Midterm 2 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Which is larger, the X or Y chromosome?
A
X chromosome
2
Q
How can twin fingerprints be different?
A
Fingerprints can be influenced by where the hands are in the womb (if they are touching something else)
3
Q
Genetic Disorder
A
- Symptoms result from mutations
- Chromosomal mutations and point mutations
- Chromo. 18 is very susceptible to mutations
4
Q
What disorder does a person have if they have 3 chromosomes 21’s
A
Down Syndrome
5
Q
Cystic Fibrosis
A
- Related to ancestry
- Recessive disease, person must have two rec. genes to have it
- Protein that moves across chloride does not move freely
6
Q
Huntingtons Disease
A
- Symptoms tend to occur after a person turns 40 (after they have kids)
- Found on chromosome 4
- Dominant! (Aa, AA)
- Point Mutation that creates too many codons
7
Q
Hemophilia
A
- Sex linked rec. disorder
- excessive bleeding
- deals with X and Y chromo, gene on X does not get a match with Y chromo
- slower blood clotting
8
Q
What famous family has hemophilia?
A
Queen Victorias!
- Son has hemo., gene passed on my queen
- Males
9
Q
Henrietta Lacks
A
- Cervical cancer cells sent to lab to get cultured
- They lived!!
- He La cells
- Excessive mitosis
10
Q
Stem cells
A
- Small amount in body
- cells that have not been differentiated (have not been bookmarked)
- Sources: embryo, newborn, adult bone marrow
11
Q
Pluripotent
A
Pluripotent cells can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body
Think stem cells
12
Q
Multipotent
A
Multipotent cells can develop into more than one cell type, but are more limited than pluripotent cells; adult stem cells and cord blood stem cells are considered multipotent.
13
Q
Use of stem cells
A
Cancer 25.3%, Neral 24.7%, Hematopoietic 16.2%, Musculoskeletal 12.3%, Cardiovascular 10.4%
(repairing organs to function)
14
Q
Genetic Screening
A
Screening to see what types of traits a person will have; determining genetic makeup
15
Q
Gel Electrophoresis
A
- Separate DNA fragments by size
- Can be used to determine sequence of DNA
- how zika virus was identified
16
Q
Prenatal Genetic Screening
A
Amniocentesis: taking amniotic fluid and analyzing genetic makeup from skin shed by fetus
Chorionic Villus Sampling: taking out placenta (better for baby and can be done earlier than amniocentesis)
17
Q
New Born Genetic Screening
A
- Foot print
- blood test
18
Q
Adult Genetic Screening
A
- ancestors
- blood test
19
Q
Embryo Genetic Screening
A
- Reproductive therapy
- Screening dozens of embryos and choosing which to implant
20
Q
Gene Therapy
A
- Using genes to prevent or treat disease
- Trying to find a really easy treatment like an injection or nasal spray
21
Q
How can viruses aide in gene therapy?
A
- Insert genetic material into cells
- use them to insert what we want to insert into human, like changing alleles
- But bodies try to kill viruses :(
22
Q
What successes have come from gene therapy?
A
- Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) (aka bubble boy disease)
- Bone marrow stem cells extracted “infected” with functioning allele and reinserted
- 50+ survivors
23
Q
Somatic Cell Gene Therapy
A
Somatic gene therapy is the transfer of genes into the somatic cells of the patient, such as cells of the bone marrow, and hence the new DNA does not enter the eggs or sperm.
24
Q
Germline Gene Therapy
A
Germline gene therapy is when DNA is transferred into the cells that produce reproductive cells, eggs or sperm, in the body. This type of therapy allows for the correction of disease-causing gene variants that are certain to be passed down from generation to generation.
25
Eugenics
1930-60
"improve genetic quality of human population"
-Fitter families contest
-Intelligence test
-sterilization upheld by supreme court
-Nazi germany used this argument (genetically inferior)
26
Biotechnology
Manipulate life to develop products
27
Genetic Engineering
Altering an organism's genetic makeup; add, delete, transfer genes.
28
Basic Genetic Engineering Technique
1. Cut: take bacteria and insert cow DNA
2. Amplify: make more copies of it
3. Insert: insert DNA fragments into bacteria
4. Grow: grow bacteria with BST gene
5. Identify: make sure gene works!
29
Examples of GMO plants
Corn, soy, alfalfa, cotton, squash
30
What is an example of genetic engineering in corn?
Corn borer larva were eating corne, but there is a form of bacteria that repels them! So put bacteria DNA into corn DNA and boom, a GMO corn that repels corn borer larva
31
Basic Genetic Engineering Technique
1. Cut: take bacteria and insert cow DNA
2. Amplify: make more copies of it
3. Insert: insert DNA fragments into bacteria
4. Grow: grow bacteria with BST gene
5. Identify: make sure gene works!
32
Examples of GMO plants
Corn, soy, alfalfa, cotton, squash
33
What is an example of genetic engineering in corn?
Corn borer larva were eating corne, but there is a form of bacteria that repels them! So put bacteria DNA into corn DNA and boom, a GMO corn that repels corn borer larva
34
What is an example of genetic engineering in rice?
Golden rice was created with bacteria and daffodils for countries in need of vitamin A
35
How did they genetically modify salmon?
| Took DNA from chinook salmon and put it into north atlantic salmon
Took DNA from chinook salmon and put it into north atlantic salmon
36
What is a chimera?
Multiple different organisms in one body
37
Have there been any successful chimeras?
Chicken & quail, sheep & goat. But they don't last long and often suffer from organ failure
38
What are the three different types of cloning?
Gene cloning
Therapeutic cloning
Reproductive cloning
39
Who is Dolly the sheep?
First vertebrae animal to be cloned! From denucleated egg from another ewe--jolted with electricity
40
Telomeres
- Repeating codons
- protective function
- every time they go through mitosis, they shorten over time
41
What does telomerase do?
- Restores telomeres
- switches off in our cells when we are relatively young
- (cancer cells have telomerase switched on all the time)
42
What causes free radicals and what do they do?
- Exposed to free radicals by: UV light, inflamation, air pollution, ionising radiation, smoking, metabolism
- They cause damage to DNA by destroying phosphates and bases
43
What do antioxidants do?
Work against free radicals
44
Why is mitochondrial DNA in more danger of being effected?
Not protected by nucleus
45
What shape is mitochondrial DNA?
Round, like plasmids
46
What can we use human-pig chimeras for?
Growing organs, such as livers, within pigs--transplant
47
Genome Editing with Engineered Nucleases (GEEN)
- Used for precision chromosomal work
| - Precise insertion, deletion, replacement that targets specific cells
48
Darwin
- Wealthy fam
- "born to be a doctor" but was bad student--went on to be a parson--offered spot on boat as gentleman's scientist
- 2 yr voyage turns into 5yr, published while still at sea and is famous by the time he comes back home
- Pigeon breeding
- studied barnacles too
49
Alfred Wallace
- Father of biogeography
- Darwin and Wallace had similar ideas, Wallace actually published first but Darwin's Origin of Species put his book to shame
50
What two characteristics made Darwin's work so profound?
Clarified laws AND provided theory (Very rare)
51
Natural Selection
- Individuals within species vary
- some of the variation passed on to offspring
- not all offspring survive
- individuals that survive and reproduce are fit (have advantage)
52
Genetic Drift
Variation is necessary for selection (refer to mating exercise we did in lab)
53
What can influence genetic drift, besides natural selection?
Natural disasters
54
Species
Individuals that can successfully interbreed
55
How do new species form?
- Reproductive isolation (refer to mating exercise in lab)
| - Mutations
56
Gene Flow
The movement and exchange of genes or alleles from one population of species to another
57
Allopatric Speciation
speciation that occurs when biological populations of the same species become vicariant, or isolated from each other to an extent that prevents or interferes with genetic interchange.
(Deer mice separated by rocky mountains)
58
Sympatric Speciation
the process through which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the same geographic region (Squirrels at the Grand Canyon)
59
Temporal Isolation
(Sympatric Speciation) -Timing
| -Breeding times are different
60
Behavioral Isolation
(Sympatric Speciation) -Breeding cues differ
61
Mechanical Isolation
(Sympatric Speciation) -Orchids and pollinators have shapes that fit together... cant put puzzle pieces together if they dont fit!
62
Speciation in Plants
Can survive sudden chromosomal mutations and accumulation of base mutations
63
Speciation in Animals
Much slower, since they cannot survive large mutations
64
Hybrids
- Cross between two diff species
- bengal cats (domestic cat X asian leopard cat)
- Mules (but cannot breed since 2n=63)
- Ligers and Tigons
65
What turns a chemical code into a real living thing? (According to video)
RNA
66
What does RNAi do?
RNAinterference. a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules
67
What are three properties that all stem cells share?
they are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods; they are unspecialized; and they can give rise to specialized cell types.
68
Differentiation
When unspecialized stem cells give rise to specialized cells, the process is called
69
Polyploidy
cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired (homologous) sets of chromosome
70
Human cells have _____ chromosomes while gametes have ____ chromosomes
46;23
71
Symptoms of Cystic fibrosis
increased infections in lungs, decreased pancreas functions, male infertility
72
Proto-oncogenes
These genes code for proteins that help regulate cell growth. Can mutate and lead to cancer.
73
Tumor Suppressor genes
or antioncogene, is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. When this gene mutates to cause a loss or reduction in its function, the cell can progress to cancer
74
Mendelian Trait
One determined by a single locus on a chromosome with two alleles that follow a simple pattern of Mendelian inheritance. Ex. Cystic fib., Huntingtons,
75
Mendelian Trait Examples
- Earlobe, attached or free (dom)
- Widows peak, present (dom) or absent
- Hitchhikers thumb, present (rec) or absent
- Mid Digital hair, present (dom) or absent
- Finger interlacing, left (dom) or right on top
76
Autosomal
indicates that the gene for this trait is located on one of the 22 pairs of the chromosome that is not a sex pair
77
Non-Mendelian
Traits that re following pattern of inheritance that go beyond the patterns explained by Mendel of a trait determined by one gene with a dominant and rec. version.
78
Incomplete Dominance
(Non-Mendelian) each allele produces a little protein ex. red and white roses make pink roses
79
Co-dominance
(Non-Mendelian) each allele produces a lot of protein ex. paint horse
80
Epistasis
(Non-Mendelian) one gene modifies other genes ex. albinism
81
Polygenic
(Non-Mendelian) more than one gene determines a trait ex. hair color
82
Karyotype
The chromosomal makeup of a cell.
83
How are chromosomes arranged to be examined?
By pair size, shape, and banding patterns
84
Which disorders are due to point mutations?
Cystic Fib (chromo 7) , Huntington's (chromo 4), Hemophilia (X)
85
Kleinfelters Syndrom
a syndrome affecting males in which the cells have an extra X chromosome (in addition to the normal XY), characterized by a tall thin physique, small infertile testes, and enlarged breasts.
86
Turners Syndrom
is a chromosomal disorder that affects only females. It is characterized by the absence of part or all of a second sex chromosome in some or all cells
87
Glycolysis
A series of chemical reactions that results in glucose being broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid. As glucose is broken down by the mitochondria cells, energy is released, which powers our cellular activities. Glycolysis tale ten chemical reactions mediated by ten enzymes that re coded from by ten diff genes
88
How is CF inherited?
Autosomal recessive disorder
89
Symptoms of HD
loss of brain function, abnormal involuntary movement
90
Symptoms of Hemophilia
Soft tissue bruising and bleeding, neck swelling
91
How is Huntington's inherited?
Autosomal Dominant
92
How is hemophilia inherited?
Sex linked recessive
93
Pseudogenes
inactive genes that appear to have been active in ancestral species
94
GULO gene
Gene that creates Vit C in the body (rats have it, humans do not)
95
What are the symptoms of lactose intolerance?
Cramps, bloating, diarrhea
96
How does somatic cell gene therapy work?
Virus is altered to infect cells with desired allele
97
How does germline gene therapy work?
Egg and sperm cells are removed and desired alleles are injected into cell, only sperm and egg cells are affected
98
What is the major advantage of germline gene therapy?
It affects all cells
99
What are some traits that have a genetic and environmental impact?
Height, weight, intelligence, mental disorders
100
When was the eugenics movement?
1880-1960
101
What do restriction enzymes do?
Cut DNA into fragments with blunt ends
102
What does gel electrophoresis do?
Separates DNA fragments by size
103
What does a Polymerase Chain Reaction create?
Copies of DNA
104
Transgenic
DNA from one species has been put into a member of another species
105
BT Corn
Corn with ability to resist European corn borer
106
Golden rice
Rice with beta-carotene and vitamin a
107
Flavr savr tomato
Tomato that ripens slower
108
GloFish
Fish that are fluorescent
109
Briefly describe how chimeras are made
After egg is fertilized and starts producing more cells through mitosis and Jack cells from another organism into the first group of cells
110
Linkage analysis
DNA fingerprinting relies on this
111
Briefly describe the fossilization process
Dinosaur dies. Quick burial in mud in case his body in sediment. Conditions exist in which fossilization/pre-mineralization occurs. Water infused with minerals seeps into bones.
112
Homologous structure
Parts of organisms that are similar in structure with common ancestry
113
Vestigial structure
A vestigial structure is an anatomical feature that no longer seems to have a purpose in the current form of an organism of the given species
114
Convergent structures
Parts of organisms that share similarities but have different ancestry
115
totipotent
Totipotent cells can form all the cell types in a body, plus the extraembryonic, or placental, cells.
