Final POLI 381 Intro to International Relations Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
International Political Economy
A
- Complex interplay between economics and politics on an international level.
- Relationships between private and public power as well as states and markets
- Economics: pursuit of wealth and Politics: pursuit of power
- Isolated from each other initially but the distinction was questioned in the 70’s because of the Bretton Woods System Crisis and Decolonization.
2
Q
Examples of Politics Impacting the International Economy
A
#1) Bretton Woods System Crisis: 1944 Us abandoned convertibility of the US dollar in to gold (Gold Standard) Exchange rates became free flowing and the US dollar became the standard. #2) Decolonization: New groups of politically and economically weak states. New international order, collapse of communist order in East and Central Europe, want economic and political equality and opportunity.
3
Q
Traditional Approaches to International Economics
A
-Mercantilism, Economic Liberalism, Marxism
4
Q
Mercantilism
A
14th-17th Century
- Guiding prevailing approach as the state system emerged through the Treaties of Westphalia.
- Views of political elites drove building of the modern state. Economic activity should be subordinated to primary goal of building a strong state. Economic activity as a tool of politics and a basis for political power.
- Economic rivalry ——> benign mercantilism. Should look after their national economic interest (national security reasons) but do so in a way that does not have negative effects on the state.
- Malevolent or Aggressive: states exploit international economy through expansionary policy vis a vis other states Imperialism and colonialism.
- In either case, economic gain or activity is because of an increase in power. ***relative gains.
- Similar to realism in that it is concerned with power and transactional maximization.
- Politics dictate economic relations
- Main Actor: the state
- Nature of Economic Relations: conflictual and zero sum
- Economic goals: state power
5
Q
Economic Liberalism
A
-Response to mercantilism.
-Bretton Woods
-Adam Smith in the Wealth of Nations: markets tend to expand spontaneously to satisfy human needs/desires- absent government interference. Invisible Hand to dictate market forces.
-Markets most efficient way of allocating resources, states should have a minimal role.
-Concept of rational individual actor and belief in progress.
-Economics is autonomous. Laissez-Faire freedom of markets from all kinds of political interference. State politics do need to set minimum underpinnings for them market to function properly (regulations).
-Keynesian (John Maynard Keynes) Still based on market economy but with a considerable degree of state interference and direction.
-Main Actors: individuals and private firms, rational, self-seeking, human prosperity thus depends on unfettered expansion of a free market economy across international boundaries.
Nature: cooperative, positive sum game. Ricardo’s Comparative Advantage
Goals: Maximize individual and social well being
6
Q
Marxism in IPE
A
-Economic production is the basis for all other human activities, including politics.
-Basis consists of forces of production (technical level of economic activity) and the relations of production (social ownership)
-Bourgeoisie dominate capitalist economy through control of the means of production, also tend to dominate in the political sphere because economics is the basis of politics.
-States driven by ruling-class interests of respective bourgeoisie and capitalism as a system is never-ending in its search for new markets and more profit.
-Robert Cox: focus on materialism through the inclusion of ideas and institutions. Social forces, forms of state and world orders.
Social forces: shorthand for the process of capitalist production. An analysis of this aspect will inform us about the present state of development on the capitalist economy on a global scale.
-Forms of state: point to the ways in which states change in the interplay with the social forces of capitalist development.
-World Orders: current organization of IR, including those between major states and groups of states, international law an d international institutions
-Antonio Gramsci: World Systems Theory Core and Periphery
-Economics decisive
-Main Actors: classes
-Nature: conflict and zero-sum
-Goals: class interests
7
Q
Rational Choice in IPE
A
-Explains outcomes in IPE as a result of actors’ choices which are assumed always to be rationally power or utility maximizing within incentive and institutional restraints.
8
Q
Institutionalists in IPE
A
-Apply rational choice to states in interactions with other states to explain international cooperation in economic affairs.
9
Q
Constructivism in IPE
A
-Pay attention to how governments, states and other actors construct their preferences, highlight the role of identity, belief, traditions and values.
10
Q
Feminist IPE
A
- Ideas and structures and interests of IPE are gendered. For example the gendered division of labour
- More than trilogy of ideologies
- Common set of theoretical and conceptual pillars. Studies political economy through material capabilities, institutions and ideas.
11
Q
Distribution of Wealth and Power in IPE
A
- Ideological underpinnings
- Interests and institutions that drive globalization: political interests controlled by corporations financial or otherwise. The rise of multinational corporations, TNC’s have enormous power.
- Tech revolution helping set the conditions for globalization as territory and distance are no obstacles.
- Control over tech is a key part of material capabilities
12
Q
Hegemonic Stability
A
- Theory of hegemonic stability, must expect international markets to be dependent on the existence of a liberal dominant power where the hegemon is the dominant military and economic state. Necessary to create and develop liberal world market economy. No enforcement if no hegemon
- In order to perform its role, a hegemon must control raw materials, capital markets, competitive advantage and military power
13
Q
Internationalization
A
- Increase in transactions among states reflected in forms of trade, investment and capital facilitated by inter-state agreementsb and domestic policies permitting private sector to transact abroad.
- Globalization has increased the speed of these transactions
14
Q
Aspects of Globalization
A
1) internationalization
2) tech revolutions
3) deterritorialization
4) liberalization
15
Q
Technology Revolutions
A
-Modern communications shrink distance. Location is less important for government (both local and regional) but also for other actors such as firms and social movements
16
Q
Deterritorialization
A
-accelerated by a decrease in the influence of territorial places, boundaries and distances in the way people collectively identify themselves or seek political recognition. Permits transnational political and economic activity
17
Q
Liberalization
A
-describes government policies that reduce the role of the state in the economy by dismantling trade tariffs, barriers and deregulating the financial secret to foreign investment and privatization.
18
Q
Why is a Hegemon Required Liberal World Economy
A
- Public or collective good. Once supplied, benefits for everybody. Characterized by non-excludibility.
- Neo-liberal institutionalists: hegemon needed to establish economic world order but once set up staying power of their own, operate on their own and promote further cooperation even in circumstances of hegemonic decline.
19
Q
Why is a Hegemon Required Marxist
A
- Agree you need a hegemon. Robert Cox: stable order based on shared values and understandings derived from dominant social strata of dominant state.
- US Economic hegemony based on material and values (soft power). Have a model of society that other countries find attractive.
- Also point to elements of inequality and hierarchy inherent in US hegemony.
- US hegemony as a vehicle of control over weaker states by the bourgeoisie. Liberal world economy is a misnomer for control of the world by western capitalist elite for own benefit.
20
Q
Discontents with Globalization
A
- Outsourcing, loss of jobs
- Labour exploitation and conditions of forced labour
- Transnational migration can strip workers of rights and entitlements
21
Q
Traditional Approaches to IPE True and False
A
Mercantilism
-true: political regulation is the framework for economic activity
-false: politics controls the economy
Liberalism
-true: market is an economic dynamic of its own
-false:the autonomous sphere of economy
Marxism
-true: economics affects and influences politics
-false: economics determines politics
22
Q
Globalization of Trade and Finance
A
- enhanced national market integration since the crisis of the 1970’s
- pattern of interdependent economic flows.
- all countries not incorporated equally.
- intensity: degree of flow across economic borders. decrease or increase in volume
- extensity: geographical dispersal of contemporary trade. most obvious flow being foreign direct investment.
- speeding up and spreading out of global trade and global finance = globalization
- balance of power in global trade and finance is clearly a political process
23
Q
International Trade
International Finance
A
- when one country’s citizens produce a good that another country’s consume. goods travel at least one border to connect site of production to site of consumption.
- activity on financial markets through advanced information technology networks. financial product flow is very complex. dwarfs global trade.
- speculation: represents bets placed on power of private financial institutions to force the movement in relative currency prices they most desire and bets placed against the governments ability to maintain a truly autonomy policy course in the face of disciplinary power of financial institutions.
24
Q
Regulation of Global Trade
A
- Bretton Woods Conference and the Keynesian Economic Theory. Output not prices adjusted to global imbalances in trade resulting in cycle of reduced production and job losses.
- Priority: multilateral institution that would facilitate continual expansion of global trade.
- Experts not political communities decide regulations and objectives determined by countries financing the maintenance of the regulatory system.
- Politicized by conditionalities are requisites for loans. Western free market capitalism, ideological endorsement.
- Undermining interests and priorities that traditionally ascribed to governments under representative democracy.
25
WTO
- World Trade Organization: designed to embed free trade norms in international law. now it also oversees regulation of imports and exports and supposedly serves all members equally.
- Source of political tension. Advantage to industrialized countries. Not advantageous to textile and agricultural industries which is the main output of the majority of the developing world.
- Developing countries need to show foreign investors hat rule of law is established and investment success will be purely market drive. A way to do that is to join the WTO, ensures free trade rules internalized and a market based mindset. Lots of conditions to join, imposed by powerful members of WTO.
26
Transnational Actors
-Since 1970's the number of non-state actors has increased but the international system is still largely state centric.
-Increase in individual and join participation in conflict and cooperation or other interaction with state actors.
Have influence in a state-centric world.
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Non-State Actor
- Any and all entities that are not states.
- Individuals or organization that have significant political influence but are not allied to any particular country or state.
- But there is significant political influence
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NGO's
| INGO's
- Non Governmental Organizations operate within a single state. But non-state organizations operate across borders within the international system hence transnational non-state actors INGO's
- NGO's work for common good rather than for profit.
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Types of Transnational Non-State Actors
- TNC's
- INGO's
- Religious groups
- Transnational Diaspora Communities
- TCO's
- International Terrorist Organizations
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TNC's
- internationalization of economy. Today, difficult to see each state having its own separate economy.
- Financial flows and loss of sovereignty
- Regulatory Arbitrage and Loss of Sovereignty: a company transnational willing to become transnational can threaten to go someplace elsewhere tax structure, environment and regulations is more favorable. Reduces the state's ability to control economic destiny.
- Companies leverage to get advantages from states results in competition between states.
- Extraterritoriality and sovereignty, different jurisdictions, different regulations. Who has legal authority
- Triangulation means that individual government's can't control their international trade.
31
INGO's
- Have two forms: operational or advocacy based
- Operational: faster community based organizations within each country via different projects and operations
- Advocacy Based: primary purpose is to influence policy making of different countries' governments regarding certain issues or to promote awareness.
- Many have both components
- Represent civil society vis-a-vis the state and the market. Moral rather than legal authority.
- Concern for global commons with valuable expertise, closer to the people meaning more acceptance and trust and respond in a more timely and effective manner.
- Institutionalized forms of transnational social movements
- Granted consultative status by the UN
32
Ways that INGO's are Combined
- International
- Advocacy Networks
- Caucuses- brought into IR system itself
- Governance networks- resources that states provide
33
TCO's
- Transnational Criminal Organizations
- Engaged in illicit economic activities such as drugs, arms or slavery
- Some resort to force (violence) to sustain economic activities.
- Impact of TCO's: criminal financial flows are so massive that it threatens banks and other financial institutions. Trade is so diversified through triangulation that no government can claim their country isn't a transit route. Police action may displace organized gangs to another country and illicit drugs and money laundering involve questions of extra territorial jurisdiction.
34
Terrorist Groups and Insurgents
- No universally accepted definition but a working definition: threat or actual use of violence to coerce an audience other than the immediate victims in furtherance of political goals. inspire fear by attacking civilians or symbolic groups.
- Spectrum of roles outside the violent act. Passive or hidden support, community activism, financing, leadership, technology, logistics and direct aid
- Communicative rather than attritional, draw attention to grievances.
- Not a single political force. Groups who resort to violence are often called terrorists to express disapproval or insurgents by those who are neutral and national liberation movements by their supporters.
- political violence more likely considered legitimate when there is widespread support, diplomatic/political channels closed to them, target government is exceptionally oppressive, violence is limited to military targets. Usually don't achieve legitimacy.
35
Terrorism in History
4 Waves
- Anarchist (1870-1910)
- Nationalist (1920-1960)
- New Left/Marxist (1960-1980)
- Religious (1970-2020)
- Categories based on motivation imply cause this is not the case. Can be Anti-colonial, nationalist-separatist, revolutionary or counter revolutionary or religious.
- 1968-2001 emergence of transnational terrorism, expansion of commercial air travel, availability of televised news coverage, broad political and ideological interests among extremists intersect with common causes
36
Terrorist Profiling
- No correlation with mental illness despite the perception of people who engage in terrorist violence as crazy.
- Predictions from very limited data about the past. Small dataset without knowing, can't predict anything
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Responses to Terrorism
- Wilkinson's 3 Choices for Democracies
1) Criminal Justice: minimum force, evidence based and the presumption of innocence
2) Military: maximum force, intelligence based, overt or covert
3) Political Exit: pseudo diplomatic negotiations, compromise
38
Challenges for Response to Terrorism
- Criminal v.s Military styles of response, not necessarily uniforms involved. Role of intelligence services. Military more circumstantial.
- Rely on military and drones
- Difficult to de-legitimatize what incites terrorists
- Most responses are unilateral and on an ad hoc basis.
- Categories are not rigid or exclusive, underlying assumptions may be contradictory. Differing standards for proof and guilt.
- Political exit is not a unilateral choice, all parties must want to negotiate
39
Problems for Democracy with Terrorism
- Can't eradicate it as a tactic
- Can't eliminate ideas or personal motivation
- degree to which the state and its citizens are willing to tolerate the abridgment of rights and privacy.
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International Law
-In the interest of most states to create an international order
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Institutions
-Complexes of norms, rules and practices that prescribe behavioral rules, constrain activity and shape expectations.
-
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Organizations
-Physical, have staff, head offices and letter heads
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Levels of Institutions
- Deep Constitutional Institutions: Which define terms of legit statehood
- Fundamental: provide rules and practices that shape how states solve population and coordination problems. International law and multilateralism fall under this category. Solve problems that arise in anarchy, facilitate co-existence, to achieve common ends and contain clashing interests
- Issue-Specific Regimes: fundamental institutions in specific realms of relations. Ex) Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty
44
Historical Roots of International Law
- Hugo Grotius
- Treaties of Westphalia and Utrecht
- Internal transformation of Euro State sin the second half of the 1800's. Constitutionality and popular sovereignty. New conception of law as a reciprocal accord
- Filtered in to relations between states
- Contractual or positive law
45
International Law
- Set of national obligations codified in a body of treaties or institutions that national governments enter in to voluntarily in the name of their citizens and states.
- Does international law have the force of the law
46
Characteristics of International Law
- Multilateral Legislation: treaties that are reciprocally binding rules of conduct. Also apply in principle to bilateral treaties. Letter of the law AND the spirit of the law
- Consent: primary source or principle of international legal obligation. However states are bound by rules to which they have not formally consented, principally those of customary international law.
- Language and Practice of Justification: international law is more than a set rules, it structures arguments about what is right and wrong a well as the bounds of legitimate actions about authority and membership and the full spectrum of specific issues.
- Rhetorical: as much interpretive as logical
- Analogical: concerned with establishing similarities among different cases or object sin the face of dissimilarities.
- Discourse: law separate from politics, a modern phenomenon. Separation contributes to international order and thus is politically functional for states.
47
International Law Traditionally
- States were primary subjects of international law. principle bearers of rights and obligations
- States were primary agents, only actors empowered to act and enforce
- International law was concerned with the regulation of interstate relations
- Scope was confined to questions of order not justice.
48
International Law Today
Ongoing changes:
- Individuals groups and organizations increasingly recognized subjects of international law
- Non-state actors becoming important agents in international legal process
- International law increasingly concerned with global not merely international regulation
- Rule, norms and principles of international law no longer confined to maintaining international order, now includes narrowing definitions and ideas of justice.
49
Changes in Laws of War
- Jus ad bellum, justice of war and when you are legally permitted to go to war
- From sovereign right to only in self defense or as part of a United Nations mandated peace enforcement action post 1945. Example of shift to supranational law
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Laws of War
- Divided in to three categories
| - Weaponry, Combatants and Noncombatants
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Realism International Law
- Codifies current perceptions of national interest especially for powerful states
- No sanctions or enforcement so it is ineffective
- Neorealists skeptical about utility of international law because of anarchy, and whether international law is in fact law.
52
Liberalism International Law
Creates norms of conduct and promotes shared values that favor cooperation among states
-Neoliberal Institutionalism: relatively silent on question of international law. Seen as an intervening variable between the goals of the state and political outcomes. Seen as a regulatory institution not a constitutive one.
53
Constructivism International Law
-Norms of conduct constitutive no just constraining. Signing of treaties gradually result in the inculcation of a treaty's values leading gradually to improved compliance
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Post Structuralism International Law
- discourse shapes understanding of what is acceptable behavior
- discourse on international law as a structure of power
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Critical Legal Studies on International Law
- Criticizes liberalism
- Underlying logic liberalism incoherent
- International legal though operates within a confined intellectual structure
- Challenge purported determinancy of international legal rules
- Authority of international law can only ever be self validating
56
International Regimes
- Informal, but when insufficient formal codification and a more formal legal arrangements become important.
- Consists of international rules, regulations and norms of conduct that carry great weight in shaping behavior in the international arena-Norms in particular reflect accepted patterns of behavior and values of the day
- As such, norms are informal means to encourage broadly accepted behavior without the force of law behind them
- Complement international law
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Human Rights
- UN Charter of Human Rights is not a treaty, not international law
- Expression of desired norms governing behavior.
- There are existing treaties relating to human rights and many states have constitutions that set forth a range of human rights. Some not practiced in reality EX) N. Korea
- Deep Constitutional Institutions (sovereignty) v.s Fundamental Institution (human rights). which takes precedent
58
Intergovernmental Organizations IGO's
- Can be global, regional or non-regional
- Perform specific functions, also instrumental in creating new rules of global behavior and in helping set up and maintain regimes. Moniter not enforce. Agreed upon rules set down in treaties explicitly or implicitly through general agreement on how problems should be addressed.
- Some are in part of wholly intending to be collective security organizations. Unlawful aggression ought to be met with combined military force of all other members.
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Alliance
- Distinct from collective security organizations
| - Coalition of states that bring combined power against one or more external adversaries. EX) NATO
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UN Security Council
- For action on questions of peace and security
- Allowed to act when international peace is threatened (Article 6)
- Enforce decisions by imposing embargoes, sanctions or collective military action against states/individuals. (Article 7)
- 5 Permanent Members with a veto (US, Russia, China, France and the UK), 10 rotating members every 2 years.
- Successful resolutions require a majority vote with no veto
- Combination of liberal views and realist views. More powerful states matter more but they wouldn't commit unless they could guarantee not being outvoted on their interests. Also set the agenda.
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UN General Assembly
Deliberating body, decisions with no legal or binding force
- Moral persuasion and influencing of international public opinion
- Works via committees on select issues
- The most important of those committees being the Economic and Social Council which supervises economic and social warfare, and coordinates the activities of 19 various agencies
- Part of the UN Charter that members settle international disputes by peaceful means.
- Compromise between liberalism and realism
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Secretariat of the UN
- Secretary General, speaks for the UN and oversees the bureaucracy.
- Chosen by the Security Council and approved by the General Assembly. (bureaucracy of several thousand)
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Criticisms of the UN
- Imbalance of power on the UN security council.
| - Failure to resolve international problems that require long-term sustained finance and strategic response
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Peacekeeping
- UN article 6 1/2
- Separate from the regular budget
- States pay much the same percentage
- Major states pay as they go and other states are paid for their troop and equipment contributions
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Islamic Terrorism
- Cultural: against a tsunami of western products, values, materialism, and identity. value preservation
- Economic: western economic imperialism. Periphery v.s core. Inequalities in global economy.
- Religious: rewards in afterlife, global jihad. reaction to perceived oppression of Muslims worldwide. seek to replace normative structure
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International Organizations
- Bodies with three or more governments
- Permanent secretariat
- Perform ongoing tasks related to a common purpose
- Established by agreement or treaty
- Some include non-state actors
- Created to advance cross-border relations, started to devise solutions to differing standards among states. A-political
- Became political because if the instability of the international order.
- Began in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars
- Important bc: can be extremely enduring once established and affects how states respond to complex issues.
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Why States Create International Organizations Liberalism
- to ensure individual prosperity and freedom
- means to advance international peace and cooperation at low level bureaucracy. Translates to states seeing benefits of working together rather than being in conflict.
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Why States Create International Organizations Neoliberal Instiutionalists
- state primary unit
- use IO's to advance state interests
- benefit from international cooperation through collective action
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Why States Create International Organizations Realism
- IO's merely new arrangements states use to achieve material and security interests . states retain propensity to engage in conflict to get power
- Mean through which to conduct diplomacy
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Why States Create International Organizations Neorealism
- IO"s no independent effect on state behavior
| - Embody rules of game within which power politics is played
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Why States Create International Organizations Social Constructivism
- How and why these bureaucracies behave the way they do?
- How IO's spread new norms that become accepted
- How IO's change and shape how we see and understand the world.
- Organization culture
72
Why States Create International Organizations Marxist and Gramscian
- Material economic poer is fundamental to the structure of all societies and to international relations.
- IO's helped construct and reproduce the global capitalist system through programs and policies and loans.
- Advance interests of capital through advocating free trade
- IMF/WB disciplining effect through lending criteria.
- Reinforce material interests.
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UN Composition
- Central system
- Specialized agencies
- International Labour Organization
- Programmes and Funds
- Most important is ECOSOC-
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UN Aim/ Purpose , History
- Hope for a just and peaceful global community. Peace not just mitigating aggression between states but also civil conflict, humanitarian concerns, poverty etc. Lead to peace keeping
- Established in 1945 by the states that led the war against Germany and Japan.
- NOT a supranational organization. does not transcend sovereignty. does not have the leadership or resources it needs to carry out its daily responsibilities.
- Must accept UN charter (treaty) to join. 4 Purposes of UN in Charter:
1. maintain international peace and security
2. friendly relations among nations
3. cooperation in solving international problems and to promote respect for human rights
4. center for harmonizing the actions of states. refers to people and states.
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UN Peacekeeping
- traditionally relied on consent and neutrality
- comprehensive peace keeping (peace operations) certain missions are not based on consent or neutrality. Started in Cambodia in 1988. Turn to peace enforcement
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NATO
-Security Alliance
-Based on the 1949 Washington Treaty. At the end of the Cold War 16 members, now 29.
Constructivist view: many new states want to join NATO to constitute themselves as modern western states and be perceived as such.
-Originally created to protect against external threats. Lord Acton "Russians out, Americans in, Germany down."
-Has taken on collective security tasks , now operates out of area and region. ex) Afghanistan.
-Article 5 (invoked once after 9/11): such actions as it deems necessary including use of armed force and maintaining the security of the North Atlantic Area.
-Operates on breaking silence consensus
-Only has a permanent military command structure manned by officers from all member states, no permanent combat forces.
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Problems with NATO
- Keeping the US in
- Burden sharing, gap in military capabilities and political will.
- Out of area operations- essentially resolved post 9/11. addressing internal threats such as terrorism. infringement on sovereignty
78
EU
- Closest to supranational entity
- Started with the 1954 Coal and Steel Act. Security because monitoring materials needed to wage war.
- 1992 Maastricht Treaty became EU
- Deeper political union to keep an eye on Germany
- Most successful regional org
- Based on an institutional triangle: European Council where Ministers from each state set agenda, EU Parliament elected by voters in each country for a five year term, The commission: permanent bureaucracy that initiates and and oversees EU policy and legislation.
- Revenue from import duties, sales tax and a portion of each members GNP.
- Common security and economic/social integration
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European Court of Justice
- EU common human rights , all members agree to adhere to these. Infringes on sovereignty
- Has authority to adjudicate human rights issues in individual members states.
80
Traditional Concerns for the Environment + Environmental Problems
1) Conservation of natural resources
2) damage caused by pollution
- Local: water pollution, scarcity and air pollution
- Regional: affect only a few states but some issues transcend national boundaries such as water pollution, water scarcity, air pollution and climate change.
- Local regional and global all connected, need global solutions but international system fragmented.
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Functions of International Cooperation
-International cooperation establishes governance regimes to regulate trans boundary environmental problems and sustain global commons ( areas and resources that fall outside sovereign jurisdictions)
-global environmental governance implies regulation an control, international law and international organizations play a role.
-Use trade to protect environment, resisted by developing nations. "green trade restrictions"
-Precautionary principle: likelihood of environmental damage shouldn't require full and definitive scientific proof
Difficult to enforce compliance
82
History of Environmental Concerns
-Long history starting in the 1970's.
-Key moments:
Montreal Protocol 1987
Rio Summit 1992
Kyoto Protocol 1997
Paris Agreement 2015
-Role of these agreements has been to make the connection between the intentional environmental development agendas and sustainable development.
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Norm Creation
- most agreements/protocols aspirational
- most if not all agreements are not enforceable
- sovereignty still rules
- agreements contribute to creation of norms
84
Aid and Capacity Building
- global environmental facility
- depends on the wealthier countries being willing to provide funds so poorer or more vulnerable states can afford adaptive activities or furnish compensation.
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Scientific Understanding
-Agreements provide for frameworks for developing and sharing new scientific data, but needs funding
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Global Common
- identify them
- areas outside of state jurisdictions
- incentives for free riders to take or use more than fair share
- misuse could lead to collapse
- enforcement is an issue
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Climate Change
- greenhouse gases and global warming
- inhere problems with science but the greenhouse effect is real despite the deniers
- consequences are both short and long term and are uncertain
- environment is incredibly complex.
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Inherent Problems with Environment Cooperation
- finding complete agreement amongst sovereign states.
- trade off between development and environmental protection
- development requires energy which means more green house gasses, wealthier states trade off with greater ease but doesn't mean doing so is easy. poor states more dificult
- compliance/enforcement issues
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Kyoto Protocol
- 1997
- committed developed countries to cut green house gasses by an average of 5.2% in 2012. different national targets were negotiated
- US and China defectors, only EU still committed as of 2012
- Science and workable solutions were problems
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Paris Agreement
- 2015
- near consensus, need to establish framework
- states need to provide leadership, all states agree except for the US at the moment
- problem of compliance still exists
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Realism and Environment
-identifies problems with addressing problems
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Liberalism and Environment
-generally fits with what is happening right now, caveat is how effective it is
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Constructivism and Environment
-can explain differing approaches by states, which states identify themselves as pro environment
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Post Structuralism and Environment
-can identify dominant narrative but not helpful for solutions
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Post Colonialism and Environment
-identify imposition on developing states
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Feminism and Environment
-generally embrace but underscores those who are most adversely affected by environmental degradation and its consequences
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IR Theories and Environment
| Planet Politics
- useful but don't have an understanding of how to address current global environmental issues
- usual starting position is anarchy but it should be replaced with human interactions and relations with the biosphere. still in its early days.
