Final real Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
What are the four possible causes extinction?
A
- Catastrophe
- climate change
- other species
- humans
2
Q
Periwinkle Flower
A
-Has chemical to beat lukemia
3
Q
Endosymbiotic Theory
A
how a large host cell and ingested bacteria could easily become dependent on one another for survival, resulting in a permanent relationship. Over millions of years of evolution, mitochondria and chloroplasts have become more specialized and today they cannot live outside the cell
4
Q
Glycolysis
A
A series of chemical reactions that converts glucose into pyruvate (sugar into ketone). Can occur in low oxygen environments
5
Q
What are some of the earliest crops?
A
- Reminisce of tools used for grinding
- China-rice
- Americas-squash/corn
6
Q
Fitness
A
- Ability to survive
- pass on alleles to offspring
- “winners”
7
Q
In the Predator-Prey Interactions exercise with the beans, how did the structure of the predator influence its behavior?
A
Hands were more successful at catching prey
8
Q
In the Predator-Prey Interactions exercise with the beans, how could the prey phenotype change in order to help them survive?
A
They could match their color to the surface they live on, making it harder for the predator to stop them
9
Q
Approximately how frequently do the hare-lynx populations cycle?
A
10 years
10
Q
What are chance altering allele frequencies called?
A
Genetic drift
11
Q
Population bottleneck
A
an event that drastically reduces the size of a population. May be caused by various events, such as an environmental disaster, the hunting of a species to the point of extinction, or habitat destruction that results in the deaths of organisms
12
Q
What are the four eons?
A
(starting with) Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic (our current eon)
13
Q
Stratigraphy
A
- rock strata
- study of layers
- as you dig deeper, you go back in time
14
Q
Geochronology
A
- geologic time
- radiometric dating
15
Q
How is time ordered?
A
Super Eon, eon, era, period
16
Q
Precambrian Super Eon
A
- 4.6bya-544 mya
- water
- Able to create amino acids, a lot of energy
17
Q
Hadean Eon
A
- (Precambrian super Eon)
- Known for heat
- earliest life (bacteria)
18
Q
Archean Eon
A
- (Precambrian Super Eon)
- Known for cooling
- continents forming
- Cyanobacteria can carry out photosynthesis
19
Q
Protozoic Eon
A
- Eukaryotes
- multicellular life
- jellyfish and sea fans
20
Q
Phanerozoic
A
Includes Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era, Cenozoic Era
21
Q
Paleozoic Era
A
- 544mya-245mya
- Evolutions big bang!
- enormous amount of fossils
- Cambrian, ordovician, silurian, devonian, carboniferous, permian
- first vertebrates
- Continents formed, pangea
- land plants
- insects
- vertebrates, amphibians and reptiles
- End of paleozoic 90% go extinct
22
Q
Mesozoic Era
A
- 245mya-65mya
- Things start to get BIG
- Age of Reptiles (air, land, water)
- Mammals (rodents)
- End of mesozoic 75% of species go extinct
- Meteorite?
23
Q
Cenozoic
A
- 65mya-present
- age of mammals
- grass
- diatoms
24
Q
What happens after extreme event?
A
Climate change
25
Permian Mass Extinction
- P.T. Extinction
- 90% gone
- life mostly still aquatic
- catastrophe+climate change
26
End of Cretaceous
- K.T Extinction
- wipes out age of reptiles
- catastrophe climate change
27
How many species are currently on earth?
10+ million
28
What is the current extinction rate?
~10,000 species per year
29
Most extinct species are....
microscopic
30
How did the Dodo bird go extinct?
- Eaten by humans!
| - Identified in 1598, extinct in 1662
31
Passenger Pigeon extinction
3+ billion in 1850; extinct in 1914
32
Extinction Spiral
Habitat loss--> smaller pop. --> fewer adults --> less genetic diversity --> fewer offspring/inbreeding --> extinction
33
Northern Elephant Seal
- Example of recovery!
- 30 in 1890, 200,000 now!
- inbred
34
Everbearing Strawberries
-Genes from wild strawberries used in edible strawberries to create an everbearing strawberry plant
35
Calophyllum Tree
- In indonesia
- fights HIV
- only 1 left, but we saved it
36
When was the first evolutionary tree?
1840
37
What are the three branches of today's evolutionary tree?
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Eukarya
38
Cladogram
Ancestral relationships, hypothesis
39
What is one of the most significant fossil finds?
Feathered Dinos
40
What is the T-Rex most closely related to?
Chicken!
41
What does science use ancestral trees for?
To develop and test hypothesis
42
What is something we do in order to make links within an ancestral tree?
We assume that there have to be certain species to make connections between ancestral species and species today
We assume that there have to be certain species to make connections between ancestral species and species today
43
Coevolution trees
- Species impact each other over time
| - Lice and gophers (different species of gophers, have different species of life)
44
Endosymbiosis
-One or more species living inside another
45
How long ago did hominan occur?
5.5mya
46
What is the different from us and primates? (movement)
We walk heel to big toe, while primates walk through outside of the foot to pinky
47
What are some examples of early Hominin?
- Sahelanthropus
- Orrorin
- Ardipithecus
- Australopithecus
48
Ardipithecus
- 5.5-4mya
- upright
- long arms
- K-9
- Large brain
49
Australopithecus
- Multiple Species
- 4mya-1.5mya
- Lucy (famous fossil)
- spread throughout Africa
- around 5ft
50
Genus Homo
- 2.5mya-present
- differences in skull shape
- Homo Habilis----tools!
- Homo Erectus---first hominin to leave Africa
51
Neanderthalensis
- 400tya
- bigger brains
- entire genome almost reconstructed
52
Homo Floresiensi
- Tiny (3ft)
| - we think this may be an immediate descendant of homo erectus
53
Behavior
what an animal does when interacting with its enviornment
54
What was Darwin's outlook on behavior?
Structures and behaviors impact fitness
55
Innate Behaviors
- genetically programed
| - reflexes
56
Drive
Internal stimulus promotes behavior (water, food, sex)
57
Learned Behaviors
- imprinting
| - Associative learning
58
What experiment did they do with gosling prey recognition?
- They flew a kite that, one way, resembled a prey bird, and the other way resembled a goose
- scared when kite resembled predator, gets excited when it resembled goose
59
Latent Learning
Learning while focusing on other behaviors (rats memorizing ways to a maze
60
Insight
Using prior knowledge to figure something out
61
What are some innate behaviors in humans?
Yawning, baby grabbing fingers, suckling
62
Synapse
Connection between neurons
63
What should you do with a child between the ages of birth and three years old?
Its very important to enrich them in order to make connections within the brain, for we shed 80% of our neurons during this time
Its very important to enrich them in order to make connections within the brain, for we shed 80% of our neurons during this time
64
What do killdeer birds do to lead you away from their nest?
They will fake having a broken wing
65
Migration
- Largely genetic
| - happens due to strong seasonal changes
66
What cues do birds use for migration?
- visual (learned)
- Magnetic (protein allows them to associate with earths magnetic fields
- chemical
67
What cues do salmon use for migration?
- chemical cues from the river
| - oceanic magnetic cues
68
Monarch Migration
- Takes four generations of monarch to make a years migration
- probs innate
69
What are some problems with sexual reproduction?
- finding mate
| - gametes finding each other (this is why eggs are stationary and sperm moves
70
Sexual Selection
An individual is more fit than others of the same sex
71
What is an example of elaborate sexual selection?
Dance fly.... elaborate behaviors may be sign of good heatlh
72
What is so unusual about the side blotched lizard?
- Color goes with behavior
- Orange: dominant
- Blue: guards single mate
- Yellow: mimics female
73
Social behaviors are impacted by...
Nature and Nurture
74
Genus impact social behaviors, ex:
- Meadow vole: promiscuous
| - Prairie vole: monogamous
75
Visual Communication
- Body movement
- Bird displays
- limited distance
- need light
- best for species that are close together
76
Endogenous
A mechanism within an organism that can control biological rhythms
77
Exogenous
A mechanism external to an organism that can control biological rhythms
78
Diurnal
Active during the day
79
Auditory Communication
- Whale calls
- Bird calls
- short and long distance
80
Tactile Communication
- Important for infancy
- forms social bonds
- imprinting
- Hissing cockroach
81
Chemical Communication
- Pheromones
- Chemical messages
- Linger and hard to changes
82
Animal Societies
Recipient
+ -
Actor + Cooperative Selfish
- Altruistic Spiteful
83
Societies
- Incredibly strong cooperation
- termites societies
- naked mole rats
- bees
84
What are all the jobs a worker bee goes through before they die?
(in chronological order) Clean, build honey comb, take food to hive, guard, take dead bees out, look for food, die.
85
Stromatolites
A dome-shaped structure consisting of alternating layers of carbonate or silicate sediment and fossilized algal mats. They are produced over geologic time by the trapping, binding, or precipitating of sediment by groups of microorganisms, primarily cyanobacteria.
86
Prokaryotes
A microscopic single-celled organism which has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles, including the bacteria and cyanobacteria.
87
Cyanobacteria
A phylum of bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis, and are the only photosynthetic prokaryotes able to produce oxygen. Wormlike and green.
88
What are the more complex shapes that eukaryotes changed into ver time?
Fans, tubes, vases
89
Cambrian Explosion
Sponges, moss animals, brachiopods, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates
90
What are living fossils?
Organisms that appear to be the same as species only known from fossils
91
Permian Extinction
- 250mya
| - 40% of earth's species dies
92
What groups of species rely on grass plants?
Herd animals
93
Approx. how old are the fossils found in Astoria, Or? What are they?
- 15 mill
| - Shells
94
Evolutionary Tree
Structure that represents evolutionary relationship with group of organisms
95
Cladogram
A hypothesis evolutionary relationships with arbitrary lengths of branches
96
Phylogenetic Tree
Represents evolutionary history widely accepted in the scientific community
97
Humans: mutated microcephaly gene
- Helps us grow brain after birth
- Genes that stop brain grown in other primates dont work like ours
- Zika effects the microcephaly gene
98
What does the brain mostly control (touch wise)
Large area of brain controls mouth/tongue/hands
99
How is the human FOXP2 gene different than other mammals?
- Helps us focus speech and language
| - Mutated FOXP2 gene allele, speech & language deficits
100
When was agriculture developed?
12 thousand years ago(brassica)
101
What was the Green Revolution?
Being able to utilize machinery instead of manpower for food production and food distribution
102
19th century Modern medicine
- Sterile technique
- Anesthesia
- Vaccines
- Antibiotics
103
Adaptive radiation
the diversification of a group of organisms into forms filling different ecological niches
104
Diapsids
Gave rise to: lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinos, birds
105
Synapsids
Gave rise to: other mammal like reptiles that are now extinct
106
What proteins determined dino color?
Melanin
107
What is the largest animals to ever exist>
Blue whale
108
What is the function of the B-globin in RBC?
Produce hemaglobin
109
What kind of genetic disorder is sickle cell anemia?
Recessive
110
Humans typically have the same____ but different
genes; alleles
111
Process of making mRNA a copy of a portion of DNA
transcription
112
Transgenic Organisms
Relating to an organism whose genome has been altered by the transfer of a gene or genes from another species or breed
113
What changes normal cells into cancer cells?
Mutation
114
What are the three eons that make up the super eon? Oldest to most recent
hadean, archean, proterozoic
115
How long is the current eon
544mya
116
Age of mammals, birds, and flowering plants
cenozoic
117
Chemicals in wild periwinkle flower are used to cure....
leukemia
118
What are the three branches to Domains of life
Archea, Bacteria, Eukaryota
119
Stromatolites are fossilized layers that were o.g mats of
cyanobacteria
120
What was Tiktaalik?
Early tetrapod
121
Pterosaurs is a
vertebrate
122
What two groups classify Dinosaurs?
Ornithischians; saurichians
123
Theropods
carnivorous bipedal saurischian dinosaurs (such as a tyrannosaur or velociraptor) usually having small forelimbs.
124
Sauropods
any herbivorous dinosaur of the suborder Sauropoda, from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, having a small head, long neck and tail, and five-toed limbs: the largest known land animal. belonging or pertaining to the sauropods
125
Approximately how frequently do the hare-lynx populations cycle?
11 years
126
Chance altering allele frequencies is called
Chance altering allele frequencies is called
