ethology

- Hybrid of ecology and ethology

63
Q

Behavioural Ecology (2)

A
  • Changed from sociobiology
  • Moved away from sociobiology after trying to compare races of humans
  • Heavy interest in trade-offs, cost-benefit analysis
64
Q

Comparing Behavioural ecology to ethology (4)

A
  • Behavioural ecology: Looks at strategies (looks at the functions of behaviour)
  • Ethology: Looks at tactics (often looks at forms of behaviour)
65
Q

FAPS (3)

A

Fixed action patterns

  • Instinctive movements
  • A sign stimulus causes a FAP (there is an innate releasing mechanism that starts the process)
66
Q

Examples of FAPS (5)

A
  • Red dot on beak caused regurgitation
  • Yawning in humans?
  • Chinchilas and sand
  • Goose egg rolling
  • Human grasping reflex
67
Q

Reflex Vs. FAP (2)

A
  • Reflex only from sensory input then motor output

- FAP has some sort of central input (ie. innate releasing mechanism) and sensory input before motor output

68
Q

Characteristics of FAPs (6)

A
  • Genetically encoded
  • Spontaneous (innate)
  • No individual differences (not 100%)
  • No effect from sensory feedback (the pattern must start and finish)
  • Independent of immediate control (Just have to finish even if they are at risk)
  • Predictable
69
Q

Evolution of FAPs (2)

A

Turned to an MAP (modal action pattern)

Then into Action Sequences

70
Q

Action Sequences (6)

A
  • Adds flexibility to FAPs
  • Allows for less predictable FAPs really
  • Range of predicability to the sequence
  • More complex
  • Much less innate (may be effected by learning and such
  • Can be distracted (momentarily stop)
71
Q

Hoarding and Caching (5)

A

Hoard: Stockpiling food
Caching: Hiding food

  • Larder Hoarding: caching near home
  • Scatter Hoarding: Caching in scattered sites

Food is a sign stimulus and a action sequence kicks in to cache the food

72
Q

Food caching sequences in Canids (3)

A

Elements of the sequence:

  • Carrying and site inspection (find a spot to hide)
  • Pawing and digging (dig the hole)
  • Tamping and scooping (covering the hole)
73
Q

FAPS/ Action Sequences across Canids (4)

A
  • Foxes are more primitive
  • Foxes are less social (no cooperative hunting, etc)
  • Hoarding and Caching is easier (small prey)/ smarter to do for foxes (more to lose)
  • Foxes use action sequences much more
74
Q

Vole Grooming (4)

A
  • Action Sequence for their grooming
  • Rodents groom when stressed (even when predators are flying over)
  • When goose flew over didn’t care
  • When hawk flew over it groomed
75
Q

FAP Myth (1)

A

Not true that less evolution = more FAPs

76
Q

Advantages of FAPs (4)

A
  • Simple
  • Automatic
  • Predictable responses to easy stimuli
  • Like autopilot to help make tasks easy (can go wrong too)
77
Q

Disadvantages of FAPs (2)

A
  • They are spontaneous (triggered regardless of situation)

- Can also be a waste of time or resources

78
Q

Stickleback FAP issues (7)

A
  • Stickleback will do displays to a red flower pedal
  • Stimulus is just simply red (too simple)
  • Start doing FAPs uselessly
  • Bloated or red bellied females start FAPs
  • Red males = aggression
  • Red males + posture = extra aggression (summation here)
79
Q

Supernormal stimuli (1)

A

Fake stimuli causes strong responses (think like make up)

80
Q

Issues with FAPs: Questions that can be asked (4)

A
  • Are patterns innate/ instinctual or learned? (nature or nurture)
  • Spatiotemporal expression or structure of behaviour
  • Syntax / rules: Rules for behaviour/ exceptions (Ie. predictability of the behaviour)
  • Semantics: The context of the pattern (ie. FAP is behaviour happens so out of context)
81
Q

Hailman/ Ficken Chickadee study (2)

A
  • Chickadees use syllables for specific contexts (ie. communicate about stuff)
82
Q

Issues with observational research (4)

A
  • Biases
  • interpretation mistakes (video included)
  • Differential observability (sometimes don’t see individuals)
  • ID of subjects (who is who)
83
Q

Amphibologic behaviours (2)

A
  • Behaviours are ambiguous (hard to be able to tell what the behaviour is)
  • (ie. think about fighting and playing)
84
Q

Field Vs. Lab (5)

A

Field:

  • Ecological validity
  • No control of variables
  • No control on subjects
  • No control on environment
  • No timing control, etc..

Lab: Exactly opposite

85
Q

Comparative studies issues (1)

A
  • Convergent evolution (analogous traits)
86
Q

Comparative Studies: how to do them (4)

A
  • Can experiment,
  • use correlation,
  • observe
  • hybrid of these
87
Q

Comparative studies: what to study (5)

A
  • Convergence
  • Divergence
  • Adaptive behaviours
  • Can compare taxa
  • Can compare populations
88
Q

Analogy/ homoplasy

A

Convergent evolution

89
Q

Homology

A

From same ancestry

90
Q

comparative study methods (3)

A
  • Evolutionary Approach (ancestry/ based on homologies)
  • Non-Evolutionary approach (about anologies)
  • August Krogh Principle (use a species to investigate a problem - think woodpecker and concussions
91
Q

reproductive isolating mechanisms (5)

A
  • Chromosomal
  • mechanical (size)
  • biorhythmic (breeding season off)
  • Ecological (diff habitats)
  • Behavioural (recognition to mating/ communication)
92
Q

Marmota Genus: reproductive isolating mechanisms (6)

A

3 species
- Different habitats
- Different seasons
- Influences social systems (social with olympus)
- allows differentiation
(olympic marmot high altitudes, yellow bellied lower, wood chuck lowest)

93
Q

Marmota Genus: reasons for organization (3)

A
  • Olympic is more colonial
  • Stays with parents longer
  • Less food (that is why)
94
Q

Levels of comparisons (3)

A

Genetic: species and lower
Specific: Genus and up
Phyletic: orders and up

95
Q

Felid genera (4)

A

Felis : small cats
Neofelis : clouded leopard
Panthera : big cats
Acinonyx: cheetah

96
Q

North American Felids (4 in US/Mexico and 3 in Canada)

A
  • Jaguar
  • Ocelots
  • Margay
  • Jaguarundi
  • Cougar
  • Bobcat
  • Lynx
97
Q

Cougars (range) (2)

A
  • In Western Canada/ USA and down into S. America

- Many ‘spottings’ in East coast

98
Q

Cougar characteristics (3)

A
  • More generalist
  • Odd reproductive cycle
  • Long gestation
99
Q

Canada Lynx (2)

A
  • Specialist

- Predator-Prey cycle with Hare

100
Q

Bobcat (2)

A
  • Generalist

- Technically a Lynx

101
Q

Lynx Hybrids (2)

A
  • Bobcat and Lynx mated

- Common occurrence

102
Q

Foundations of animal behaviour (3)

A
  • natural Selection : species level adaptation
  • Individual Learning : individual- level adaptations
  • Cultural Transmission : social learning (trans-generational)
103
Q

Evidence of Evolution (5)

A 
Molecular Genetics
Embryology (shows common ancestry)
Anatomy/ morphology 
Biogeography
Palaeontology
104
Q

Levels of evolution (2)

A

Microevolution (mutations in small increments)

Macroevolution (major changes)

105
Q

4 main forces of evolution (in order)

A

Mutations
Gene flow
Genetic Drift
Geographic isolation

106
Q

Fitness (1)

A
  • Sum of features that increase or decrease the liklihood of survival and reproduction
107
Q

Adaptations (2)

A
  • Influences fitness

- Changes to survive in an environment

108
Q

Trait (2)

A
  • Phenotype that allows to survive and reproduce (or not)

- Will be passed on too

109
Q

Selective Agent (2)

A
  • Often only nature

- Pressure on a trait to adapt

110
Q

Needs for natural selection (4)

A
  • Variation (to allow for differences and change)
  • Fitness (advantage or disadvantage to allow change over time)
  • Inheritance (too pass on fitness)
  • Limited Resources (allow competition and change)
111
Q

Subtypes of Fitness (3)

A

Darwinian/ direct fitness: better genes = more success
Indirect fitness: interactions with conspecifics (helping family; kin)
Inclusive fitness: both

112
Q

Direct fitness : 3 types

A
  • Traits improve chances of survival
  • Correlated traits (epistasis)
  • Sexual Selection (improving intrasexual competition)
113
Q

Grey Squirrels: Sexual selection (5)

A
  • Used to be always grey
  • Now 50/50 grey and black
  • Black ones are likely more preferred by females
  • Black ones could be more assertive
  • Black coat may be linked another trait (pleiotropy)
114
Q

Reproductive success (3)

A 
# of offspring 
# of weaned individuals 
# of individuals able to mate
115
Q

Reciprocal Altruism

A
  • Taking risk for another (often not related) with the assumption the other with help you back later
116
Q

Spiteful Behaviour (2)

A
  • Much more rare in animals

- Animals excellent at deescalation

117
Q

Symbiosis

A
  • interaction between two different species
118
Q

Symbiosis types (3)

A
  • Mutualism (both benefit)
  • Commensalism (one benefits, other unaffected)
  • Parasitism (one benefits, other damaged)
119
Q

Evolutionary stable strategies (3)

A

Non replaceable strategies
Pure ESS: single strategy for all in the pop
Mixed ESS: Combo of strategies used by all

120
Q

Types of Selection (3)

A
  • Artificial (selective breeding)
  • Natural Selection (Kin and sexual)
  • Group Selection (voluntary behaviour to help the species; helping those who are unrelated)
121
Q

Levels of Evolution (6)

A 
Gene (selfish gene theory) 
Gamete (sperm competition)
Individual (individual selection)
Mating Pair (sexual Selection)
Immediate/ extended family (kin selection)
Group level (group selection
122
Q

Products of evolution

A
  • Adaptations
  • By products (carried along traits)
  • Noise or random effects (either non selected or random)
123
Q

Products of evolution: Random effects (3)

A
  • Chance mutation
  • Sudden environmental change
  • Chance developmental effects
124
Q

Maintaining non adaptive traits

A

Gene flow
Pleiotropy
Linkage
Epistasis

125
Q

Progressivism Fallacy

A
  • Adapting traits does not mean direction of improvement or perfection
126
Q

Purposivism Fallacy (2)

A
  • Evolution does not equal increase in complexity

- Complexity is not always better

127
Q

culture examples

A

Japanese Macaque
Great tits
Wolves and hierarchies

128
Q

Challenges to natural selection (5)

A
  • Adoption
  • Altruism with non-kin
  • Homosexual behaviour
  • Risk-taking behaviour
  • Symbiosis
129
Q

Challenges to natural selection: Adoption

A
  • May be hormonal
  • May be societal
  • Learn by practice

PSYO 2160 (4 decks)

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