Midterm One - Rewritten Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
Mustelid species (12)
A
- Marten
- Fisher
- Wolverine
- Sea Otter (not in NS)
- River Otter
- Least Weasel (not is NS)
- Shorttail Weasel (white in Winter)
- Longtail Weasel (not in NS)
- Black-footed ferret (not in NS)
- Mink
- Badger
- Skunk
2
Q
Marker of Mink domestication (2)
A
- White patches
- Mark of domestication
3
Q
Largest Mustelid (1)
A
Wolverine
4
Q
Badgers mutualism (2)
A
- Mutualistic with Coyotes
- Hunt for rabbits with them
5
Q
Fisher: Prey they eat (2)
A
Porcupines
- Only ones that will risk going after a porcupine
6
Q
Skunks compared to other Mustelids (4)
A
- Less aggressive
- Less cognition
- Much more bulky
- Possibly a different family
7
Q
Mustelids main characteristics (8)
A
- Musk glands
- Solitary
- Delayed implantation
- Sexually dimorphic (size)
- Intelligent
- Aggressive hunters
- Important in fur industry
- Domestication possible
8
Q
Sea Mink (2)
A
- Used to be in NS
- Now extinct
- Otters had same fate on East Coast
9
Q
Mustelid hunting patterns (3)
A
- Follow sleeping patterns of preys
- Often hunt then sleep (in hour intervals)
- Just like Voles (follow their sleeping patterns)
10
Q
Mustelid sleeping habits(4)
A
- Diurnal
- Nocturnal
- Precostual (dawn and dusk)
- Dependent on species
11
Q
Short-tailed Weasel: Seasonal colour change (2)
A
- Turns white in winter
- Changes due to hormonal changes due day length/daylight
12
Q
Mechanisms for Corollary change (5)
A
- Hormonal
- When days shorten more melatonin produced from pineal gland
- MSH and gonadotropins lower
- Allows for white coats
- More light causes melatonin suppression allowing coloured coats
13
Q
Taxa levels (6)
A
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (sub-species)
14
Q
Taxon
A
Taxonomical unit
15
Q
Taxonomy (3)
A
AKA Systematics,
theory/ technique of naming
describing
classifying organisms
16
Q
Vertebrate Taxonomy (3)
A
chordata, craniata, vertebrata
17
Q
list of Amniotic classes (3)
A
Reptiles, birds, mammals
18
Q
Amniote def’n (2)
A
Hard shell, or gestation sac
19
Q
Anamniotic classes (4)
A
Amphibians, Osteichthyes, Chondrichthyes, Agnathans
20
Q
Anamniote Def’n
A
Soft shell (porous)
21
Q
Homeothermic organisms (2)
A
Birds, Mammals
22
Q
Pilkiothermic Organisms (5)
A
Reptiles, Amphibians, Osteichthyes, Chondrichthyes, Agnathans
23
Q
Sauropsida (+ the other name) (3)
A
Diapsida, Birds + Reptiles
24
Q
Squamata (2)
A
Snakes + Lizards
25
Lepidosauria (2)
Squamata + Sphenodontida
26
Ancestral divergence of major classes (3)
Fish to Amphibians to Ancestral Reptiles To split
One: Mammals diverged
Two: Modern Reptiles + Birds
27
Amphibian Orders(3)
Anoura: Frogs + Toads
Urodela: Salamander
Gymnophiona: Worm-like 'caecilians'
28
Amphibian Ancestry (3)
Chelonia: Turtles
Lepidosauria: Squamata + Rhynchocephalia (Tuataras)
Archosauria: Crocodiles, etc...
29
Mammalian subclasses(3)
Prototheria: Echidna + Platypus, egg-laying mammals
Metatheria: Marsupials
Eutheria: Placentals
30
Birds distinguishing characteristics (2)
- Hard shell eggs
| - Homeothermic
31
Mammals Evolved from?
- Reptiles
32
North American Marsupial
Opossum
33
Amount of orders in Placentals
18
34
Ungulates orders(2)
- Perissodactyla
| - Artiodactyla
35
Closest mammals to primates (2)
- Rodents
| - Lagomorpha (rabbits/ hares)
36
Classification of primates (historical perspective) (4)
Divide in 2 groups:
- Prosimii (noctural primates, not similar to humans)
- Anthropoidea (Platyrhinii - new world- and Catarhinii - old world)
37
Classification of Primates (new perspective) (2)
- Strepsirhini (nocturnal)
| - Haplorhini (diurnal - just combine catarhinii and platyrhinii)
38
Carnivora historical perspective (2)
2 groups
- Pinnipeds (sea carnivores)
- Fissipeds (land larnivores)
39
Carnivora new perspecive (4)
2 groups
- Dog-like (early offshoot = mustelids)
- Cat-like (hyena is more cat)
40
Rodent Historical respective (3)
Three groups
- Mouse-like
- Squirrel-like (beavers too)
- Porcupine- like (many contridictions)
41
Rodent new Perspective (4)
2 Groups
- Squirrel-like and Mouse-like (altricial young)
- Porcupine-like (precocial young)
42
Rodent order size compared to all mammals (1)
-more than 50% of the mammalia class
43
Marsupial young: Altricial or Precocial?
- Precocial
44
Human young Vs. Chimp young (precocial vs. Altricial) (4)
- Humans Altricial
- Chimps much closer to precocial
- Evolved into altricial (likely allowed more brain development)
45
Why get into animal behaviour (4)
- Interest in species/ taxon
- Interest in process (theory of mind in chimps)
- Interest in a pattern (behaviour that you are interested in)
- Interest in broad questions (often other fields in animal behaviour)
46
Approaches in Animal Behaviour (3 + explanation)
- Conceptual: How you think of biological processes
- Empirical: experimental/ observational
- Theoretical: go out and test (models, theories, hypotheses)
Empirical and theoretical can be the same
47
Four Legs of Animal Behaviour (Tinbergen) (5)
- Used Mayers approach
- Ultimate approach: evolution and function
- Proximal Approach: Development and Causation
48
Mayers approach (3)
- 2 approaches to biological study
- Proximal: Here and now (physiology, processes, etc...)
- Distal: More evolutionary in perspective
49
Tinbergen: Proximate Approach (4)
In the moment (how it works
- Immediate Causation
- Mechanisms
- development/ Ontology
50
Tinbergen: Ultimate Approach (3)
- In the past, what we get too
- Evolution (behaviour based on the structure) - hugely inferred
- Function: Heavily on adaptation to current conditions
51
EO Wilson
Created Social Biology
52
What can Phenotypes Show (4)
- Morphology
- Biochemistry
- Behaviour
- Anatomy
53
Tinbergen and his dimension of analysis (2)
- To know everything about an organism you need to know everything about each dimension (12 interactions)
- Also need to know about each leg of animal behaviour at each dimension (make 48 levels)
54
Fields of Animal Behaviour (3)
- Psychology
- Biology : 3 subtypes
- Anthropology (often just focus on primates)
55
Fields of Animal Behaviour: Biology sub-types (3)
- Ethology
- Sociobiology
- Behavioural ecology
56
Fields of Animal Behaviour: Anthropology (3)
- Anthrozoology: human-animal relationship
- Cultural
- Biological
57
Other fields attached to Animal Behaviour (7)
- Computer science: AI by looking at evolution
- Neuroscience
- Social Sciences
- Service animals
- Animals Sciences
- Veterinary Medicine
- Conservation
58
Skinners Missile Piloting Pigeons (2)
- Pigeons trained to peck at moving target (that looks like a boat)
- Harness on the pigeon and it guides the missile
59
Comparative Psychology (4)
- Lab based
- First to study animal behaviour
- Behaviourist (classical and operant behaviour can explain all behaviour)
- Very much nurture based too
60
Ethology (7)
- Observational, in the field
- Develop theories from in the field
- Study overt behaviours (noticeable behaviours)
- Limited control of what is being studied
- No control
- Idiographic: looks at one individual at a time
- Generalize from few observations
61
Criticisms of Ethology (2)
- Observations may only be anecdotes
| - Single cases doesn't mean all populations do this
62
Sociobiology (2)
- brought genetics (population genetics) into ethology
| - Hybrid of ecology and ethology
63
Behavioural Ecology (2)
- Changed from sociobiology
- Moved away from sociobiology after trying to compare races of humans
- Heavy interest in trade-offs, cost-benefit analysis
64
Comparing Behavioural ecology to ethology (4)
- Behavioural ecology: Looks at strategies (looks at the functions of behaviour)
- Ethology: Looks at tactics (often looks at forms of behaviour)
65
FAPS (3)
Fixed action patterns
- Instinctive movements
- A sign stimulus causes a FAP (there is an innate releasing mechanism that starts the process)
66
Examples of FAPS (5)
- Red dot on beak caused regurgitation
- Yawning in humans?
- Chinchilas and sand
- Goose egg rolling
- Human grasping reflex
67
Reflex Vs. FAP (2)
- Reflex only from sensory input then motor output
| - FAP has some sort of central input (ie. innate releasing mechanism) and sensory input before motor output
68
Characteristics of FAPs (6)
- Genetically encoded
- Spontaneous (innate)
- No individual differences (not 100%)
- No effect from sensory feedback (the pattern must start and finish)
- Independent of immediate control (Just have to finish even if they are at risk)
- Predictable
69
Evolution of FAPs (2)
Turned to an MAP (modal action pattern)
| Then into Action Sequences
70
Action Sequences (6)
- Adds flexibility to FAPs
- Allows for less predictable FAPs really
- Range of predicability to the sequence
- More complex
- Much less innate (may be effected by learning and such
- Can be distracted (momentarily stop)
71
Hoarding and Caching (5)
Hoard: Stockpiling food
Caching: Hiding food
- Larder Hoarding: caching near home
- Scatter Hoarding: Caching in scattered sites
Food is a sign stimulus and a action sequence kicks in to cache the food
72
Food caching sequences in Canids (3)
Elements of the sequence:
- Carrying and site inspection (find a spot to hide)
- Pawing and digging (dig the hole)
- Tamping and scooping (covering the hole)
73
FAPS/ Action Sequences across Canids (4)
- Foxes are more primitive
- Foxes are less social (no cooperative hunting, etc)
- Hoarding and Caching is easier (small prey)/ smarter to do for foxes (more to lose)
- Foxes use action sequences much more
74
Vole Grooming (4)
- Action Sequence for their grooming
- Rodents groom when stressed (even when predators are flying over)
- When goose flew over didn't care
- When hawk flew over it groomed
75
FAP Myth (1)
Not true that less evolution = more FAPs
76
Advantages of FAPs (4)
- Simple
- Automatic
- Predictable responses to easy stimuli
- Like autopilot to help make tasks easy (can go wrong too)
77
Disadvantages of FAPs (2)
- They are spontaneous (triggered regardless of situation)
| - Can also be a waste of time or resources
78
Stickleback FAP issues (7)
- Stickleback will do displays to a red flower pedal
- Stimulus is just simply red (too simple)
- Start doing FAPs uselessly
- Bloated or red bellied females start FAPs
- Red males = aggression
- Red males + posture = extra aggression (summation here)
79
Supernormal stimuli (1)
Fake stimuli causes strong responses (think like make up)
80
Issues with FAPs: Questions that can be asked (4)
- Are patterns innate/ instinctual or learned? (nature or nurture)
- Spatiotemporal expression or structure of behaviour
- Syntax / rules: Rules for behaviour/ exceptions (Ie. predictability of the behaviour)
- Semantics: The context of the pattern (ie. FAP is behaviour happens so out of context)
81
Hailman/ Ficken Chickadee study (2)
- Chickadees use syllables for specific contexts (ie. communicate about stuff)
82
Issues with observational research (4)
- Biases
- interpretation mistakes (video included)
- Differential observability (sometimes don't see individuals)
- ID of subjects (who is who)
83
Amphibologic behaviours (2)
- Behaviours are ambiguous (hard to be able to tell what the behaviour is)
- (ie. think about fighting and playing)
84
Field Vs. Lab (5)
Field:
- Ecological validity
- No control of variables
- No control on subjects
- No control on environment
- No timing control, etc..
Lab: Exactly opposite
85
Comparative studies issues (1)
- Convergent evolution (analogous traits)
86
Comparative Studies: how to do them (4)
- Can experiment,
- use correlation,
- observe
- hybrid of these
87
Comparative studies: what to study (5)
- Convergence
- Divergence
- Adaptive behaviours
- Can compare taxa
- Can compare populations
88
Analogy/ homoplasy
Convergent evolution
89
Homology
From same ancestry
90
comparative study methods (3)
- Evolutionary Approach (ancestry/ based on homologies)
- Non-Evolutionary approach (about anologies)
- August Krogh Principle (use a species to investigate a problem - think woodpecker and concussions
91
reproductive isolating mechanisms (5)
- Chromosomal
- mechanical (size)
- biorhythmic (breeding season off)
- Ecological (diff habitats)
- Behavioural (recognition to mating/ communication)
92
Marmota Genus: reproductive isolating mechanisms (6)
3 species
- Different habitats
- Different seasons
- Influences social systems (social with olympus)
- allows differentiation
(olympic marmot high altitudes, yellow bellied lower, wood chuck lowest)
93
Marmota Genus: reasons for organization (3)
- Olympic is more colonial
- Stays with parents longer
- Less food (that is why)
94
Levels of comparisons (3)
Genetic: species and lower
Specific: Genus and up
Phyletic: orders and up
95
Felid genera (4)
Felis : small cats
Neofelis : clouded leopard
Panthera : big cats
Acinonyx: cheetah
96
North American Felids (4 in US/Mexico and 3 in Canada)
- Jaguar
- Ocelots
- Margay
- Jaguarundi
- Cougar
- Bobcat
- Lynx
97
Cougars (range) (2)
- In Western Canada/ USA and down into S. America
| - Many 'spottings' in East coast
98
Cougar characteristics (3)
- More generalist
- Odd reproductive cycle
- Long gestation
99
Canada Lynx (2)
- Specialist
| - Predator-Prey cycle with Hare
100
Bobcat (2)
- Generalist
| - Technically a Lynx
101
Lynx Hybrids (2)
- Bobcat and Lynx mated
| - Common occurrence
102
Foundations of animal behaviour (3)
- natural Selection : species level adaptation
- Individual Learning : individual- level adaptations
- Cultural Transmission : social learning (trans-generational)
103
Evidence of Evolution (5)
```
Molecular Genetics
Embryology (shows common ancestry)
Anatomy/ morphology
Biogeography
Palaeontology
```
104
Levels of evolution (2)
Microevolution (mutations in small increments)
Macroevolution (major changes)
105
4 main forces of evolution (in order)
Mutations
Gene flow
Genetic Drift
Geographic isolation
106
Fitness (1)
- Sum of features that increase or decrease the liklihood of survival and reproduction
107
Adaptations (2)
- Influences fitness
| - Changes to survive in an environment
108
Trait (2)
- Phenotype that allows to survive and reproduce (or not)
| - Will be passed on too
109
Selective Agent (2)
- Often only nature
| - Pressure on a trait to adapt
110
Needs for natural selection (4)
- Variation (to allow for differences and change)
- Fitness (advantage or disadvantage to allow change over time)
- Inheritance (too pass on fitness)
- Limited Resources (allow competition and change)
111
Subtypes of Fitness (3)
Darwinian/ direct fitness: better genes = more success
Indirect fitness: interactions with conspecifics (helping family; kin)
Inclusive fitness: both
112
Direct fitness : 3 types
- Traits improve chances of survival
- Correlated traits (epistasis)
- Sexual Selection (improving intrasexual competition)
113
Grey Squirrels: Sexual selection (5)
- Used to be always grey
- Now 50/50 grey and black
- Black ones are likely more preferred by females
- Black ones could be more assertive
- Black coat may be linked another trait (pleiotropy)
114
Reproductive success (3)
```
# of offspring
# of weaned individuals
# of individuals able to mate
```
115
Reciprocal Altruism
- Taking risk for another (often not related) with the assumption the other with help you back later
116
Spiteful Behaviour (2)
- Much more rare in animals
| - Animals excellent at deescalation
117
Symbiosis
- interaction between two different species
118
Symbiosis types (3)
- Mutualism (both benefit)
- Commensalism (one benefits, other unaffected)
- Parasitism (one benefits, other damaged)
119
Evolutionary stable strategies (3)
Non replaceable strategies
Pure ESS: single strategy for all in the pop
Mixed ESS: Combo of strategies used by all
120
Types of Selection (3)
- Artificial (selective breeding)
- Natural Selection (Kin and sexual)
- Group Selection (voluntary behaviour to help the species; helping those who are unrelated)
121
Levels of Evolution (6)
```
Gene (selfish gene theory)
Gamete (sperm competition)
Individual (individual selection)
Mating Pair (sexual Selection)
Immediate/ extended family (kin selection)
Group level (group selection
```
122
Products of evolution
- Adaptations
- By products (carried along traits)
- Noise or random effects (either non selected or random)
123
Products of evolution: Random effects (3)
- Chance mutation
- Sudden environmental change
- Chance developmental effects
124
Maintaining non adaptive traits
Gene flow
Pleiotropy
Linkage
Epistasis
125
Progressivism Fallacy
- Adapting traits does not mean direction of improvement or perfection
126
Purposivism Fallacy (2)
- Evolution does not equal increase in complexity
| - Complexity is not always better
127
culture examples
Japanese Macaque
Great tits
Wolves and hierarchies
128
Challenges to natural selection (5)
- Adoption
- Altruism with non-kin
- Homosexual behaviour
- Risk-taking behaviour
- Symbiosis
129
Challenges to natural selection: Adoption
- May be hormonal
- May be societal
- Learn by practice
