Midterm Flashcards
(117 cards)
Misconceptions
Mistaken understandings about the world. Misconception 1: The word “theory” in science means the same things as the word “theory in everyday life
Misconception #2: a law is more important to a theory
Hypothesis
A possible explanation of a phenomenon based on observation
Theory
A well-sustained explanation of the natural world that is supported through repeated observation and experimentation. Some well known theories: cell theory (cells are formed from existing cells, and cell are fundamental unit of structure), Germ theory (microorganisms cause many diseases
Paradigms
Theories that have been accepted by a wide group of researchers. Paradigm about inheritance: DNA is substance of heredity
Law
Described a repeatedly observed natural phenomenon
Charles Darwin
1809-1882. Born and raised in England. Grew up in wealthy family with two very famous grandfathers. Often collected natural items like shells and insect when he was young. Studied at University of Edinburgh and Christs College. During his voyage he noticed the relationship between species and their habitats as well as the occurrence of fossils. Species he studied include: tortoises, land iguanas, sally light foot crabs and finches. Work was discussed and publish immediately; was supported by some of the most distinguished scientists in the world. After being published, he continued his studies and built upon his theories.
Evolution
How species change over time. can be remembered as V.I.S.T.A
V.I.S.T.A
Variation: different members of the same species have varied traits
Inheritance: traits can be passed from parent to parent
Selection: not all offspring survive, some may have genetic advantages
Time: overtime, traits of survivors become more frequent and they have more offspring
Adaptation: the species now has more individuals with traits suited to their environments
Observations
Experienced through senses
Inferences
Conclusions based on observations, logic, and prior knowledge
Gregor Mendel
1822-1884. Born and raised in Austrian Empire. Born into farming family. Gardened and kept bees as a child. Practiced theoretical philosophy and physics at University of Olomouc. Entered religious life at Augustinian Abbey. Worked with pea plants. Key experiment: crossed TT with tt to see which gametes occurred in their offspring and then crossed those to see what occurred in the F2 generation.
Why are pea plants an ideal experimental organism?
They have easily identified traits and can quickly reproduce offspring
Inheritance
predicting how traits passed from parents to offspring in one generation to the next
Principle of Segregation
Mendels law. Two copies of genes separate with only one going to each gamete. States that allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization. Two alleles can be separate and recombine.
Principle of Independent Assortment
Mendels Law. stating that when two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together. different traits (genes) can be inherited independently
Gene
Section of DNA strand that contains the information information for cells to make a code. Parts of chromosomes that produce traits
Crossed
Mated
True-Breeding
Same phenotype passes from parent to offspring–you know what your gonna get
Monohybrid Cross
Breeding parents with alternative form of a single characteristic ex. kernel color
Dominant Trait
Those that are expressed or seen when a heterozygous genotype is present
Alleles
Different versions of genes
Genotype
A possible forms of genes. Most have two alleles; dominant and recessive
Punnett Squares
Commonly used in basic genetics to determine how factors are passed from one generation to the next.
Phenotype
The traits that occur; what we see
